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An Introduction to UNIX in the Department of Physics at The An Intro duction to UNIX in the department of physics at The University of South Florida David A. Rabson March 1996, most recently edited August 2003 for Physics 4151 While I have triedtoroot out most old references, some undoubtedly remain, for which I apologize. i Make each program do one thing well. To do a new job, build afresh rather than complicate old programs by adding new features. ii Exp ect the output of every program to b ecome the input to another, as yet unknown, program. Don't clutter output with extraneous information. Avoid stringently columnar or binary input formats. Don't insist on interactive input. iii Design and build software, even op erating systems, to be tried early, ideally within weeks. Don't hesitate to throwaway the clumsy parts and rebuild them. iv Use to ols in preference to unskilled help to lighten a programming task, even if you have to detour to build the to ols and exp ect to throw some of them out after you've nished using them. from M.D. McIlroy, E.N.Pinson, and B.A. Tague Unix Time-Sharing System Forward, The Bell System Technical Jounal, July -Aug 1978 vol 57, number 6 part 2, p. 1902. The author wishes to thank Christopher Myers, N. David Mermin, Todd Olson, Dan Sul livan, Stephen Langer, and Wil liam Newman for comments on earlier editions. He thanks John Wilkins for donating his lists of vi and jove com- mands, the latter of which have been adaptedtoemacs, and especial ly thanks Arthur Smith, the co-author of an earlier edition, for permission to revise the manual. The author takes ful l responsibility for the objectionable personal opinions expressed here and for the pedagogy of inundation. This document was set in gtro on a Sun Ultra 60 with parts in T X. E Note on the December 1995 edition: UNIX has b ecome a far more complicated op erating system than it was when Arthur Smith and I wrote the rst two editions of this manual, then titled An Introduction to UNIX at the Labora- tory of Atomic and Solid State Physics. Agreement on the ``standard places'' for les no longer exists, and manual pages, executables, and libraries are now scattered all over the system. Symb olic links, run-time libraries, T X, E and X Windows all add to what the b eginning user must learn. Worse, a dozen subtly di erentversions, in two a- vors, of the op erating system mean that commands that work on machine X don't on machine Y. Nonetheless, the underlying simplicity of the UNIX philosophy remains. I hop e to help the reader nd it. Note on June 1990 edition: several p eople have made useful suggestions for changes and additions to this b o oklet that could easily have tripled its size. I b elieve that 22 pages is the right length, or p erhaps even to o long, so I have not tried to address all the issues. 1 This manual ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Conventions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 Intro duction: Why UNIX? or, ``what is an op erating system?'' .................................................................................................... 1 4 Logging In and Out and Getting Started ......................................................................................................................................... 2 5 Commands and Information Useful to the Beginner ........................................................................................................................ 3 5.1 Useful control characters ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 5.2 ls list les and the UNIX lesystem .................................................................................................................................... 4 5.3 lo oking at les: cat and more and the shell's I/O redirection ............................................................................................ 5 5.4 moving and copying les ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 5.5 man and aprop os: where to nd help .................................................................................................................................... 5 5.6 mail ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 5.7 tin / nn read news electronic bulletin b oard ...................................................................................................................... 7 5.8 UNIX editor: vi ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 5.9 If the terminal starts acting strangely ................................................................................................................................... 9 5.10 Printing ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9 5.11 What's Going On with the System ..................................................................................................................................... 9 5.12 General Information ab out UNIX commands ....................................................................................................................... 9 6 Intro duction to the Csh .................................................................................................................................................................... 10 7 Another Editor Emacs ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 8 Programming .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 8.1 WhyC? ................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 8.2 section3 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 13 8.3 section2 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15 8.4 make ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 8.5 Compiling and linking a C program ...................................................................................................................................... 15 8.6 Other Languages ................................................................................................................................................................... 16 9 A quick preview of some of UNIX's to ols ......................................................................................................................................... 16 9.1 grep ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 9.2 awk ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 9.3 sed ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 9.4 m4 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 9.5 dc and b c ............................................................................................................................................................................... 17 9.6 a small numb er of the others ................................................................................................................................................. 17 10 Text Formatting .............................................................................................................................................................................. 17 10.1 nro / tro .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 10.2 T X .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 E 11 Graphics .........................................................................................................................................................................................
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