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Management of Landscapes for Established Invasive Species 7

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Management of Landscapes for Established Invasive Species 7 This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. The findings and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent any official USDA or U.S. Government determination or policy. Management of Landscapes for Established Invasive Species 7 Therese M. Poland, Jennifer Juzwik, Allen Rowley, Cynthia D. Huebner, John C. Kilgo, Vanessa M. Lopez, Deanna H. Olson, Dean E. Pearson, Robert Progar, Robert Rabaglia, John D. Rothlisberger, Justin B. Runyon, and Sharlene E. Sing can still occur at the stand or base level. Landscapes in this 7.1 Introduction chapter refer to areas of land bounded by large-scale physio- graphic features integrated with natural or man-made features Long-term management strategies are invoked once an inva- that govern weather and disturbance patterns and limit frequen- sive species has become established and spread beyond feasi- cies of species movement (Urban et al. 1987). These are often ble limits for eradication or containment. Although an invasive at a large physical scale, such as the Great Basin. species may be well-established in small to large geographical This chapter considers the continuum from application of areas, prevention of its spread to non-affected areas (e.g., sites, broad-scale invasive species management to implementation regions, and cross-continent) through early detection and mon- of specifc local tactics (Fig. 7.1). Several foundational prin- itoring is an important management activity. The level for man- ciples are discussed in Sect. 7.2. Considerations for natural agement of established invasive species in the United States has resource managers faced with invasive species issues within increasingly shifted to larger geographical scales in the past the context of an ecosystem (Pickett and Candenasso 2002) several decades. Management of an invasive fsh may occur at or ecological community of variable size, landscape, or the watershed level in the western States, with watershed levels watershed management are then presented in Sect. 7.3. In defned by their hydrologic unit codes (HUC) ranging from 2 Sect. 7.4, we address strategies, approaches, and tactics but digits at the coarsest level to 8 digits at the fnest level (USGS in the context of recent advances made in (1) the sciences 2018). Invasive plant management within national forests, (e.g., biology, ecology, and epidemiology) involved and (2) grasslands, and rangelands can be implemented at the land- strategies, approaches, and tools for invasive species man- scape level (e.g., Chambers et al. 2014), although management T. M. Poland (*) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lansing, MI, USA D. H. Olson e-mail: [email protected] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacifc Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA J. Juzwik U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research D. E. Pearson Station, St. Paul, MN, USA U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA A. Rowley U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Forest Ecology and Evolution, Division of Biological Sciences, System, Washington Offce, Washington, DC, USA University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA C. D. Huebner R. Rabaglia U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State & Private Station, Morgantown, WV, USA Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Washington Offce, Washington, DC, USA J. C. Kilgo U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research J. D. Rothlisberger Station, Center for Forest Watershed Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington New Ellenton, SC, USA Offce, Washington, DC, USA V. M. Lopez · R. Progar J. B. Runyon · S. E. Sing U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forestry, Washington, DC, USA Research Station, Bozeman, MT, USA © The Author(s) 2021 133 T. M. Poland et al. (eds.), Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_7 134 T. M. Poland et al. Fig. 7.1 A continuum of management responses to SBroad Application Implementation address management objectives at appropriate scales. (Adapted from Fig. 4.2 in Millar et al. 2012) Approaches Principles and Tactics Frameworks Strategies - Regulatory Control Prescriptive - Outreach & Education - Predict & Prevent actions Foundational - Physical Control - Early Detection & designed for management - Cultural Control Rapid Response specific site principles - Chemical Control (eradicate/contain) conditions and Define spatial - Biological Control - Control & management extent, - Vaccination Manage objectives management goals, - Host Resistance - Restore objectives and - Reproduction Control timeframes - Integrated Management agement; key fndings, knowledge gaps, and needs are included. This chapter considers invasive species that affect features in landscapes containing the Nation’s forests, grasslands, and rangelands. Types of invaders included in Box 7.1 Understanding Impacts of Invasive Species for this synthesis include insect pests of trees and disease vec- Efective Management: Example, Spotted Knapweed tors, pathogens of trees and wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic (Centaurea stoebe) plants, and terrestrial and aquatic wildlife or other animals. Spotted knapweed infestations impact the food chain in pine savannas in western Montana and can delay reproduction of chipping sparrows (Spizella passe- 7.2 Invasive Species Management rina), increase their dispersal, and reduce return Principles rates of resident birds to breeding sites (Ortega et al. 2006). Spotted knapweed can outcompete native Organizations and agencies have utilized various concepts or plants (Maron and Marler 2008) and consequently principles in written invasive species management plans such as reduce populations of native insects that serve as the training module on managing invasive plants by the US Fish important food sources required by chipping spar- and Wildlife Service (US FWS 2017a). The USDA Forest rows while nesting and rearing their young. Hence, Service uses the Forest Service National Strategic Framework suppressing spotted knapweed populations and for Invasive Species Management to prioritize and guide man- restoring some native plant species but failing to agement of all invasive species using the Invasive Species restore those plant species that support these insect Systems Approach (ISSA). For the purposes of this chapter, foods might mitigate some but not all of the impacts four general principles are considered relevant to natural caused by spotted knapweed in this system. For resource managers and land managers faced with the invasive example, the use of broadleaf herbicides can favor species issues in the context of this volume. The following prin- native grasses over native forbs (Ortega and Pearson ciples apply broadly to decision-making and implementation of 2010). Whether restoring the system to native grasses management strategies, approaches, and tactics (Fig. 7.1). at the expense of native forbs would be considered successful would depend on management objectives. If the primary objective was to restore the displaced 7.2.1 Understanding Impacts of Invasive knapweed with native grasses that are needed to Species Is Essential for Efective increase winter forage for elk (Cervus elaphus), this Management outcome could be deemed successful (e.g., Thompson 1996). However, further restoration efforts might be Impacts of invasive species can be highly complex deriv- required to restore these sites for chipping sparrow ing from a variety of direct and indirect interaction path- breeding areas. This example illustrates both the ways (see Chap. 3). Mitigating impacts of invasive species importance of understanding ecological pathways and restoring affected systems therefore require an under- leading to impacts at all levels and the value of standing of impacts and ecological pathways leading to designing management strategies essential to address those impacts at all levels in the affected community (see specifc objectives. example, Box 7.1). Invasive species management in natu- 7 Management of Landscapes for Established Invasive Species 135 ral areas can be far more complex than in managed agri- historic equilibrium states, non-natives may be better adapted cultural systems, and many factors can impede management than native species to thrive under the new ecosystem condi- objectives (see Pearson et al. 2016a). In extreme cases, tions (e.g., MacDougall and Turkington 2005), thus creating mitigation may fail even if invasive species populations a situation where management efforts are likely to fail unless have been locally extirpated. For example, invasive plants the disturbance regime itself is restored. It is important to may alter soil properties in ways that persist after the inva- recognize that systems are changing over global scales in sive species is eliminated (Magnoli et al. 2013), chemical ways that may favor non-native invasive species over native control measures may suppress nontarget natives (Ortega species that are no longer able to adapt to changing local and Pearson 2010), and secondary invasion may result in conditions. In some cases, systems have already transitioned replacement of the target invasive species with another into
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