Thiz ZUTVEY haz been 6UNDED with the azz,bstance o6 a matching gtant-in-aid Owm the U.S. Depaktment o6 the Intexim, Nationae Pank Senvice, undek the PTOVIZIONZ CQ the NationaZ Hiztmic Ptezekvation Act o6 1966, az amended, and az adminizteted in Atizona by the Atizona State Pattiz Boand thtough the State Hiztakic Pnesekvation 066icen.

A DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES,

SAN BERNARDINO RANCH NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK,

COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA

prepared for:

Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest, Inc. Sun City, Arizona

prepared by:

Lyle M. Stone and James E. Ayres Archaeological Research Services, Inc. Tempe, Arizona

August 1982 ABSTRACT

Archaeological Research Service, Inc. recently completed an arch- aeological evaluation of a small portion of an early 19th century Mex- ican land grant located near Douglas, Cochise County, Arizona. The San Bernardino Grant property was acquired by Ignacio de Perez in 1822; Perez abandoned the grant in the early 1830's due to Indian hostilities. During the period from the mid-1880's until about 1920 the property was owned by John H. Slaughter, an Anglo rancher and Sheriff of Cochise Coun- ty. The Nature Conservancy acquired the property in 1980 and sub- sequently sold its interest to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Johnson Historical Museum of the South- west, Inc.

The 131 ac Johnson Museum property includes most of the San Ber- nardino Ranch National Historic Landmark (and National Register of His- toric Places) property, including all of the existing Slaughter Ranch buildings. One of the primary objectives of the Johnson Museum is the long term management (through research, preservation, and interpretive development) of cultural resources which are present on the property. Accordingly, an architectural firm, Gerald A. Doyle and Associates, and Archaeological Research Services, Inc. were retained to inventory and evaluate architectural and archaeological resources respectively. The archaeological evaluation was funded with the assistance of a matching grand-in-aid from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, under the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and as administered in Arizona by the Arizona State Parks Board through the State Historic Preservation Officer.

Archaeological research under the co-direction of James E. Ayres and Lyle M. Stone involved intensive surface survey, site mapping and docu- mentation, and test excavations. Twenty four archaeological sites were identified during this project; most of these appear to date to the Slaughter Ranch occupation period. One site, a fortified U.S. military encampment used for troop training and border patrol duty during the period from about 1914 until 1918, was inventoried and formally mapped. A number of historic house sites and trash dumps were also identified. Three prehistoric Mogollon sites are present on the Johnson Museum property.

In this report the Johnson Museum is provided with a number of specific recommendations which will support its long-term cultural resource management objectives. TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1. CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE SAN 9 BERNARDINO GRANT

CHAPTER 2. STUDY METHODS 15

CHAPTER 3. STUDY RESULTS 19

CHAPTER 4. SUMMARY 87

CHAPTER 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DISPOSITION 91 OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

REFERENCES CITED 96

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1. Location of San Bernardino Land Grant, 2 Cochise County, Arizona

FIGURE 2. Cultural Resources Within Johnson Museum and 3 National Historic Landmark Boundaries

FIGURE 3. Plan of SB-1, United States Military Encampment 21

FIGURE 4. Aerial Photograph of SB-1, United States Military 23 Encampment

FIGURE 5. View of SB-1, Feature 6, Corral (?) 25

FIGURE 6. View of SB-1, Feature 7 25

FIGURE 7. View of SB-1, Feature 23, Stone-Lined Walk 26

FIGURE 8. View of SB-1, Feature 23, Stone-Lined Walk 26

FIGURE 9. View of SB-1, Feature 1, Possible Commanding 27 Officer's Quarters

FIGURE 10. View of SB-1, Feature 9, Stone Masonry-Concrete 27 Mortor Foundation

11 FIGURE 11. View of SB-1, Feature 3, Concrete Foundation 28

FIGURE 12. Plan SB-2. Scatter of Military Trash 32

FIGURE 13. Plan of SB-3A. Adobe Building Foundation and 34 Wall Remnant.

FIGURE 14. View of SB-3A. Adobe Building Foundation and 35 Wall Remnant.

FIGURE 15. View of SB-3A. Excavation Unit 1, North 35 Profile

FIGURE 16. Historic Photograph of Slaughter Ranch 38 Schoolhouse

FIGURE 17. Plan of SB-4. Historic Trash Scatter 40

FIGURE 18. View of SB-4. Historic Trash Scatter 41

FIGURE 19. Plan of SB-5. Old Bat's House 42

FIGURE 20. View of SB-5. Old Bat's House, East Wall 43

FIGURE 21. Plan of SB-6. Historic Trash Scatter 45

FIGURE 22. Plan of SB-7. Stone Alignments 47

FIGURE 23. View of SB-7. Stone Alignments and Excavation 48 Unit 1

FIGURE 24. Plan of SB-8. Prehistoric Stie 50

FIGURE 25. Plan of SB-9. Historic Trash Scatter 53

FIGURE 26. Plan of SB-10. Historic Trash Scatter 54

FIGURE 27. View of SB-1013. Historic Trash Scatter 55

FIGURE 28. Plan of SB-11. Historic Trash Scatter 57

FIGURE 29. Plan of SB-12 and SB-19. Chinese House and 58 Rock Alignment

FIGURE 30. View of SB-12. Chinese House Foundation Remnant 59

FIGURE 31. Plan of SB-13. Historic Trash Scatter 62

FIGURE 32. Plan of SB-14. Mormon House 63 FIGURE 33. View of SB -14. Mormon House, Looking Southwest 64 FIGURE 34. Plan of SB-15A-B. Howell Adobe and Brick 67 Scatter

FIGURE 35. View of SB-15A. Howell Adobe. Looking East 68 FIGURE 36. View of SB-15A. Howell Adobe, Southwest Corner 68 and West Wall

FIGURE 37. Plan of SB-15C. Howell House 69 FIGURE 38. View of SB-15C. Howell House, Southwest Corner 70 FIGURE 39. Plan of SB-16. Historic Trash Scatter 73 FIGURE 40. Plan of SB-17. Bedrock Mortars 74 FIGURE 41. View of SB-17. Three Bedrock Mortars 75 FIGURE 42. Plan of SB-18. Bedrock Mortars 76 FIGURE 43. View of SB-18. Detail of Two Bedrock Mortars 77 FIGURE 44. Plan of SB-20. Historic Trash Scatter 79 FIGURE 45. Plan of SB-21 and SB-22. Historic Trash Scatter 81 FIGURE 46. Plan of SB-23. Historic Trash Scatter 83 FIGURE 47. Plan of SB-24. Historic Trash Dump and House 85 Remnant

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1. Archaeological Site Interpretations 87 A DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES, SAN BERNARDINO RANCH NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK, COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA

INTRODUCTION

The San Bernardino Grant, originally a 73,240 ac (29,644 ha) tract located in southeastern Arizona and northeastern Sonora, was acquired from the government of Mexico by Lt. Ignacio de Perez in

May of 1822. A small portion of this property, 2382.86 ac, is located in southeastern Cochise County, Arizona (Figure 1). In 1963, approxi- mately 180 ac of the Arizona portion of this land grant was designated a National Historic Landmark (Figure 2). The same area has also been entered on the National Register of Historic Places.

Prior to the Perez occupation, a Spanish presidio (Presidio de San

Bernardino) and mission were present on the immediate Sonoran side of the property. The presidio appears to have been in existence during the mid-to-late 1770's. Subsequent to Perez' early 1830's abandonment of the grant, including his extensive cattle ranching operation, the property was not permanently re-occupied until the 1880's. John H.

Slaughter purchased the grant property in 1884 and set about developing a large cattle ranch with holdings and stock in both Arizona and Sonora.

After Slaughter's death in 1922 the property was temporarily leased

(until 1936) and was subsequently purchased and operated as a ranch by

Marion L. Williams. Mr. and Mr. Paul Ramsower purchased the property in 1968. In 1980 the land was acquired by the Nature Conservancy with the primary objective of preserving its natural environmental

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In 1982 the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest, Inc., and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, purchased the 2382.86 ac property. The Johnson Historical Museum acquired title to a 131.24 ac parcel which includes much of the

National Historic Landmark property, with the exception of a 60ft wide strip of land along the north side of the international border between the United States and Mexico which is administered by the

International Boundary and Water Commission (U.S. Section). The

Fish and Wildlife Service administers the remainder of the parcel.

One of the primary objectives of the Johnson Historical Museum is the long-term management (through research, preservation, and interpretive development) of cultural resources which are present on the San Bernardino property. In support of this objective it has been necessary to develop a baseline inventory of the prehistoric and historic archaeological and architectural resources present. Accord- ingly, the Johnson Museum engaged Gerald A. Doyle and Associates, a firm specializing in historic architectural evaluation and historic

preservation planning, to oversee a cultural resource inventory and

evaluation of the property. As a part of this undertaking the

Johnson Museum applied for, and received, a matching historic preser- vation survey and planning grant-in-aid provided by the U.S. Depart-

ment of the Interior, National Park Service, under the provisions of

the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and as

administered in Arizona by the Arizona State Parks Board through

(4) the State Historic Preservation Office.

The grant-in-aid agreement provided specifically for archaeological investigation, to include literature and site file research, intensive surface survey, site mapping and photography, and test excavation in order to assess the presence and location, age, condition, and cultural affiliation of the property's archaeological resources. This archaeological research, performed by Archaeological Research Services,

Inc. under an agreement with the Johnson Historical Museum, was to result in a report of findings which would also provide recommendations for the management of the San Bernardino archaeological resources.

