Debian Reference

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Debian Reference Guía de referencia Debian Osamu Aoki <[email protected]> Coordinador de la traducción al español: Walter O. Echarri <[email protected]> ‘Autores’ en la página 251 CVS, dom sep 25 04:22:02 UTC 2005 Resumen Esta Guía de referencia Debian (http://qref.sourceforge.net/) intenta proporcionar un repaso amplio del sistema Debian al igual que una guía de usuario post-instalación Abarca diversos aspectos de la administración del sistema mediante ejemplos que utilizan comandos de la shell. Se brindan tutoriales, trucos e información sobre diversos temas: conceptos bási- cos del sistema Debian, consejos para la instalación del sistema, administración de paquetes Debian, el kernel de Linux en Debian, puesta a punto del sistema, creación de una puerta de enlace (gateway), editores de texto, CVS, programación y GnuPG para usuarios que no son desarrolladores. Nota de Copyright Copyright © 2001–2005 by Osamu Aoki <[email protected]> Copyright (Chapter 2) © 1996–2001 by Software in the Public Interest. Este documento puede ser usado en los términos descritos en la Licencia Pública GNU versión 2 o posterior. (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. I Índice general 1. Prefacio 1 1.1. Documento oficial ..................................... 1 1.2. Convenciones en los documentos ............................ 2 1.3. Scripts de ejemplo ..................................... 2 1.4. Configuración básica ................................... 2 1.5. Fundamentos sobre las distribuciones Debian ..................... 3 2. Fundamentos de Debian 5 2.1. Los archivos Debian ................................... 5 2.1.1. Estructura de los directorios ........................... 5 2.1.2. Distribuciones Debian .............................. 6 2.1.3. La distribución estable ............................ 6 2.1.4. La distribución de prueba ........................... 7 2.1.5. La distribución inestable ........................... 7 2.1.6. La distribución congelada ........................... 8 2.1.7. Los nombres de versión de la distribución Debian .............. 8 2.1.8. Nombres de versión usados en el pasado ................... 8 2.1.9. El origen de los nombres de versión ...................... 8 2.1.10. El directorio pool ................................ 9 2.1.11. Algunas notas históricas sobre Sid ....................... 9 2.1.12. Transferencias de paquetes en incoming/ .................. 10 2.1.13. Recuperando una paquete antiguo ....................... 10 2.1.14. Distintas arquitecturas .............................. 10 2.1.15. El código fuente .................................. 11 ÍNDICE GENERAL II 2.2. Sistema de administración de paquetes Debian .................... 11 2.2.1. Repaso sobre los paquetes Debian ....................... 11 2.2.2. Formato de los paquetes Debian ........................ 12 2.2.3. Convención usada para designar a los paquetes Debian ........... 13 2.2.4. Preservando la configuración local ....................... 13 2.2.5. Scripts de mantenimiento de Debian ...................... 14 2.2.6. Prioridad de los paquetes ............................ 14 2.2.7. Paquetes virtuales ................................ 15 2.2.8. Dependencias entre paquetes .......................... 16 2.2.9. Significado de “Pre-depende” .......................... 16 2.2.10. Estado de un paquete .............................. 17 2.2.11. Evitando la actualización de un paquete .................... 17 2.2.12. Paquetes fuente .................................. 18 2.2.13. Construir un paquete binario a partir de un paquete fuente ........ 18 2.2.14. Creando paquetes Debian nuevos ....................... 19 2.3. Actualizando un sistema Debian ............................ 19 2.3.1. dpkg ........................................ 19 2.3.2. APT ......................................... 19 2.3.3. dselect ...................................... 20 2.3.4. Actualizando un sistema en funcionamiento ................. 20 2.3.5. Archivos .deb descargados y en caché .................... 20 2.3.6. Mantener un registro de las actualizaciones .................. 21 2.4. El proceso de arranque de Debian ............................ 21 2.4.1. El programa init ................................ 21 2.4.2. Niveles de ejecución ............................... 21 2.4.3. Personalizando los niveles de ejecución .................... 22 2.5. En apoyo a la diversidad ................................. 