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Debian Reference La guida Debian Osamu Aoki <[email protected]> Editor: David Sewell <[email protected]> Traduzione italiana: Davide Di Lazzaro <[email protected]> ‘Autori’ a pagina 257 CVS, dom set 25 04:21:54 UTC 2005 Estratto La guida Debian (http://qref.sourceforge.net/) è pensata per fornire un’ampio pa- norama del sistema Debian come una guida dell’utente post-installazione. Essa copre molti aspetti dell’amministrazione di sistema attraverso esempi di comandi da shell. Vengono pro- poste lezioni base, trucchi e molte altre informazioni su molti argomenti, tra cui i concetti fondamentali tipici di un sistema Debian, suggerimenti per l’ installazione, il sistema Debian di gestione dei pacchetti, il kernel sotto Debian, l’affinamento del sistema, la costruzione di un gateway, editor di testo, CVS, programmazione e GnuPG per i non sviluppatori. Avviso di Copyright Copyright © 2001–2005 by Osamu Aoki <[email protected]> Copyright (Chapter 2) © 1996–2001 by Software in the Public Interest. Questa guida può essere utilizzata nei termini della GNU General Public License versione 2 o successive. (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. i Indice 1 Prefazione 1 1.1 Il documento ufficiale ................................... 1 1.2 Convenzioni utilizzate .................................. 2 1.3 Script di esempio ..................................... 2 1.4 Impostazione di base ................................... 2 1.5 Le basi delle distribuzioni Debian ............................ 3 2 Nozioni fondamentali della Debian 5 2.1 Gli archivi Debian ..................................... 5 2.1.1 Struttura della directory ............................. 5 2.1.2 Le distribuzioni Debian ............................. 6 2.1.3 La distribuzione stable ............................ 6 2.1.4 La distribuzione testing ............................ 7 2.1.5 La distribuzione unstable ........................... 7 2.1.6 La distribuzione frozen ............................ 8 2.1.7 Codice dei nomi della distribuzioni Debian .................. 8 2.1.8 Nomi in codice usati in passato ......................... 8 2.1.9 Da dove vengono i nomi delle distribuzioni? ................. 9 2.1.10 La directory pool ................................ 9 2.1.11 Alcune note storiche su Sid ........................... 10 2.1.12 Pacchetti caricati in incoming ......................... 10 2.1.13 Recuperare un vecchio pacchetto ........................ 10 2.1.14 Sezioni per architettura ............................. 10 2.1.15 Il codice sorgente ................................. 11 INDICE ii 2.2 Il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti Debian ....................... 11 2.2.1 Panoramica dei pacchetti Debian ........................ 11 2.2.2 Il formato dei pacchetti Debian ......................... 12 2.2.3 Convenzioni nei nomi dei pacchetti Debian .................. 13 2.2.4 Mantenimento della configurazione locale .................. 13 2.2.5 Script di gestione Debian ............................ 14 2.2.6 Priorità dei pacchetti ............................... 14 2.2.7 Pacchetti Virtuali ................................. 15 2.2.8 Dipendenze dei pacchetti ............................ 16 2.2.9 Cosa significa “Pre-Depends” .......................... 16 2.2.10 Lo stato dei pacchetti ............................... 17 2.2.11 Evitare l’aggiornamento dei pacchetti ..................... 17 2.2.12 Pacchetti sorgente ................................ 18 2.2.13 Compilare pacchetti binari dai sorgenti .................... 18 2.2.14 Creare nuovi pacchetti Debian ......................... 19 2.3 Aggiornare un sistema Debian ............................. 19 2.3.1 dpkg ........................................ 19 2.3.2 APT ......................................... 19 2.3.3 dselect ...................................... 20 2.3.4 Aggiornare un sistema in funzione ....................... 20 2.3.5 File .deb scaricati e tenuti in cache ...................... 20 2.3.6 Tenere una registrazione dell’aggiornamento ................. 20 2.4 La sequenza di boot della Debian ............................ 21 2.4.1 Il programma init ............................... 21 2.4.2 I Runlevel ..................................... 21 2.4.3 Personalizzare i runlevel ............................. 22 2.5 Supportare le differenze ................................. 22 2.6 Internazionalizzazione .................................. 23 2.7 Debian ed il kernel .................................... 