Gerald A. Doyle and Associates assumed responsibility for inven- torying and evaluating the architectural component of the property's cultural resources, and for recommending measures for the stabil- ization and protection of these resources. In addition, Doyle and

Associates was to develop historical documentary information pertaining to the property and which would be consulted as a partial basis for interpreting the architectural and archaeological remains. It is under- stood that all historical documentary, archaeological, and architectural data would ultimately be incorporated into a comprehensive preservation and interpretive development plan for the San Bernardino Ranch.

Between June 5 and 10, 1982, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. personnel performed archaeological investigations on the Slaughter

Ranch property, and specifically that portion of the National Historic

Landmark property which is owned by the Johnson Historical Museum.

Prior to the field work phase of study, the project's co-directors

(5) Lyle M. Stone and James E. Ayres, reviewed the available historical documentation pertaining to the property, and held discussions with

Doyle and Associates in order to develop a strategy for the proposed archaeological investigation. Archaeological data processing, analysis, and report preparation proceeded at Archaeological

Research Services' laboratory facility in Tempe during late June,

July, and August 1982.

Although the primary focus of this investigation is the portion of the San Bernardino Grant that became the Slaughter Ranch, a part of which is now owned by the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest,

Inc., it was also necessary, as a basis for more fully interpreting the cultural history of this property, to review archaeological and historical site files and documents pertaining to the San Bernardino

Grant in general. In addition, two historic sites, located on U.S.

Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service lands immediately outside of the east boundary of the Johnson Museum property (but within the National Historic Landmark property boundary) were archaeologically surveyed and documented. Since the Johnson Museum property boundaries had not been accurately determined at the time of archaeological field work, it was assumed that these sites were located on the Johnson

Museum property. In any event, these sites, having been documented, would appear to contribute meaningfully to our knowledge of the land-use history of the National Historic Landmark, and are therefore described and evaluated in this report. Four additional sites of similar importance within the National Historic Landmark boundaries are located in part on

(6) lands administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission.

These sites were also inventoried and are described in this report.

Figure 1 indicates the boundaries of the San Bernardino Grant north of the international border, the National Historic Landmark property, and the Johnson Museum property; all identified cultural resources are also shown.

Acknowledgements

In completing this investigation we wish to express our appreciation to a number of individuals and institutions or agencies for their assistance and co-operation. Specifically, the following were helpful in serving either as informants or in providing access to and advice concerning documents pertaining to the cultural history of southeastern

Arizona in general and the San Bernardino Grant in particular.

- Arizona Collection, Hayden Library, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

- Arizona Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona

- Department of Library, Archives and Public Records, State of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona

- Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, Arizona State Parks, Phoenix, Arizona

- Gerald A. Doyle and Associates, Phoenix, Arizona

- Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

- U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Land Records Office, Phoenix, Arizona

- International Boundary and Water Commission (U.S. Section), El Paso, Texas

- Ervin L. Bond, Cochise County Historian, Douglas, Arizona

- Wendy Glenn, Douglas Area Rancher

(7) - Helen S. Ramsower, Douglas Resident

- Dave and Miriam Symons, San Bernardino Ranch Caretakers

We would also like to thank a very fine survey and excavation crew under the general direction of James E. Ayres and Lyle M. Stone; these included Edward M. Fortier, John Peterkin, Philip JaCome, Barbara Hall,

Brad W. Stone, James Gibb, and Lisa Eppley.

Figure 4 was obtained from the Fort Huachuca Historical Museum and

Figure 16 was obtained from the Arizona Historical Society Library. The remaining photographs were taken by Stone and Ayres.

(8) CHAPTER 1

CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE SAN BERNARDINO GRANT

Sites Previously Recorded

The Slaughter Ranch property has been actively occupied during both the prehistoric and historic periods. Prehistoric sites appear to reflect both a Mogollon (San Simon Branch) and a later Salado occupation of the area. A number of such sites were recorded and reported by

V.K. Pheriba Stacy in 1974. These included:

AZ FF:11:3 (ASM), a Salado (?) habitation complex

AZ FF:11:13 (ASM), a large lithic and sherd scatter

AZ FF:11:15 (ASM), a sherd and lithic scatter

AZ FF:11:12 (ASM), a Salado (?) habitation complex

AZ FF:11:9 (ASM), a lithic scatter

AZ FF:11:10 (ASM), a lithic scatter

AZ FF:11:7 (ASM), a lithic site

AZ FF:11:8 (ASM), a sherd and lithic scatter

AZ FF:11:6 (ASM), a sherd and lithic scatter

All of the above prehistoric sites are located on the Slaughter

Ranch; none of these, however, are located within either the National

Historic Landmark or Johnson Museum boundaries.

One additional site near the north end of the San Bernardino Grant has been recorded by the Arizona State Museum as AZ FF:11:21 (ASM), and was partially excavated and reported as a large Salado habitation site

(the Slaughter Ranch Site) by Mills and Mills in 1971 (23-52).

If should also be noted that Stacy (1971) reports a number of historic

(9) sites on the Slaughter Ranch property, at least two of which are located within the National Historic Landmark boundaries: AZ FF:11:2 (ASM), an historic fort referred to in this report as Site SB-1, and AZ FF:11:4

(ASM), is referenced as SB-23. In addition, AZ FF:11:14 (ASM) and

AZ FF:11:11 (ASM) are reported by Stacy. Site 14 is represented by historic house ruins referenced in this report as Site SB-15 and Site 11 is an historic campsite located to the northeast of the Slaughter Ranch outside of the study area.

In addition to the Stacy sites, the Slaughter Ranch site proper, consisting of a large adobe house and associated outbuildings and stone masonry wall, has been assigned site number AZ FF:11:15 (ASM). This site has been recorded and is being reported in a companion report by

Gerald A. Doyle and Associates entitled Preliminary Historic Structures

Report: The John Slaughter Ranch House Complex.

Historical Background

This brief historical overview touches on only a few of the more important aspects of San Bernardino's complex history. The historical documentation being compiled by Gerald A. Doyle and Associates will serve as a basis for a more detailed report on the history on the property.

As noted in the introduction, the San Bernardino area was known to the Spanish prior to the Perez occupation due to its location near a north-south transportation route, and to the presence of natural springs.

Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, accompanied by Captain Juan Mateo Manje, were reported at San Bernardino in 1694 (Karnes 1954:35). Juan Baptista de Anza apparently camped in the San Bernardino vicinity in 1773

(10) (Bolton 1930:51-52). The site for the Presidio de San Bernardino

(located approximately one half mi south of the international boundary) was selected in 1775. The presidio, now an archaeological ruin, was abandoned in 1780 (Gerald 1968:21).

The San Bernardino Grant property (73,240 ac) was acquired by Lt.

Ignacio de Perez at a cost equal to $90.00 in May of 1822 (Mattison 1946:311).

Although Perez developed a large hacienda and cattle ranch, he decided to abandon the grant in the early 1830's due to conflicts with the Apache.

A number of individuals and parties, several of whom were en route to the California gold fields, camped at San Bernardino during the late

1840's and early 1850's; the most notable of these being Lt. Col. Philip

St. George Cook and John Russell Bartlett. Cook, in command of the Mormon

Battalion en route to southern California in response to the Mexican War

(1846-1848), camped at San Bernardino in early December, 1846 (Bieber and Benier 1938:129-130). Cook mentions the abandoned (Perez) ranch but provides little information on his encampment. Bartlett, a commissioner of the U. S. Boundary Commission, camped at San Bernardino in May of 1851 and August of 1852. Bartlett's description of San Bernardino in 1851 bears repeating in this context.

On emerging from the canon our road led up a high hill where there was a level plateau, of a desert- like character, about eight miles across, with an excellent road, which brought us to the rich valley of San Bernardino. Here was stretched out before us a level patch of green, resembling a luxuriant meadow, some eight or ten miles long, by one broad; and directly beyond, on a little spur of the plateau, lay the ruins of the hacienda of San Bernardino. Crossing this valley we stopped on the banks of a little stream, a tributary, or one of the sources of the Hauqui, which passes within a few rods of the ruins. As we approached, a flock of herons arose from the water, alarmed at the unusual invasion of their quiet haunt. One of them, whom curiosity had prompted to leave his companions and take a closer inspection of the intruders, fell a victim to his boldness, and was added to our ornithological coll- ection. San Bernardino is a collection of adobe buildings in a ruined state, of which nothing but the walls re- main. One of these buildings was about one hundred feet square, with a court in the centre; and adjoining it were others with small apartments. The latter were doubtless the dwellings of the peons and herdsmen. The whole extending over a space of about two acres was in- closed with a high wall of adobe, with regular bastions for defence. Being elevated some twenty or thirty feet above the valley, this hacienda commands a fine view of the country around. Vast herds of cattle were formerly raised here, but the ferquent attacks of the Apaches led to the abandonment of the place...This establishment was abandoned about twenty years ago; since which time, no attempt has been made to reoccupy it.

(Bartlett 1854:255-256)

Although this description is interesting and historically valuable,

it should be pointed out that Bartlett is referring to the Perez haci-

enda and also probably to the San Bernardino presidio, both of which

are located in Sonora, immediately across the border from the San

Bernardino National Historic Landmark property.

Three decades later, in 1884, the San Bernardino property was pur-

chased by John U. Slaughter from Guillermo Andrade, Ignacia Perez Urrea, and Vincente Mariscal. Slaughter operated a large cattle ranch in

southeastern Cochise County and northeastern Sonora until his death in

1922 (Mattison 1946: 312-313). During 1887-1890 Slaughter served and became well known as the Sheriff of Cochise County. In 1907, Slaughter served as a member of the House of Representatives of the 24th Legis- lative Assembly in Phoenix (Wagoner 1970:528).