23 2.6. Internacionalización ................................... 23 2.7. Debian y el kernel ..................................... 23 2.7.1. Compilando un kernel desde un fuente no perteneciente a Debian .... 23 2.7.2. Herramientas para crear núcleos personalizados ............... 24 ÍNDICE GENERAL III 2.7.3. Cargadores de arranque alternativos ...................... 24 2.7.4. Discos de arranque personalizados ....................... 25 2.7.5. Cuidados especiales para tratar con módulos ................. 25 2.7.6. Desinstalando el paquete de un kernel antiguo ................ 25 3. Consejos para la instalación de un sistema Debian 27 3.1. Consejos generales para la instalación de un sistema Linux ............. 27 3.1.1. Fundamentos sobre la compatibilidad del hardware ............. 28 3.1.2. Determinando el hardware del PC ....................... 28 3.1.3. Determinando el hardware del PC mediante Debian ............ 28 3.1.4. Determinando el hardware del PC mediante otros SOs ........... 29 3.1.5. El mito sobre Lilo ................................. 30 3.1.6. GRUB ....................................... 30 3.1.7. Elección de los discos de arranque ....................... 30 3.1.8. Instalación ..................................... 31 3.1.9. Máquinas IP para usar en una LAN ...................... 31 3.1.10. Cuentas de usuarios ............................... 32 3.1.11. Creando sistema de archivos .......................... 33 3.1.12. Lineamientos para la memoria DRAM ..................... 36 3.1.13. Espacio de intercambio ............................. 36 3.2. Configuración del bash .................................. 36 3.3. Configuración del ratón ................................. 37 3.3.1. Ratón PS/2 .................................... 37 3.3.2. USB mice ..................................... 39 3.3.3. Touch pad ..................................... 40 3.4. Configuración NFS .................................... 40 3.5. Configuración de Samba ................................. 41 3.6. Configuración de la impresora ............................. 41 3.6.1. lpr/lpd ...................................... 42 3.6.2. CUPS™ ...................................... 42 3.7. Otros consejos de instalación .............................. 43 ÍNDICE GENERAL IV 3.7.1. Instalación adicional de paquetes ........................ 43 3.7.2. Módulos ...................................... 44 3.7.3. Configuración básica de una grabadora de CDs ............... 44 3.7.4. Gran cantidad de memoria y apagado automático .............. 44 3.7.5. Problemas extraños al acceder a ciertos sitios de Internet .......... 45 3.7.6. Configuración de una conexión telefónica con PPP ............. 46 3.7.7. Otros archivos de configuración files para modificar en /etc ....... 46 4. Tutoriales de Debian 47 4.1. Primeros pasos ...................................... 47 4.1.1. Ingresar al sistema como superusuario .................... 47 4.1.2. Configurar un entorno mínimo para principiantes .............. 48 4.1.3. Añadir una cuenta de usuario .......................... 49 4.1.4. Alternar entre consolas virtuales ........................ 49 4.1.5. Cómo apagar el sistema ............................. 49 4.1.6. Hora de jugar ................................... 50 4.2. Midnight Commander (MC) ............................... 51 4.2.1. Mejorar MC .................................... 51 4.2.2. Iniciar MC ..................................... 51 4.2.3. Administrar archivos con MC .......................... 51 4.2.4. Trucos para la línea de comandos: ....................... 52 4.2.5. Editor ....................................... 52 4.2.6. Visor ........................................ 53 4.2.7. Inicio automático de programas ........................ 53 4.2.8. Sistema de archivos virtuales FTP ....................... 53 4.3. Entorno de trabajo tipo Unix ............................... 54 4.3.1. Combinaciones de teclas habituales ...................... 54 4.3.2. Comandos Unix básicos ............................. 55 4.3.3. Ejecución de comandos ............................. 58 4.3.4. Comandos sencillos ............................... 59 4.3.5. Ejecución de comandos y variables de entorno ................ 59 ÍNDICE GENERAL V 4.3.6. Búsqueda en la ruta de comandos ....................... 60 4.3.7. Opciones de la línea de comandos ....................... 60 4.3.8. Comodines del intérprete de comandos .................... 60 4.3.9. Valor devuelto por un comando ........................ 61 4.3.10.
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