Konstruktion, Bau Und Ansteuerung

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Konstruktion, Bau Und Ansteuerung KONSTRUKTION, BAU UND ANSTEUERUNG EINER CNC-FRÄSMASCHINE Eine Maturitätsarbeit an der KANTONSSCHULE LIMMATTAL vorgelegt von DOMINIC GLÄTTLI Klasse M6b im Fach Physik betreut von Arthur Elsener 2018 Dominic Glättli Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht dokumentiert die Entwicklung einer kompletten Drei-Achsen-CNC-Fräsma- schine. Die Arbeit ist in drei Hauptteile gegliedert. Die digitale Konstruktion der Maschine am Computer, die Fertigung der Bauteile und die Ansteuerung der CNC-Fräsmaschine. Die- sem Hauptteil ist noch eine Dokumentation der Planungsphase vorangestellt. Ebenso ist ein Kapitel zum Test der Maschine angefügt. In der Planung wurden einige generelle Parameter, wie die Dimensionen, das Baumaterial und die Antriebs- sowie Steuerungsmethode gewählt. In der Konstruktionsphase wurde die Ma- schine konkret ausgearbeitet. Von den definitiven Bauteilen, die herzustellen waren, konnten aus dieser Konstruktion heraus Baupläne erstellt werden. Nach diesen wurden die Bauteile dann selbst hergestellt. Als letzter Schritt des Baus wurde die Steuerung der Maschine in An- griff genommen. Dieser Teil besteht aus der Wahl und Konfiguration der Software sowie der Entwicklung der Elektronik. Die vollendete CNC-Fräse ist tatsächlich auch vollfunktionsfähig. Sie kann Holz, Kunststoffe und mit geringem Abtrag sogar weiche Metalle bearbeiten. Die damit hergestellten Teile ha- ben eine maximale Abweichung vom Sollmass von ±0.02 mm. Dominic Glättli Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................................ 1 2 Planung ............................................................................................................................................ 2 3 Konstruktion .................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Weshalb eine CAD-Konstruktion? .......................................................................................... 5 3.2 Wahl des CAD-Programms ..................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Boden....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.4 Bügel ..................................................................................................................................... 10 3.5 Überbügel & vertikale Achse ................................................................................................ 12 4 Bau ................................................................................................................................................ 16 4.1 Grundlegende Techniken....................................................................................................... 16 4.2 Boden..................................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Bügel ..................................................................................................................................... 22 4.4 Überbügel & vertikale Achse ................................................................................................ 23 4.5 Montage ................................................................................................................................. 27 5 Ansteuerung ................................................................................................................................... 32 5.1 Steuerungssoftware ............................................................................................................... 32 5.2 Computer und Linux ............................................................................................................. 32 5.3 Motoren ................................................................................................................................. 34 5.4 Endschalter und Notstopp...................................................................................................... 36 5.5 Frässpindel & Frequenzumrichter ......................................................................................... 36 5.6 Custom PCB .......................................................................................................................... 37 5.7 Verkabelung .......................................................................................................................... 40 5.8 CAM-Software ...................................................................................................................... 42 6 Test der CNC-Fräsmaschine.......................................................................................................... 