(12) On May 3, 1887, all of the Slaughter Ranch buildings, including a a large adobe ranch house, were demolished by an earthquake centered in northeastern Sonora, approximately 43 mi from the ranch (DuBois and

Smith 1980). The location of the original Slaughter Ranch house and associated structures is unknown. Slaughter rebuilt the ranch, and most of the buildings on the property at this time date from the period of rebuilding. Interestingly the rebuilt house and several adjacent buildings were of adobe while others were of stone masonry construction.

A number of other buildings are known to have been associated with

Slaughter's occupation of the ranch. These include the homes of

Slaughter's in-laws (SB-15), a dwelling located on the border and known as the "Mormon House" (SB-12), and a stone masonry house (SB-15) located to the north of the Slaughter house and occupied by Old Bat, a black, who worked for Slaughter. There are also a number of other buildings from this period, including laborers' dwellings, which are located outside of the National Historic Landmark and Johnson Museum boundaries.

During July 1901, the "Boundaries of the San Bernardino Private

Land Grant" were surveyed by John A. Rockfellow, a Deputy Surveyor for the U.S. Surveyors General Office. Rockfellow's map of the grant, surveyor's notes, and subsequent reminiscences (1933) provide valuable land use and historical information pertaining to the San Bernardino

Grant. This survey was a major element of an action an the part of the

U.S. Court of Private Land Claims in 1913 which affirmed Slaughter's ownership of the property.

A large mesa located approximately 800 ft northeast of the Slaughter ranch house was occupied by U.S. military forces at different times

(13) between 1914 or 1915 and 1919 in response to the Mexican Revolution, and to the First World War. Archival informatinn pertaining to this military occupation is on file at the National Archives; copies of some of these documents have been acquired by Doyle and Associates for research purposes.

This site is further discussed in Chapter 3 of this report.

Shortly after Slaughter's death, the ranch was leased to Dave Hunt from 1924 until 1936 (personal communication, E. Bond, June 1982). The property was purchased by Marion L. Williams of Douglas in 1936.

Mr. and Mrs. Warner Glenn leased the Slaughter Ranch during the 1960's; in 1968 Mr. and Mrs. Paul Ramsower purchased the ranch from Williams.

As indicated above, the ranch was purchased by the Nature Conservancy in 1980 and was subsequently acquired by the U.S. Department of the

Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and by the Johnson Historical

Museum of the Southwest, Inc. A portion of the ranch, that containing most of the historic sites, including the Slaughter Ranch buildings, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963.

(14) CHAPTER 2

STUDY METHODS

Four research procedures were applied during this assessment of arch-

aeological resources at San Bernardino: (1) review of archaeological and

historical documents, reports, and site files, (2) intensive archaeological

survey of a portion of the National Register property which is owned by

the Johnson Historical Museum, (3) recording of identified archaeological

sites through mapping, photography, and written documentation, and

(4) test excavations at the locations of presumed archaeological features.

(1) Review of Archaeological and Historical Documents, Reports and Site Files

Prior to the initiation of field work a number of readily available

primary and secondary documents and reports were reviewed for both

general historical and site specific information pertaining to the

Slaughter Ranch. Several of these documents were provided by Gerald A.

Doyle and Associates and others were obtained by Archaeological Research

Services, Inc.

In addition, archaeological reports and site files pertaining to the

general Slaughter Ranch vicinity were reviewed for information on

previously identified archaeological or historical sites. Archaeological

site records on file at the Arizona State Museum (Tucson) were most pro-

ductive in this respect. Also reviewed were an archaeological survey

report by Stacy (1974) and an excavation report by Mills and Mills (1971).

While a documentary research effort was directed to the immediate

vicinity of the National Historic Landmark, it was also necessary to

(15) review documentation pertaining to peripheral areas (both within and outside of the San Bernardino Grant boundaries).

Subsequent to the completion of archaeological field work, a number of additional historical documents and reports became available through

Doyle and Associates. Although these were briefly reviewed for addi- tional information pertaining to the identified archaeological sites, it has not been possible to thoroughly review and apply this data source as a basis for the preparation of this report.

(2) Archaeological Survey

The 131.24 ac Johnson Museum property (Figure 2) was intensively surveyed by a three person survey team during a two day period. An area approximately 500 ft east of the east property boundary and 100 ft north of the north boundary was also intensively surveyed in order to assure adequate coverage of the Johnson Museum property. As noted, the property's north and east boundaries had not been accurately established prior to field work. The west property boundary is defined by a fence and the south boundary is defined by a line 60 ft north of the International boundary fence. This 60 ft wide strip of land paralleling the border fence was also archaeologically surveyed with the written premission of the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S. Section (El Paso).

Survey procedures involved initially defining or blocking-out the entire study area arbitrarily into specific parcels of land on an aerial photograph (on the basis of topography, ground cover, and the presence of cultural features such as roads, buildings, and fences), and then walking each parcel along parallel, linear transects spaced

(16) between 25 and 50 ft apart. The location and a brief description of each

identified archaeological site was recorded during this two day survey

period.

(3) Archaeological Site Recording

Each identified site was then revisited by a three person crew during

a three day period for the purpose of detailed documentation. This doc-

umentation effort involved site mapping (with a Brunton compass and

measuring tape), photography, and the written description of surface

features and artifact content at each site. At this point, three sites

were identified as needing either archaeological test excavation (SB-3

and SB-7) or formal instrument mapping (SB-1). The mapping of Site SB-1

was accomplished in three days by a three person mapping team.

(4) Archaeological Test Excavations

As noted above, sites SB-3 and SB-7 were examined by archaeological

test excavation in order to provide additional information which might

facilitate their interpretation. For the most part, other identified

sites were evaluated either on the basis of surface evidence or historical

documentary and informant information.

Site SB-3, the presumed location of an adobe schoolhouse which was

in use during the Slaughter period, was examined by excavating two

apparent stone masonry foundation remnants and an associated adobe wall.

Excavation involved essentially clearing a large surface area by hand

in order to more fully expose observed surface features. These features

were exposed to a depth at which their dimensions and composition could

be ascertained. Approximately 500 square ft of ground surface at Site SB-3

(17) was cleared in this manner. Two additional test units (totaling 14 square ft) were also excavated at this site in an attempt to determine the depth of a masonry foundation.

Site SB-7, two stone masonry alignments located immediately west of the ranch barn, were excavated (exposed) for a distance of approximately

85 ft. It was hoped that the partial excavation of one of these apparent foundation or wall remnants would suggest a period of construction and use. One additional test unit (15 square ft) was excavated along the south side of one of the exposed walls, or foundations, in order to ascertain its depth and method of construction.

(18) CHAPTER 3

STUDY RESULTS

The survey and evaluation of the Johnson Museum-owned/San Bernardino property resulted in the identification of 24 archaeological sites. Of this total, three sites (SB-14, SB-15, and SB-24) were located immediately outside of the Johnson Museum property. These sites, discovered during the survey process, are located within the National Historic Landmark boundaries, and are an integral part of the San Bernardino historic site complex. As such they are fully described and evaluated in this chapter.

Three additional sites, SB-11, SB-12, and SB-19 are located both on

Federal lands administered by the International Boundary and Water

Commission and on the Johnson Museum property. The locations of all sites are shown on Figure 2.

Each site has been assigned a letter-number designation, SB (San

Bernardino) followed by the numbers 1 through 24. As noted, several sites on the property were previously assigned ASM (Arizona State Museum) numbers; these are cross-referenced in the site description text. Each site is described noting its physical characteristics and location with respect to nearby or associated natural and cultural featuers. In addition, an attempt is made to assess the age, condition, and cultural affiliation of each site based on observed archaeological features and their surface artifactual content, and on applicable historical docu- mentation. Plan maps of the sites are provided with the individual site descriptions.

These interpretations must be considered preliminary in nature, pend- ing the results of more extensive historical and archaeological research.

(19) At this point, for example, it may be possible based on surface remains, to identify a site as an early 19th century scatter of household trash in association with an apparent stone masonry foundation remnant. Addi- tional archaeological investigation would clarify the physical nature and dating of the site; additional historical research may attribute the site to a specific historical event or occupation.

Site Descriptions

SITE SB-1 (AZ FF:11:2 ASM)

Site Type. Fortified Historic Military Encampment

Location. Site 1 is located on a relatively flat top mesa (at approx- imately 3800 ft above mean sea level), a prominent natural feature between

750 and 800 ft northeast of the Slaughter Ranch compound (Figure 2). This so called "Mesa de la Avanzada" (Mesa of the Advance Guard) widens as it extends to the north and northeast. At the site of the military encampment, the mesa is approximately 725 ft wide (northwest by south- east) and extends to the northeast for at least 1000 ft, at which location the mesa widens and generally blends into an eroded upland. A commanding view of the surrounding terrain to the northwest, west, south, and east, including a large section of the United States-Mexico border, is enjoyed from the mesa top vantage.