23 2.7.1 Compilare un kernel da un sorgente non-Debian ............... 23 2.7.2 Gli strumenti per compilare un kernel personalizzato. ............ 24 INDICE iii 2.7.3 Boot loader alternativi .............................. 24 2.7.4 Boot floppy personalizzato ........................... 24 2.7.5 Funzioni speciali per trattare con i moduli .................. 25 2.7.6 Disinstallare un vecchio pacchetto kernel ................... 25 3 Suggerimenti per l’installazione di un sistema Debian 27 3.1 Tracce generali per l’installazione di Linux ...................... 27 3.1.1 Le basi della compatibilità hardware ...................... 28 3.1.2 Definire i componenti del PC ed il chipset ................... 28 3.1.3 Definire i componenti del PC tramite Debian ................. 28 3.1.4 Definire i componenti del PC tramite altri S.O. ................ 29 3.1.5 Il mito di Lilo ................................... 30 3.1.6 GRUB ....................................... 30 3.1.7 Scegliere i floppy di avvio ............................ 30 3.1.8 Installazione .................................... 31 3.1.9 Quale host ed IP usare per una LAN ...................... 31 3.1.10 Account utenti .................................. 32 3.1.11 Creare i filesystem ................................ 32 3.1.12 Linee guida per la memoria DRAM ...................... 35 3.1.13 Lo spazio di Swap ................................ 36 3.2 Configurare Bash ..................................... 36 3.3 Configurare il mouse ................................... 36 3.3.1 Mouse PS/2 .................................... 36 3.3.2 Mouse USB .................................... 39 3.3.3 Touchpad ..................................... 39 3.4 Configurare NFS ..................................... 40 3.5 Configurare Samba .................................... 40 3.6 Configurare la stampante ................................ 41 3.6.1 lpr/lpd ...................................... 41 3.6.2 CUPS™ ...................................... 42 3.7 Altri consigli di configurazione per l’host ....................... 43 INDICE iv 3.7.1 Installate pochi altri pacchetti dopo l’installazione iniziale ......... 43 3.7.2 Moduli ....................................... 43 3.7.3 Impostazione base del CD-RW ......................... 44 3.7.4 Grosse memorie e spegnimento automatico .................. 44 3.7.5 Strani problemi di accesso con alcuni siti web ................ 45 3.7.6 Configurazione di PPP per una connessione dial-up ............. 45 3.7.7 Altri file di configurazione da perfezionare in /etc ............. 46 4 Lezioni di Debian 47 4.1 Per iniziare ......................................... 47 4.1.1 Login come root al prompt dei comandi .................... 47 4.1.2 Impostare un ambiente minimale per il novizio ............... 48 4.1.3 Aggiungere un account utente ......................... 49 4.1.4 Muoversi tra le console virtuali ......................... 49 4.1.5 Lo spegnimento del PC ............................. 49 4.1.6 E’ tempo di giocare ................................ 50 4.2 Midnight commander (MC) ............................... 50 4.2.1 Migliorare MC .................................. 51 4.2.2 Lanciare MC .................................... 51 4.2.3 Il file manager in MC ............................... 51 4.2.4 Trucchi per la riga di comando in MC ..................... 51 4.2.5 L’editor in MC ................................... 52 4.2.6 Il visualizzatore in MC .............................. 52 4.2.7 Le caratteristiche di lancio automatico di MC ................. 53 4.2.8 Il fileystem FTP virtuale di MC ......................... 53 4.3 Ambiente di lavoro Unix-like .............................. 53 4.3.1 Combinazioni speciali di tasti .......................... 53 4.3.2 Comandi base Unix ................................ 54 4.3.3 Esecuzione dei comandi ............................. 58 4.3.4 Il comando semplice ............................... 58 4.3.5 Esecuzione dei comandi e variabili d’ambiente ................ 58 INDICE v 4.3.6 Il percorso di ricerca dei comandi ....................... 59 4.3.7 Opzioni della riga di comando ......................... 59 4.3.8 Metacaratteri della shell ............................. 59 4.3.9 Restituire il valore dei comandi ......................... 60 4.3.10 Tipiche sequenze di comandi .......................... 61 4.3.11 Alias dei comandi ................................ 62 4.4 Elaborazione del testo Unix-like ............................
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