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Debian Linux Referenz (PDF, 265 Seiten) Debian-Referenz Osamu Aoki <osamu\#at\#debian.org> Übersetzer: Jens Seidel <tux-master\#at\#web.de> ‘Autoren’ auf Seite 243 CVS, Don 18. Jan 2007, 11:52:59 UTC Zusammenfassung Diese Debian-Referenz (http://qref.sourceforge.net/) wurde geschrieben, um einen groben Überblick über das Debian-System in Form einer Referenz für die Zeit nach der Installation zu bieten. Sie behandelt viele Aspekte der Systemadministration mittels Shell- Kommando-Beispielen. Grundlegende Tutorials, Tipps und andere Informationen werden dargestellt für Themen inklusive der fundamentalen Konzepte des Debian-Systems, System- Installations-Hinweise, Debian-Paketverwaltung, den Linux-Kernel unter Debian, System- Tuning, Aufbau eines Gateway, Texteditoren, CVS, Programmierung und GnuPG für Nicht- Entwickler. Copyright-Hinweis Copyright © 2001–2005 by Osamu Aoki <osamu#at#debian.org>. Copyright (Kapitel 2) © 1996–2001 by Software in the Public Interest. Dieses Dokument kann unter den Bedingungen der GNU General Public License Version 2 oder höher genutzt werden. (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) Es ist erlaubt, unveränderte Kopien dieses Dokuments zu erstellen und zu vertreiben, voraus- gesetzt der Copyright-Hinweis und diese Genehmigung bleiben auf allen Kopien erhalten. Es ist erlaubt, veränderte Kopien dieses Dokuments unter den Voraussetzungen für unverän- dertes Kopieren, zu erstellen und zu vertreiben, sofern die gesamte resultierende Arbeit unter den Bedingungen einer Genehmigung identisch zu dieser, vertrieben wird. Es ist erlaubt, Übersetzungen dieses Dokuments in eine andere Sprache, unter den obigen Bedingungen für veränderte Versionen zu kopieren und zu verteilen, mit der Ausnahme, dass diese Genehmigung übersetzt, statt im ursprünglichem Englisch, eingebunden werden kann, sofern diese Übersetzung (des Copyrights) von der Free Software Foundation genehmigt ist. i Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Vorwort 1 1.1 Das offizielle Dokument ................................. 1 1.2 Konventionen in diesem Dokument .......................... 2 1.3 Beispielskripte ....................................... 2 1.4 Grundlegende Einstellungen .............................. 2 1.5 Grundlagen der Debian-Distributionen ........................ 3 2 Debian-Grundlagen 5 2.1 Die Debian-Archive .................................... 5 2.1.1 Verzeichnisstrukturen .............................. 5 2.1.2 Debian-Distributionen .............................. 6 2.1.3 Die stable-Distribution ............................ 6 2.1.4 Die testing-Distribution ............................ 7 2.1.5 Die unstable-Distribution ........................... 7 2.1.6 Die frozen-Distribution ............................ 8 2.1.7 Debian-Distributions-Kodenamen ....................... 8 2.1.8 In der Vergangenheit verwendete Kodenamen ................ 8 2.1.9 Die Herkunft der Kodenamen ......................... 9 2.1.10 Das pool-Verzeichnis .............................. 9 2.1.11 Historische Bemerkungen über Sid ....................... 10 2.1.12 Heraufgeladene Pakete in incoming/ .................... 10 2.1.13 Wiederauffinden eines älteren Paketes ..................... 10 2.1.14 Architekturabhängige Verzeichnisse ...................... 10 2.1.15 Der Quellcode ................................... 11 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ii 2.2 Das Debian-Paketverwaltungssystem ......................... 11 2.2.1 Überblick über Debian-Pakete ......................... 11 2.2.2 Debian-Paketformat ............................... 12 2.2.3 Namenskonventionen für Debians Paketdateinamen ............ 13 2.2.4 Bewahren der lokalen Konfiguration ...................... 14 2.2.5 Debian-Wartungsskripte ............................. 14 2.2.6 Paket-Prioritäten ................................. 15 2.2.7 Virtuelle Pakete .................................. 16 2.2.8 Paketabhängigkeiten ............................... 16 2.2.9 Die Bedeutung von “pre-depends” ....................... 17 2.2.10 Paket-Status .................................... 17 2.2.11 Zurückhalten von Paketen von einem Upgrade ............... 18 2.2.12 Quellpakete .................................... 19 2.2.13 Erzeugen von Binär- aus Quellcodepaketen .................. 19 2.2.14 Erzeugen neuer Debian-Pakete ......................... 19 2.3 Aktualisierung eines Debian-Systems ......................... 20 2.3.1 Methoden zum Aktualisieren eines Debian-Systems ............. 20 2.3.2 Überblick über Paketverwaltungstools .................... 20 2.3.3 dpkg ........................................ 20 2.3.4 APT ......................................... 21 2.3.5 dselect ...................................... 21 2.3.6 Aktualisieren eines laufenden Systems .................... 21 2.3.7 Heruntergeladene und zwischengespeicherte .deb-Archiv-Dateien ... 