Description. This site consists of multiple rock masonry features covering an approximately 5.15 ac area which defines a fortified U.S. military encampment (Figure 3). The primary fortification is a perim- eter wall, 1400 ft in length, which roughly defines a rectangular en- closure that has been truncated on two opposite corners. At present

(20)

-- -., - -

-4# JI 4: -_.• -, -. .Z.:. - -.: .-.... - ', -' - N-,• ..:-... .T..,. ,,....,,FE ,— , Z ...•. • "J . .../ • . 1 ..„. ,-;..---= . C...//. P / -A2 . I . 23 - 4° EF.' (,,,,, _-,-_- -7 ----'- -'--;. 0..,. •-=•-• // — 9) A: ? -.,- 4— ,, "°_, ,.,...—_, A ir - .----' ..,...0. , -.._,... , . /./ .----.- R--;7------;' '..----=7. # /7 . --..--- — ,-.4 — ----.------.:,... .,s--- - ..-_------e .--,-.a---; 1- .... 4 ,,,,A ' , ,, . ,k ---4 4.4 .T‘' ' . „ ,- ---,5.--,,, 4., \ ,, p 4... - 4 -.-s...„..,%=7.3...,-_3 ',I. E4;' VArtk ‘,... , - . /.-10,. R_,,,, , % ---!- -7,,,,,, .1 LEI. , , G.--6zTER ----;----, ,,-, ''.K, \\.,.'" ,, ' 4?: ",-,,,, - ....--,..„ S'''-GR; ".1/4,604' ,..,.•,'. 4:' ' ._-_,S 4, , a L0TO, c ,, Aalit ':.% /0 , " ,...- ,...: Plemt,... ..,/ 4 I .',

t 7p-,e* ,qciA0, , *42. iiIii , GIP re : ,I.,. (0.,,i,:•:';'. ,011•1 /t0.0„, , ,,,,,,,,q, NI ", ,, ,,.t. T,i1117,!mlit,11r.;tirtivrIll.,.

niltfilior'• 0- ,, !illlivird"11111r1:\'V '.',' FIGURE 3. PLAN OFSB-1 United States Military Encampment

21 this wall stands between 1 and 3.5 ft high and varies in width from 2 to 4.5 ft (i.e., collapsed dimension). The perimeter wall corresponds roughly to the edge of the mesa. This wall is not present along a 360 ft long segment of the west side of the mesa. Figure 4 provides an accurate representation of the size and configuration of the fortified area.

At least three entrances served this fortified enclosure: one small opening (25 ft wide) on the east wall; a similar opening near the south corner that is joined by a set of stone steps descending the mesa in the direction of the Slaughter Ranch compound; and a third, an approximately

15 ft wide opening on the southeast wall facing the United States-Mexico border and which is protected by an extended wall segment.

A number of exterior rock masonry features are located near the south corner of the enclosure and may represent fortified positions such as gun emplacements or observation points which would serve to protect the two south facing entrances. These features are semi-circular in shape and from 25 to 35 ft in diameter. One additional rock feature is located outside of the west side of the fortified area. At least 11 features are located on the perimeter wall; generally, these are small, rectangular offset alignments which project to the exterior and presum- ably served as observation and defensive positions. Several such features located at the north corner and on the northwest wall are larger, structurally complex, and would appear to represent large room-like bastions.

Interior features included the following, all of dry laid masonry construction:

(22) FIGURE 4. Aerial Photograph of SB-1. U. S. Military Encampment. Note International Border and Slaughter Ranch Compound (Fort Huachuca Historical Museum). Looking South-Southwest (23) - An 80 by 170 ft walled enclosure (Figure 3, Feature 6) whiCh may have served as a stock corral (Figure 5).

- Two, parallel features, each ca. 20 ft wide and between 145 and

160 ft long (Figure 3, Features 7 and 8) located adjacent to Feature 6 and whose function is unknown (Figure 6).

- A series of seven rectangular rock alignments (three with rock floors) which may define building foundations and that are located in the northeast end of the enclosure. These Features (10,11,12,15, 17,

18, and 21) vary in size from 15 ft square to 22 by 26 ft. Feature

11 contains a number of artifacts (horseshoe nails, wire nails, cut bar iron, wire), as well as charcoal and cinders which may suggest its use as a blacksmith shop.

- Two, parallel rock-lined walks (Figure 3, Features 22 and 23;

Figures 7 and 8). These walks are characterized by regularly spaced perpendicular alignments which probably served as entrances for enlisted men's quarters.

- Feature 1 represents an interior compound which encloses a two- room, dry laid rock masonry building. This well constructed building, with a lime base mortar-rock masonry chimney located on its southwest wall, is 25 ft wide by 30 ft long (estimated interior dimension) and, if local tradition is correct, may have been the commanding officer's quarters (Figure 9).

Other interior features are two sides of a small concrete mortar- rock masonry foundation (Figure 10, and Figure 3, Feature 9) a possible privy pit (Figure 3, Feature 13), and a small concrete foundation (4.7 ft square) which encloses and divides two rectangular concrete-lined

(24) FIGURE 5. View of SB-1. Feature 6, Corral (?)

FIGURE 6. View of SB-1. Feature 7

(25) FIGURE 7. View of SE-i. Feature 23, Stone- lined Walk

FIGURE 8. View of SB-1. Feature 23, Stone- lined Walk

(26) FIGURE 9, View of SB-1. Feature 1, Possible Commanding Officer's Quarters

FIGURE 10. View of SB-1. Feature 9, Stone Masonry-Concrete Mortar Foundation

(27) '

SB I FEAT 3

FIGURE 11. View of SB-1. Feature 3, Concrete Foundation

depressions. This feature is shown as Figure 3, Feature 3 and on

Figure 11.

Very few artifacts were observed on the surface of this site. With the exception of a small trash area located immediately outside the north wall of the enclosure, a small trash area near Feature 3, and artifacts located within Feature 11 (a presumed blacksmith shop), arti- facts occurred on the site in a very thin, generally distributed surface scatter. Artifacts observed included brown, light green, clear, and sun- colored (manganese) bottle glass fragments; horseshoe nails; wire nails; smooth and barbed fence wire; crown bottle caps; cut bar iron fragments

(all of which was from a presumed blacksmith shop site, Feature 11); one brass cartridge (center fire, exterior primer); and three buttons.

The cartridge bears a headstamp P C CO 4 14 (Peters Cartridge Company)

(28) and would date after 1887. The buttons were of military usage; one was produced between about 1902 and 1913 and the second, based on a dated uniform at the Arizona Historical Society, was in use in 1917 (personal communication, Pierce A. Chamberlain, June 1982).

In addition to this cultural material in immediate proximity to the site, it should be noted that two trash dumps (SB-2 and SB-23) are lo- cated some distance away from the fortified enclosure and are probably attributable to the fort's occupation. Site SB-2 is located below the west side of the enclosure at a distance of approximately 250 ft, and

SB-23 is located on the mesa approximately 300 to 400 ft to the north- east of SB-1.

Interpretation. Site SB-1 defines a U.S. military establishment which, based on documentary information, was in use intermittently between 1914 or 1915 and 1918-1919. This army camp was one of a network of such posts located along the border in California, Arizona, New

Mexico, and Texas. These semi-permanent camps were occupied initially

(1914-1916) as a part of the U.S. government's response to the_litican

Revolution (1911-1920). In 1917 and 1918 this and other camps which were administered from District Headquarters at Camp Douglas (at Douglas) were used "for the organization and training of new regiments", presum- ably for service during the First World War (U.S. Army 1949:909).

During 1915 troops of both the 11th and 18th Infantry Regiments out of Camp Douglas were present at the Slaughter Ranch and are assumed to have camped on the nearby mesa on which SB-1 is located. In August of 1915, it is noted that a 28 member machine gun company was present at

(29) the site. Early in 1916 members of Troop D of the 7th Cavalry were stationed at Slaughter's Ranch; later, during the period February-

May, Troop I of the First Cavalry Regiment were at Slaughter's Ranch

performing camp and patrol duties. Border patrol duty continued at least during the next three years with frequent camps at the Slaughter 1 Ranch post.

It is concluded that Site SB-1 is the military camp which was oc- cupied and used by U.S. Army troops during the period from 1914 or 1915 until approximately 1919. The time period assigned to this site on the basis of documentary sources would correspond with that inferred for the site based on archaeological evidence. Moreover, the nature of the structural features (i.e., massive walled enclosures, bastions, apparent gun emplacements, and observation posts) would definitely seem to indi- cate a military usage; that is, representing a fortified hilltop which, due to its position relative to the United States-Mexico border, could be used to observe border activities over a large area, and as a base camp for troops engaged in border patrol duty.

As an archaeological resource this site is in excellent condition, and due to the nature of its surface remains, would serve very well as a public educational-interpretive resource. The site as well would have

1. This brief discussion of the U.S. Army occupation of the site is based on a preliminary review of copies of official military documents pertaining to Camp Douglas which were obtained from the National Archives by Gerald A. Doyle and Associates.

(30) considerable archaeological, historical, and architectural research value.

SITE SB-2

Site Type. Historic Trash

Location. This site is located on the west side of the drainage west of the fort (SB-1) and about 200 ft north of the pond east of the

Slaughter Ranch house complex (Figure 2).

Description. The trash scatter is about 25 ft north-south and about

45 ft east-west in size (Figure 12) with the main concentration on the east end about 50 ft west of the small wash. The scatter consists of metal parts from several canvas covered wood frame cots; metal mess kits; a metal, handled cup; fragments of a number of curry combs, buckles, and other metal pieces related to horse accoutrement; a horseshoe; a grommet; and other unidentified metal. Virtually no vegetation occurs on this site.

Interpretation. The site appears to be a one-time dump of trash originating from SB-1, the U.S. military post, and would therefore appear to date from its occupation (ca. 1914 - 1919).

SITE SB-3

Site Type. Adobe Building Remains

Location. This site is located approximately 600 ft east of the

Slaughter Ranch compound, and immediately below the south end of the mesa on which Site SB-1 is located (Figure 2). Two small, relatively recent, frame buildings and one small structure, are present in the immediate vicinity of this site. The ground surface of the site area has been differentially disturbed by activities associated with these

(31) recent buildings, including road grading and the location and subsequent removal of a large trailer house.