44 7 Schlusswort ................................................................................................................................... 48 8 Literaturverzeichnis ....................................................................................................................... 49 Einhaltung rechtlicher Vorgaben ........................................................................................................... 50 Anhangsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................... 51 Dominic Glättli 1 Einleitung Die Aufgabenstellung besteht aus einer klassischen Aufgabe der Automation: Entwicklung und Bau einer kompletten, dreiachsigen Fräsmaschine, die durch einen Computer gesteuert wird. Diese CNC-Maschine soll die präzise dreidimensionale Herstellung von Bauteilen aus weichen Werkstoffen wie Holz, Kunststoff oder Aluminium ermöglichen, wie sie beispiels- weise im Modellbau oder in der Haustechnik zu finden sind. Zur Aufgabe gehörte Konzeption und Planung der Funktions- und Bauweise einer solchen Fräsmaschine wie auch eine Internet-Recherche, um eine geeignete CNC-Steuerung (Compu- terized Numerical Control) als Freeware zu finden. Diese Steuerung musste installiert und konfiguriert werden und dazu ein elektronisches Interface gebaut werden, das die Signale der Steuerung via Schrittmotoren in eine definierte mechanische Bewegung umsetzt. Ausserdem war die komplette Maschine in einem Computer-Aided-Design-Programm (CAD) zu konstru- ieren und die Bauteile der Maschine selbst herzustellen, handelsübliche Maschinenelemente, Motoren und elektronische Ausrüstungen zu suchen und zu beschaffen. Schliesslich sollte die Maschine in Betrieb gesetzt und getestet werden. Der Bericht versucht, die Prozesse von Entwicklung, Bau und Prüfung der Maschine mög- lichst genau nachzuzeichnen. Es sollte so Dritten möglich sein, die CNC-Fräsmaschine an- hand des Berichts sowie seiner Quellen und den Anhängen (Baupläne, Datenblätter etc.) nachbauen zu können. Dieses Projekt wurde von mir gewählt, da ich von der Automation fas- ziniert bin. Als mir die Idee des Baus einer CNC-Fräsmaschine einfiel, wollte mir diese nicht mehr aus dem Kopf gehen. Auch wenn das Ausmass des Projekts umfangreicher als ange- nommen war und viel länger als erwartet dauerte, blieb ich bis zum Schluss motiviert und hielt auch bei zahlreichen Rückschlägen durch. Ausserdem konnte ich während dieser Arbeit mein Wissen in der Computertechnik und Elektronik entscheidend erweitern und mir Fertig- keiten im Umgang mit hochpräzisen Werkzeugmaschinen zur Herstellung der Bauteile aneig- nen. Im Nachhinein darf ich sagen, dass ich mit diesem Projekt genau die richtige Wahl ge- troffen habe. Das Wissen und die Fertigkeiten habe ich mir einerseits durch intensives Selbststudium und durch umfangreiche Internetrecherchen angeeignet (insbesondere im Bereich der CNC-Steue- rung und der Elektronik). Anderseits war der Wissens- und Erfahrungstransfer von meinem Vater zu mir ausserordentlich wichtig: Er kann auf eine lange Berufserfahrung anfänglich als Feinmechaniker und später als Maschineningenieur zurückblicken. Dadurch wurde es mir möglich, eine nach professionellen Prinzipien gestaltete CNC-Fräsmaschine zu konstruieren und dabei technologisch aktuelle Komponenten wie etwa die hoch präzisen und spielfreien Linearführungen und Kugelumlaufspindeln einzubauen. Sämtliche Konstruktions- Program- mierungs- und Herstellungsarbeiten habe ich jedoch selbst ausgeführt. Diese Arbeit hat nur einige Websites als Quellen. Dies hat den Hintergrund, dass nur Daten- blätter, Produktkataloge und Dokumentationen von Softwares als Quellen verwendet wurden. Datenblätter und Produktkataloge sind nicht als Literatur zu finden. Obwohl zu einigen ver- wendeten Programmen vermutlich Bücher herausgegeben wurden, machte es mehr Sinn, die Informationen der Hersteller beziehungsweise der Entwickler direkt von deren Websites zu beziehen. 1 Dominic Glättli 2 Planung Ein erster Schritt bei der Planung bestand darin, eine Vorstellung davon zu bekommen, wie eine CNC-Fräsmaschine funktioniert und aufgebaut ist. So begann die Planung mit der Ana- lyse einiger Bilder solcher Maschinen, um mögliche konkrete Bauweisen zu sammeln. Ge- wisse Grundkenntnisse über CNC-Maschinen waren dank rund drei Jahren 3D-Druckens vor- handen. Ein 3D-Drucker ist nämlich auch eine CNC. CNC-Fräsmaschinen haben in der Regel vier und mehr Achsen. Trotzdem waren für diese CNC-Fräse drei Achsen geplant, da alles an- dere den zeitlichen Rahmen dieser Arbeit komplett gesprengt hätte. Da die Maschine mit ho- her Präzision arbeiten sollte (Abweichung pro Achse auf 100 mm Länge: ±0.02 mm),
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