22 2.3.8 Aufbewahren des Datensatzes für Upgrades ................. 22 2.4 Der Debian-Bootvorgang ................................. 22 2.4.1 Das init-Programm ............................... 22 2.4.2 Runlevel ...................................... 23 2.4.3 Anpassen des Bootvorgangs .......................... 23 2.5 Unterstützung von Vielfalten .............................. 24 2.6 Internationalisierung ................................... 24 2.7 Debian und der Kernel .................................. 25 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS iii 2.7.1 Kompilierung eines Kernel aus Debian-fremden Quellen .......... 25 2.7.2 Tools zum Erzeugen angepasster Kernel .................... 25 2.7.3 Spezielle Regeln für den Umgang mit Modulen ............... 26 2.7.4 Deinstallation eines alten Kernel-Pakets .................... 26 3 Debian-System-Installationshinweise 27 3.1 Allgemeine Linux-System-Installationshinweise ................... 27 3.1.1 Grundlegendes zur Hardware-Kompatibilität ................ 28 3.1.2 Bestimmung der PC-Hardware und des Chipsatzes ............. 28 3.1.3 Bestimmung der PC-Hardware mit Debian .................. 28 3.1.4 Bestimmen der PC-Hardware mit anderen Betriebssystemen ........ 29 3.1.5 Ein Lilo-Mythos .................................. 30 3.1.6 GRUB ....................................... 30 3.1.7 Wahl der Boot-Disketten ............................. 30 3.1.8 Installation ..................................... 31 3.1.9 Hosts und IP im LAN .............................. 31 3.1.10 Benutzerkonten .................................. 32 3.1.11 Anlegen von Dateisystemen ........................... 33 3.1.12 DRAM-Speicher-Richtlinien ........................... 36 3.1.13 Swap-Speicher .................................. 36 3.2 Bash-Konfiguration .................................... 36 3.3 Maus-Konfiguration ................................... 37 3.3.1 PS/2-Mäuse .................................... 37 3.3.2 USB-Mäuse .................................... 39 3.3.3 Touchpad ..................................... 40 3.4 NFS-Konfiguration .................................... 40 3.5 Samba-Konfiguration ................................... 41 3.6 Drucker-Konfiguration .................................. 41 3.6.1 lpr/lpd ...................................... 42 3.6.2 CUPS™ ...................................... 42 3.7 CRON für Desktop-PCs ................................. 43 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS iv 3.8 Andere Installationshinweise .............................. 43 3.8.1 Installation einiger weiterer Pakete nach der Basisinstallation ....... 43 3.8.2 Module ....................................... 44 3.8.3 Grundlegende CD-RW-Einrichtung ...................... 44 3.8.4 Großer Speicher und automatisches Abschalten ............... 45 3.8.5 Eigenartige Probleme beim Zugriff auf einige Webseiten .......... 46 3.8.6 Dialup-PPP-Konfiguration ........................... 46 3.8.7 Andere Konfigurationsdateien in /etc/ ................... 46 4 Debian-Tutorials 47 4.1 Informationsquellen ................................... 47 4.2 Die Linux-Konsole .................................... 47 4.2.1 Login ........................................ 47 4.2.2 Hinzufügen eines neuen Nutzers ........................ 48 4.2.3 Wie man den Rechner herunterfährt ...................... 48 4.2.4 Kommandozeilenbasiertes Editieren ...................... 49 4.2.5 Kommandoausführung ............................. 49 4.2.6 Die grundlegensten Kommandos zur Erinnerung .............. 50 4.2.7 Das X-Window-System ............................. 50 4.2.8 Wichtige Tastaturkommandos ......................... 50 4.3 Midnight Commander (MC) ............................... 51 4.3.1 Installation von MC ............................... 51 4.3.2 Starten von MC .................................. 51 4.3.3 Dateimanager ................................... 51 4.3.4 Kommandozeilen-Tricks ............................. 52 4.3.5 Editor ....................................... 52 4.3.6 Dateibetrachter .................................. 53 4.3.7 Auto-Start-Eigenschaften ............................ 53 4.3.8 Virtuelles FTP-Dateisystem ........................... 53 4.4 Grundlagen des GNU/Linux-Dateisystems ...................... 53 4.4.1 Zugriffsrechte von Dateien und Verzeichnissen ............... 54 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS v 4.4.2 Zeitmarken .................................... 55 4.4.3 Links ........................................ 56 4.5 Weiterführende Informationen ............................. 57 5 Aktualisieren einer Distribution auf stable, testing oder unstable 59 5.1 Aktualisierung von Potato auf Woody ......................... 59 5.2 Vorbereitung einer Aktualisierung ........................... 60 5.3 Aktualisierung ....................................... 60 5.3.1 Verwendung von dselect ........................... 61 5.3.2 Verwendung
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