Description. The decision to archaeologically investigate this site was prompted by informant information which suggested that an early adobe schoolhouse had existed at this approximate location during the Slaughter period. In addition, several apparent stone foundation remnants were present on the ground surface at this location which could not be attri- buted to known buildings or to a specific period of site occupation.

As noted above, this site was mapped and test excavated in order to expose and document the surface and immediate sub-surface remains of these building features. Two areas (designated SB-3A and SB-3B) were cleared of all surface debris, troweled to remove a surface accumulation of recently deposited soil, mapped, and photographed.

The first area (SB-3A), located between the two recent frame build- ings (a bath-house-storage room and a tack room), covered approximately

840 square ft (an area 42 ft east-west by 20 ft north-south), and con- tained the stone masonry foundation and associated adobe remains for an adobe wall building (Figure 13). The south wall and segments of the west and east walls were clearly defined. Adobe bricks overlie the north side foundation and at least half of the east side (Figure 14). This building is 16.1 ft (north-south) by 16.7 ft wide (east-west) in exterior dimen- sion and had walls constructed of small adobe bricks (1.1 ft long by

.45 ft wide by .2 ft thick) over a 1 ft wide vesicular basalt foundation.

As exposed in two test units excavated along the south building wall this mud mortar-basalt cobble foundation was approximately .9 to 1.0 ft deep

(33) FIGURE 13 PLAN OF SB-3A 0 i 2 FEET

Sr ' • \ • V. .

"' • • • • A k• • ' /. / . \

Adobe Bricks Nk Projected Wall Alignment

0

Adobe Building Foundation and Wall Remnant

0

Basalt Fieldstone Foundation go

34 10 ci •H

PP

a) rr)

cr) •r1 PP LH (../1 0 4-1

SB-3A. 0

0 Foundation and Foundation and Wall View of 14. FIGURE (Figure 15), and was characterized by an exterior widening of foundation

rocks (spread footing) at and below .6 ft below ground surface. No

evidence of a building entrance or of interior features was observed.

Apparent adobe wall collapse and adobe melt exist around the building's

perimeter. An area of lime plaster was observed along the interior

face of the building's east wall (Figure 13), indicating the nature of

the interior wall surface finish.

Excavation Unit 1 (2 ft north-south by 3 ft), located along the

exterior face of the south wall, also exposed a concentration of adobe

brick which, although initially thought to represent adobe wall collapse,

upon excavation is thought to define an in-situ exterior adobe wall or floor feature. Excavation Unit 2, which was 3 ft square and located next

to the interior face of the south wall, exposed several basalt cobbles

and the interior profile of the south wall.

No cultural features were observed at or just below ground surface

to the east of this building. To the west, a large area was cleared in

the hopes of defining additional building remnants. Such remains were not present and this area was found to be heavily disturbed.

A number of artifacts were recovered during the excavation of

these units. Excavation Unit 1 contained a fragmented cast iron object, a .45 Colt cartridge manufactured by Winchester Repeating Arms Company, a 1910 Lincoln Head penny, and a squash or pumpkin seed. The 4.7 in by

6.6 in cast iron object is an approximately .25 in thick, oval shaped flat plate with raised lettering on one face. The following letters are

present around its perimeter: ARMYTI----NG--N 1. A large letter S appears

(36) at the approximate center of the object. The plate was obviously attached to something because remnants of a screw on each end was observed.

Excavation Unit 2 produced a U.S. military uniform button (dated to ca. 1902-1913); a heart shaped copper locket; an unmarked pistol car- tridge; a lead bullet; two white rubber hollow play ball fragments; 22 unidentifiable, heavily rusted, iron fragments; fragments of five machine cut square nails; and 2 clear glass fragments. This excavation unit also contained 15 small animal bones which have not been further analyzed.

The second area examined at this site (SB-3B) is located between 25 and 40 ft to the southeast of SB-3A and consists of a 28 ft long east- west alignment of vesicular basalt rocks. This rock feature is located in a small fenced area to the immediate south of the tack room building ;

Small patches of concrete, each with a protruding 1 in diameter iron pipe, occur at intervals of from 7 to 7.5 ft along this alignment.

Interpretation. SB-3 consists of the remains of a masonry foundation- adobe wall building which was approximately 16 to 17 ft square. Although a portion of this building has been disturbed by recent occupations of the area, the site is in fair condition and would appear to be a very important research resource. Additional adobe building remains may be present to the west and south of the identified ruin.

There were very few temporally diagnostic artifacts associated with this building - those noted appear to date to the first two decades of the 20th century. The site could have been occupied both earlier and later, although a later occupation would be difficult to support in view of informant information.

(37) FIGURE 16. Historic Photograph of Slaughter Ranch Schoolhouse (Arizona Historical Society Library)

(38) Regarding the suggestion that this archaeological feature is the

"possum trot" school illustrated in Figure 16, and presumably in use during the Slaughter period, it can be noted that the projected length of the schoolhouse wall (of one room) as shown on the photograph is approximately 15 ft. Archaeologically, the building walls varied from

16.1 to 16.7 ft in length. Also, local tradition would seem to reinforce the interpretation that this site is at the schoolhouse location. It has also been suggested that adobe buildings at this location were present when John Slaughter first came to the property and that he restored the deteriorating adobe buildings and made this his first ranch headquarters.

This interpretation has been provided by Mr. Ervin L. Bond of

Douglas in referencing a conversation that he had with Dave Hunt, an individual reported to have leased the Slaughter property from 1924 to

1936. This interpretation corresponds to a statement in Erwin (1965:158) in reference to the 1887 earthquake which destroyed all of Slaughter's adobe buildings ("The new sheriff's stable, smoke house, milk house, and home were also wrecked. John Slaughter built new ones a few hundred yards across the creek from the ruins.") Interestingly, the site of

SB-3 is approximately 200 yards across the creek from the present Slaughter

Ranch buildings which were constructed soon after the 1887 earthquake.

SITE SB-A

Site Type. Historic Trash

Location. This trash lies on a relatively level area north of SB-3 on the southwest side of the mesa on which SB-1 is situated (Figure 2).

Description. Three small concentrations of trash (Figures 17 and 18)

(39) 40 FIGURE 18. View of SB-4. Historic Trash Scatter occur within the boundaries of this site which measures 30 ft north- south and 35 ft east-west. A faint road or trail runs north-south through the site. On the east is a small cluster of glass fragments and on the west, west of the road, is a pile of tin cans. Between the two is a thin scatter of metal, glass, and an occasional piece of prehistoric lithic debris. A Mason fruit jar, condensed milk cans, sun-colored glass, coffee cans, and other cans once containing food are included. Little vegetation exists on the site.

Interpretation. The presence of sun-colored glass and the absence of hole-in-top cans dates this site to approximately 1910-1920. The trash may represent more than a one-time deposition.

SITE SB-5 (Old Bat's House)

Site Type. House Ruin

(41) FIGURE 1 9 PLAN OF SB-5

0 10 20

FEET

Drainage I

V•.• ftiz. C;C V:3 ND If • IOW Limit of ar.7c) Epp trash scatter Cleared Piece of .4/ car metal P Wall •g4G. 2 fall • 41 . r, zE • 11 A I 1) • ? Cleared ' 5C)

'2 °C:2 0 C31 a., I:DeD cl() cRzEM.,.

00 cto 0: AI 0Q:7 13 ° o o oo CP C3- <:) ' ' P 8V `YGLO G,CRI):3 0 D OCO B P c) c> 00 (PER) /73/77 M i Qn\°\° \\

SV

42 Location. The building is located northwest of the ranch house com- plex and the pond and is situated on the north slope of the mesa lying west of the ranch house complex. The house is on the south side of a drainage channel leading into the pond (Figure 2).

Old Bat's House (Figures 19 and 20) was constructed of basalt field stones and concrete mortar. It is badly fallen except for the southeast corner which stands about 6.1 ft high. The walls are about 1.5 ft thick. The north and south interior walls are 12 ft long and east and west walls are slightly over 10 ft in length.

A long alignment of basalt cobbles situated on the slope between the house and the mesa top and one on the north and the northeast sides of the house served in part as retaining walls. Rocks for these piles

FIGURE 20. View of SB-5. Old Bat's House East Wall

(43) came from the surface around the house which appears to have been

cleared to provide work and living space. On the east side a path leading to the ranch house complex can be seen. Surface trash is not abundant but pieces of an old automobile, sun-colored and other glass, earthenware ceramics, weathered lumber, "sanitary" type tin cans, bottles with crown cap finishes, and wire nails were recorded.

Interpretation. Local informants have identified this site as Old

Bat's House. Old Bat was a black employed by John Slaughter. The trash observed dates approximately 1910 to 1920.

SITE SB-6

Site Type. Historic Trash Scatter

Location. SB-6 lies at the foot of the mesa slope and on the rela- tively level area between the walled-in Slaughter Ranch house complex and the Big Commissary building on the north (Figure 2).

Description. The site surface is littered with a large quantity of highly fragmented glass, ceramic, metal, and other objects (Figure 21).

Sun-colored glass, the only readily diagnostic artifactual material, is common. The main concentration of trash occurs within an area approxi- mately 80 ft east-west and 120 ft north-south. Although the trash appears concentrated here, a thin scatter of it occurs throughout the complex of ranch buildings.

Wendy Glenn, a local rancher, reports that several years ago at this site she dug up a human burial having gold fillings in its teeth.

She also reports finding a coin and a trade token on the surface nearby.

(44) Cleared leve trash area

45 Interpretation. The site, which is an integral part of the ranch building complex, has accumulated trash since the construction of the ranch and possibly even earlier. On the basis of the sun-colored glass alone, a deposition date as early as 1880 can be suggested. Because the ranch has been continuously occupied since its founding, trash dating to the present would be expected here.

Patterns observed .on flow blue ceramic fragments appear to be identical to those found at SB-10, SB-11, SB-12, SB-21, and SB-22.

The Glenn burial has been lost. The gold fillings clearly indicate that the burial was historic but its proximity to the main house is enigmatic.

SITE SB-7

Site Type. Stone Masonry Foundation or Wall

Location. Site SB-7 is located between 5 and 140 ft directly west of the barn, and between 120 and 170 ft south of the ranch house compound

(Figure 2).

Description. Two linear rock alignments define this site, One alignment is 1.2 ft wide, 10 ft long, and is located between 3.8 and

13.8 ft west of the southewest corner of the existing barn. The second alignment, 1.3 ft wide by 72 ft long, is located between 65 and 137 ft west of the northwest corner of the barn. The rock features are roughly parallel and appear to be at a slight angle to the north and south walls of the barn (Figure 22).

These foundations or wall remnants are constructed of basalt (field- stones) masonry with mud mortar. The longest of the two alignments

(46) Stone Ahgnments

47 also has two partial metates incorporated into it which were exposed at ground level. A small concentration of lime plaster, ca. 3 ft wide by

8 ft long, is located on the south side of this second alignment.

Both alignments were exposed by hand using broom and trowel in order to determine their extent and direction. In addition, one 3 ft north- south by 5 ft excavation unit was placed along the south side of the

72 ft long alignment in order to ascertain its depth and method of construction (Figure 23). This excavation unit exposed a zone (to .4 ft below ground surface) of historic artifact bearing humic soil. Artifacts included an iron gate hook, a white earthenware (ironstone) ceramic sherd, one brown bottle glass fragment, a small length of smooth wire, one

FIGURE 23. Plan of SB-7. Stone Alignments and Excavation Unit 1.

(48) possible rivet or hinge pin, and five unidentified iron objects. Pre- historic sherds were also present in this soil zone. Beneath this zone was a layer of lime plaster, approximately .1 ft thick, which contacts the south face of the exposed foundation. The bottom layer (to 1 ft below ground surface) of dark organic silty alluvium contained prehistoric ceramic sherds and lithic artifacts. This material is very similar to that observed on the surface of SB-8, a prehistoric site attributed to

the Mogollon (San Simon Branch). It should be noted in this regard that

Site SB-8 is located ca. 300 ft to the south-southwest of SB-7, and that

prehistoric ceramic sherds were very common on the surface of SB-7. His-

toric glass and ceramic fragments attributed to the early 1900's were also

present on the surface of this site.

Interpretation. The rock alignments which define this site could be

either historic or prehistoric in origin. The presence of numerous pre-

historic artifacts on the surface and in sub-surface contexts at this

site, and its proximity to a documented prehistoric site (SB-8) might

suggest that the alignments were perhistoric in origin, perhaps represent-

ing compound walls. Alternately, the regAlarity of these walls, both in

width and direction, the use of prehistoric metate fragments as stone

building materials, and the apparent association of the larger of the

two alignments with a deposit of lime plaster, would tend to suggest

that the site is historic. The nature of the sub-surface soil deposit

exposed in the excavation unit and which contains prehistoric ceramics

might also suggest that an historic building feature had been super-

imposed upon a prehistoric trash area.

(49) FIGURE 24 PLAN OF SB-8 0 50 100 Il• FEET

Water tank 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 . . . ? . . /11 T.V. Antenna line Main House

Ranch road

I s I I I I Shed Road to 1 1 Barn dump Mesa

top

Field

Light SB-8 trash

Dump scatter

1" ;(‘ Dirt mound,

Brush piles

\ SB-9 x: x, SV ;,'Sc

50 SITE SB-8

Site Type. Prehistoric Site

Location. Prehistoric remains were found on the east end of the mesa overlooking the ranch building complex. The greatest concentration is situated west-southwest of the barn at the location of the current ranch dump (Figure 2).

Description. A thin scatter of prehistoric plainware sherds, more numerous examples of lithic debris, and a few broken metate and mano fragments mark this site (Figure 24). The maximum extent of the site is approximately 500 ft north-south and 300 ft east-west. Its widest part is east-west through the currently used dump. The northernmost extent of the site lies on the mesa edge west of the water tank. Cul- tural debris is found along the mesa edge and its slope to the east.

Interpretation. The only decorated sherds, and one whole, unifacial mano, were found on the backdirt pile located on the south end of the bulldozer trench currently used as the garbage dump. The sherds are all red-on-brown types apparently of the Intermediate and Late Periods of the

San Simon Branch of the Mogollon as defined by Sayles (1945). Except for two sherds identified by Haury (personal communication) as Encinas Red- on-brown and one possible Galiuro Red-on-brown, the sherds could not be identified as to type. Based on this limited information, the site may date during the period AD 700-1200. According to Wendy Glenn, she and others have surface collected sherds and other cultural material from the site for years, which probably explains why decorated sherds were found only on the relatively recent backdirt pile.

SB-7 may be part of this site.

(51) SITE SB-9

Site Type. Historic Trash Dump

Location. Southwest of the Slaughter Ranch barn on the eastward facing mesa slope and west of a cleared field is a small trash dump,

SB-9. It is situated in a dense stand of low mesquite trees (Figure 2).

Description. SB-9 (Figure 25) is a small trash dump scattered over an area about 25 ft wide north-south by 60 ft long east-west. It includes a variety of hole-in-top cans, sun-colored glass, three enamelware pots and pans, wire nails, ceramics, and miscellaneous metal.

Interpretation. The dump may be a one-time event, based on the quantity and nature of trash. The artifacts present indicate a date for this dump of ca. 1900. It appears not to have been disturbed.

SITE SB-10 A-D

Site Type. Historic Trash

Location. These sites are found north of the TV antenna line on the mesa top west of the ranch house (Figure 2).

Description. Four small, isolated trash piles (Figures 26 and 27) have been laveled SB-10 A-D. SB-10A is about 10 ft in diameter and contains ceramics, glass, hole-in-top cans, wire nails, an A.B.G.M.Co beer bottle base, and metal. SB-10B is approximately 12 ft by 16 ft in size and is about 40 ft north of SB-10A. The site contains ceramics, including flow blue earthenware, hole-in-top cans, glass, and an

A.B.G.M.Co beer bottle base. The largest of these dumps, SB-10C, is a

40 ft by 50 ft scatter with a small concentration measuring 3 ft by

4 ft within it. Hole-in-top tin cans; ceramics, including a Knowles,

(52) (.71 ()J FIGURE 26 PLAN OF SB-I0

0 20 40 SB-I0C sic:mm=0 FEET

1

■ SB -10B

SB-10D

SB -10A

-

Trash Concentration

Light Trash Scatter

Site Boundary

TV. Antenna line

Pole 8 Pole 7 Pole 6 Pole 5 Pole 4

SV

54 FIGURE 27. View of SB-10B. Historic Trash Scatter

Taylor, and Knowles plate fragment; sun-colored glass; metal; an A.B.Co beer bottle base; an Austrian made porcelain handled cup; and one pre- historic plainware sherd were found on the site. The fourth site sub- sumed under SB-10, is 25 ft by 28 ft in size and contains hole-in-top tin cans, sun-colored glass, ceramics, metal, an A.B.G.M.Co beer bottle base, and flow blue earthenware.

Interpretation. These very small trash piles appear to represent one-time events. The quantity of trash is limited as is the number of readily dated pieces. The comparability of bottle base marks, ceramic design patterns, and tin can and glass manufacturing technology, suggest that the four clusters of trash are approximately contemporaneous.

Similar flow blue design patterns were seen at SB-6, SB-11, SB-12,

SB-21, and SB-22. On the basis of the dateable ceramic marks, beer bottle base marks, the sun-colored glass, and other artifacts, these trash piles

(55) date within a time range of 1886 to 1915. It is possible, especially at SB-10C, that the trash was actually deposited between 1905 and 1915.

SITE SB-11

Site Type. Historic Trash Scatter

Location. Located south of the Slaughter Ranch barn in the south- east corner of a cleared field and about 40 ft north of the Mexican border is SB-11(Figure 2). Part of the site is within the 60 ft wide right-of-way controlled by the International Boundary and Water Com- mission.

Description. This is a relatively large trash scatter extending about 45 ft east-west and 165 ft north-south (Figure 28). A very light scatter of trash extends east about 50 ft from the main concentration across a fence into a mesquite thicket. The scatter includes metal, glass, ceramics, hole-in-top cans, flow blue earthenware, a porcelain fragment with an 1895 patent date, an A B monogram beer bottle base, a crown cap finish, sun-colored glass, a .30 caliber Winchester cartridge case, prehistoric lithic debris, and a padlock marked "Vulcan". The site has been disturbed by heavy equipment used to dig up and remove mesquite.

Interpretation. Because the site has been disturbed, the trash probably was originally confined to a smaller area than it is now.

The trash at SB-11 appears to have been deposited about 1904-1915.

Given the quantity of trash, it is likely that this site was used as a dump on a number of occasions.

The flow blue design patterns seen at this site are identical to those at SB-6, SB-10, SB-12, SB-21, and SB-22.

(56) 57

FIGURE 29 PLAN OF SB-I2 and SB-I9 0 10 20 30 FEET

I i I Rock alignment SB - 19 too • 11! \\\\\\\\\\\ Foundation \\\1 SB-I2 Fence Extends 90 \\\ \ from alignment 1:11;1:1g: \\ \\ Fapile- p' \\\ Light trash scatter

Heavy trash scatter

\ Road

\ \r\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\ Iniernational 1 Border Fence Extends 50 from fence \ \ \\\ \\ SV

FIGURE 30. View of SB-12. Chinese House Foundation Remnant

■ 4:". 1"...41iti st.F.,,,;:77:7-1E4 T-. -- , ..-1*--..• 4:--. ..: -4, -...;'' x'...;;7... .13. . _,... ..•••:'...„.__,--■,..,..,...,_•■••,--. S.... , ,---' `-,;.4,...... -.. -11,. 0 •,,, , - ...... , -,:,.....,;_. , ...., „ - , , _ ...-z .....a. ... - .••.,. ;...ft A.,---- nth }...... le.% .., „ .411'E - --' - ...... " 4'..;A:.,•••• .. . CY y". _ -':•=.-.-...,-.... „.5 ,...,, .- --C I.-, APR-•-- "A - ..., +R•::.- .., --- -;,:-114 ...GR.,,,,,, 4A.- ' ,.:-.....- 7.-‘-''''•

. • .41.,-! ---"' :-;',, r..2,.-- - - - .- /•"' -• 745,. , .R.R . _ - .;4111 . .r.. .!-. • •. • ' '- - " -'' - -F t-`,. , G;;------kz. _....:. - ...... ;.7,U4 •-.... ' ".`-: !SR s.- , • -,‘. k ...;.: ..,,, ,• . t...... - ? - - , 0 0- :' :-,..,: •-- -P".;37';;AD— '_.Y.,•.' -- -:', - :•., - ,- --■ a--_:":7""KILT: - - '''.- - - •••=4=

- • - =;- -NZ.FLACT. • -JO

T.TV • A.. • .4111. ' - - • ,,„1.!..-"rs •• -

SITE SB-12

Site Type. House Ruin

Location. This building ruin lies southeast of the Slaughter Ranch complex and is situated about 65 ft north of the international boundary fence approximately halfway between SB-14 and SB-11 (Figure 2). Part of this site is under jurisdiction of the International Boundary and

Water Commission.

Description. SB-12 (Figures 29 and 30) consists of a partial basalt fieldstone foundation, a large rock pile, and a large quantity of trash.

The building and its foundation as well as some of the site surface has

(59) been damaged by bulldozer activity. Only the north wall foundation

appears undisturbed. The large pile of rock at the site probably

originated as wall material from the building. A large amount of trash

is found on the site and is especially dense along the north side of

the border road. Light trash also occurs in the road and on the Mexican

side of the fence. The trash covers an area about 130 ft north-south

and 360 ft east-west.

Trash includes metal, ceramics, glass, hole-in-top tin cans, sun-

colored glass, Chinese celadon rice bowl fragments, wire nails, crown

cap finishes, a "Douglas Bottling Works" soda bottle, fragments of a fresh water bivalve (Anodonta californiensis), an A.B.Co beer bootle base, flow blue eathenware, whiskey bottles, an A-B monogram beer bottle base,

Chinese ginger jar or soy sauce bottle fragments, cartridge cases,

Chinese rice wine bottle fragments, a Chinese milk glass gaming counter, a "W.F. and S. Mil" beer bottle base, and a Paul Jones whiskey bottle.

Interpretation. This site is unique among those seen at the San

Bernardino Ranch in that it is the only site containing evidence of John

Slaughter's Chinese laborers. Numerous fragments of Chinese ceramics representing rice bowls, rice wine bottles, and ginger or soy sauce jars as well as the gaming piece and the bivalves were found on the site.

These artifacts are identical to those found in 1968-1969 by the Tucson

Urban Renewal Archaeological Project in habitation sites formerly oc- cupied by Chinese. On the basis of surface trash, tentative occupation dates of 1905 to 1915 can be assigned to SB-12.

Similar flow blue ceramic design patterns were seen at SB-6,SB-10,

SB-11, SB-21, and SB-22.

(60) SITE SB -13

Site Type. Historic Trash Scatter P/V517 Location. This small trash scatter is located west of the ranch

house complex and south of the east-west road from the barn to the

fortified mesa top. The site is south of the fence just east of the

point the irrigation canal crosses the road (Figure 2).

Description. A thin scatter of trash measuring about 25 ft north-

south and 45 ft east-west defines this site (Figure 31). The thinly

spread surface artifacts include sun-colored glass, metal, parts of an

Owens machine made bottle, a "Douglas Bottling Co." soda bottle, a

few prehistoric plainware sherds and lithic debris, a whiskey bottle

finish, and earthenware ceramics. Southwest of the main concentration

of trash is a flattened metal U.S. cavalry horse feeder embossed, "U.S.

C C Co. Cinn. 0". An identical feeder was seen at SB-23.

A dense stand of vegetation, primarily mesquite, surrounds the

open area where the trash occurs.

Interpretation. On the basis of a prelinimary analysis of the sur-

face artifacts, the trash appears to have been deposited between 1903

and 1915.

SITE SB-14

Site Type. Mormon House Ruin

Location. The Mormon House site is located southeast of the ranch building complex on the international border (Figure 2). About half of this site is on land under the jurisdiction of the International Boundary and Water Commission and half of the site is in Mexico.

(61) 62 FIGURE 32 PLAN OF SB-I4 0 2 4 6

FEET 11111111111111 111111111111Eidgnflp0

Road

International Border Fence

X \ X

Gate 1001

Mormon House stone foundation

63 Description. The house foundation (Figures 32 and 33) is situated on both sides of the international border approximately 100 ft west of the gate in the fence. The foundation measures 18 ft east-west and at least 40 ft north-south. The foundation is constructed of basalt fieldstones without concrete mortar and exists undisturbed or clearly visable only on the Mexican side of the fence. Only the south wall with the southeast and southwest corners are intact. On the U.S. side of the fence, at the point where the border road crosses over the foun- dation, a short segment of the west wall can be seen.

On the north end of the house, north of the border road is a large bulldozer-made pit which measures 30 ft north-south and 120 ft east-west.

The creation of the pit and general bulldozer activity along the border road apparently have destroyed most of the foundation north of the fence.

FIGURE 33. View of SB-14. Mormon House, Looking Southwest

(64) Considerable mounding is evident particularly on the Mexican side.

Presumably this mounding results from adobe wall fall; however, no adobes remain in place on the visible segments of the foundation.

Trash is not scattered far beyond the foundation on the south side of the fence and no trash occurs between the fence and the large pit.

On the Mexican side, the light scatter of trash includes sun-colored glass, earthenware, metal, and a wine bottle base with a deep kickup.

North of the pit is a scatter of trash covering an area about 20 ft north-south and 100 ft east-west. This trash includes heavily patinated beer bottle fragments; including "blob" top and brandy type (with a collar) finishes; sun-colored glass; a metal tent rope tightener with a patent date "Nov. 30 80"; square nails; A.B.,C & CO, and L.G.00 beer bottle bases; a crown cap finish; earthenware, and a fragment of a "W.

Hoyt & Co. Lowell Mass" cologne bottle.

Virtually no vegetation occurs on the site.

Interpretation. Local stories report that this site was occupied by a Mormon employee of John Slaughter who, in order to keep two wives legally, housed one in the United States and one in Mexico. In 1901

John Rockfellow reported that the house was abandoned but that the roof and walls were still intact (Rockfellow 1933:166). The house, which had an open central passage, straddled the border with one adobe room on each side. There is no visible evidence on the surface as to room size or of the location of the central passageway.

Observed surface trash suggests occupation dates of 1880 to 1910.

(65) SITE SB-15 (AZ FF:11:14 ASM)

Site Type. Howell House Ruins

Location. This site is located about 330 ft north of the international

boundary fence and SB-14 and is southeast of the ranch building complex

(Figure 2). This site is on land administered by the U.S. Department of

the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Description. SB-15 (Figures 34-38) is made up of three separate

features, all apparently building ruins. SB-15A is an adobe ruin lying just west of the north-south dirt road leading to the international fence.

The foundation was constructed of basalt fieldstones with concrete mortar and is visible only in the southeast corner. The northern section

of the ruin is adobe, and in the center of the ruin is a thin concrete

slab, possibly part of the floor of a central passageway through the

house. No foundation or building remains were visible in the southeast

corner. The building ruin measures approximately 37 ft north-south and

39 ft east-west.

Eighty feet northwest of SB-15A is SB-15B, a partially cleared area with a scatter of red, fired brick and mortar associated with it. So little remains at this location that a definite determination that a

building stood here is impossible.

East of the north-south road to the international border is a large

basalt fieldstone and concrete mortar foundation, SB-15C, which measures

41 ft east-west and 55 ft north-south. The main foundation is about 1.3 ft wide and stands about 1.0 ft above ground surface. In the northwest and northeast corners are interior foundation walls that in the northwest

corner measures about 12 ft east-west and 15 ft north-south and that in

(66) FIGURE 34 PLAN OF SB-15A-B 0 20 40 simommimi FEET

II \ P \ II Possible alignment of . II brick and mortar N N, *: SB-15B ( Brick and Open area possible site - I mortar of brick building I

SB-15A

Adobe foundation

S65°E from NE corner I5A to SW corner I5C I 1 Concrete slab

, Road

Stone foundation V 332' to International Border Fence

SV ,

67 FIGURE 35. View of SB-15A. Howell Adobe, Looking East

FIGURE 36. View of SB-15A. Howell Adobe, Southwest Corner and West Wall

(68) FIGURE 37 PLAN OF SB-15C 0 10 20 lim:===mmo FEET

Possible adobe foundation \... 1 I -----1 + Thin trash t I extends 150' r .4— Howell House - Rock /concrete foundation 15' to SB- 150 edge ---0- of Trash ---- road -q--- Heavy trash - b- extends 70' --Pm.

N65°W from ■ SW corner 15C to NE corner 15A Corral area

International Border Fence Thin trash extends 60' 120' to i trash pile i

, SV , FIGURE 38. View of SB-15C. Howell House, Southwest Corner the northeast corner about 14 ft east-west and 15 ft north-south. Ex- tending north from the exterior northeast corner is a continuation of the stone foundation. This segment of the foundation extends for 15 ft where it becomes buried in silt and possible adobe wall fall. A mounded area suggests that an adobe room once existed at this point.

Trash scatter at SB-15 is extensive. It extends west of SB-15A about 150 ft to a fenced field and south to SB-14. The trash extending north of SB-15A-C a maximum of 150 ft is very sparse. East of SB-15C is a very thin scatter extending less than 100 ft.

At SB-15A are found wire nails; sun-colored glass; ceramics; Owens machine made bottles; no hole-in-top cans; a bottle base with "SWCC CO", possibly a soda bottle; and a whiskey bottle base dated 1940. Similar trash is found around SB-15B. On the west side of the SB-15C foundation are sun-colored glass fragments; Owens machine made bottle fragments;

(70) a few hole-in-top cans, but most tin cans are the later, "sanitary" type; ceramics; an earthenware plate fragment with "Homer Laughlin 11 21 N5" on it; flow blue earthenware; a 3 in high metal crucifix; wire nails; a metal clock part with "Ansonia Clock Co. USA New York Patented June 18,

1882 41/2"; an A-B monogram beer bottle base; sherds of a large Mexican earthenware jar; and a jelly jar which reads from the base interior

"No 2 Pat. in U.S. Dec 22, 1903 July 17, 1906 M10". One hundred twenty ft southeast of SB-15C is a large pile of glass 5 gal bottles.

Interpretation. Local residents identify SB-15 as the site occupied by John Slaughter's father-in-law, Amazon Howell. The adobe house,

SB-15A, is identified as that which was destroyed by the 1887 earthquake;

SB-15C was its replacement. A preliminary assessment of surface trash does not support a pre-1900 date for SB-15A or SB-15B. The trash more closely reflects a post-1910 occupation. The earliest trash on SB-15 is that located between SB-15A and SB-15C. This trash appears to date from 1900 to the early 1920's. The confusion resulting from the reputedly earliest feature, SB-15A, having the later trash and SB-15C, the latest feature, having the earlier trash may only be resolved through test excavations.

The pile of water bottles appears to date 1916-1929.

The house resting on the SB-15C foundation must have been a frame building. Ervin Bond says it was a white frame house that was empty by 1929 or 1930. It was used by local residents as an impromptu dance hall during this period.

(71) SITE SB-16

Site Type. Historic Trash Scatter

Location. Situated up drainage (north) from SB-2, northwest of

SB-21, and between it and the mesa to the west is SB-16 (Figure 2).

Description. A dense stand of low brush, mainly mesquite, covers the

entire site which extends over an area about 54 ft east-west and 150 ft

north-south (Figure 39). A wide variety of trash was found on the site

including hole-in-top cans, sun-colored glass, a baking soda can lid, a

few pieces of prehistoric lithic debris, cork stoppered beer bottle

finishes, no crown cap finishes, an A.B.G.B. Co beer bottle base, a

cartridge case, parts from a hay mower, horseshoes, earthenware, square

nails, a prehistoric plainware sherd, frying pan, a Lea and Perrins

bottle fragment, an R & CO beer bottle base, and a military coat button.

Interpretation. On the basis of the trash seen at SB-16, deposition

appears to have occurred between 1886 and 1900. This trash, along with

that at SB-6, appears to be the earliest located on the Johnson Historical

Museum property. The fact that the deposit is not near known building

remains and its isolation from the main ranch building complex provides

no clue towards determining the specific source of the trash.

SITE SB-17

Site Type. Bedrock Mortars

Location. The bedrock mortars are located on the west side of the

southward draining wash running along the west side of the fort mesa

(SB-11) at a point just above where it flows into the pond east of the

ranch house complex. The mortars are on the north side of the pond (Figure 2).

(72) 73

FIGURE 40 PLAN OF SB-17 0 10 20 OMB FEET

\„>Nash

A Dia. .8' Bedrock Mortars Depth .95' SB- 17 B Dia. .9' G Dia. .85' Depth I T H Dia. .8' C Dia.. Dept .92' I Dia. .4' Depth .1' D Dia. .9' Depth J Dia. .5' Depth .6' E Dia. .7' Depth .5t-F F Dia. .9'

74 Description. Ten bedrock mortars were recorded at this location

(Figures 40 and 41). They extend over an area about 60ft east-west and 70 ft north-south. Most are in partially buried basalt boulders.

A few are in basalt pieces sitting on the surface. Those whose tops are at surface level are silted full; therefore, most were not excavated or measured for depth. Most of the mortars have nearly vertical sides and measure from .4 ft to .9 ft in diameter. Of those measured for depth, the deepest was 1.1 ft. A few prehistoric plainware sherds, lithic debris, and a few pieces of sun-colored glass occur at the site.

Interpretation. The bedrock mortars at SB-17 are generally larger and more numerous than those found nearby at SB-18. Given the evidence

of silting over the site, it is probable that additional mortars exist.

The mortars are likely to have been created during the prehistoric period

by Indians grinding or pounding seeds, nuts, or other food items.

111.5- - «!;`;111111111*A‘ _ • - .-1141111414i t ‘,...12pavogr • - 4 •e-:‘ • • - .:•

FIGURE 41. View of SB-17. Three Bedrock Mortars

(75) FIGURE 42 PLAN OF SB- 18 0 10 20 30 Nimi=moi FEET

N \\\\\\\ H 777 i77/ \ 7/

Wash \ \ „ - *- roh, Pond

G Bedrock Mortars A Dia. .4' 0 SB- 18 Depth F .2' E B Dia. .5' 0 :2 Depth .45' OB C Dia. .65' Depth .65' D Dia. .4' o C Depth .5' Dia. E .45' P Dept .23' 1111/2 D F Dia. .52' Depth .35' // G Dia. .46' / Depth .34' 0A ////ni ii I Iiii

76 SITE SB-18

Site Type. Bedrock Mortars

Location. The bedrock mortars are located northwest of the pond which is east of the ranch house complex. They occur southeast of

SB-5 in a southeast flowing wash which empties into the pond (Figure 2).

Description. Seven mortars occur in an extensive exposure of a basalt flow (Figures 42 and 43). They range in diameter from .4 to .65 ft and in depth from .2 ft to .65 ft and cover an area 8 ft east-west and 14 ft north south. Only minimal silting has occurred at this site; all mortars were therefore cleaned out to obtain measure- ments. No prehistoric or historic cultural debris was found associated with the mortars.

Interpretation. The mortars at SB-18 are generally smaller than those found at SB-17 and were probably created by prehistoric Indians.

FIGURE 43. View of SB-l8. Detail of Two Bedrock Mortars

(77) SITE SB-19

Site Type. Rock Alignment

Location. This site is southeast of the ranch buildings and immed- iately west of SB-12. It cuts across the 60 ft area controlled by the

International Boundary and Water Commission and crosses into Mexico

(Figure 2).

Description. The alignment is constructed of basalt cobbles which occur in the area in large quantities (Figure 29). It is about 4 ft wide and from 1 ft to 2 ft in height. It is oriented nearly north- south and originally extended unbroken into Mexico. Bulldozer activity has destroyed a 10 ft section of the alignment along the north side of the international border fence. The length of the remaining segment of the alignment on the U.S. side of the border is approximately 270 ft; the segment in Mexico was not measured. It appears to be shorter but is at least 150 ft long.

Interpretation. The alignment represents a unique feature on the

Slaughter Ranch. Its purpose and time of construction are not known.

It most likely is an historic rather than prehistoric manifestation.

SITE SB-20

Site Type. Historic Trash Scatter

Location. Situated on the mesa top west of the Slaughter Ranch

barn and south of the west end of the TV antenna line and the main road

into the ranch is SB-20 (Figure 2).

Description. SB-20 (Figure 44) is a scatter of trash covering an

area 50 ft east-west and 40 ft north-south. A smaller, more concentrated

(78) 79 pile of trash is centered within the larger scatter. Included are Mason jar lids, fragments of Owens machine made bottles, hand made crown top finishes, an A-B monogram beer bottle base, an A.B. Co beer bottle base, machine made crown top finishes, an A.S.Hinds Honey and Almond Cream bottle base, sun-colored glass, and earthenware fragments.

Interpretation. On the basis of observed surface remains, the trash at this site appears to have been deposited during the period

1905 to 1915.

SITE SB-21

Site Type. Historic Trash

Location. This trash is located on the mesa edge overlooking the ranch house complex. It is north-northwest of the water tank (Figure 2).

Description. The site consists of a concentration of trash about

20 ft north-northwest of the water tank (Figure 45) and is about 20 ft in diameter. To the north a light scatter of trash extends an additional

80 ft. Included on the site are flow blue earthenware fragments, sun- colored glass, an R and Co beer bottle base, a W.F. and S. beer bottle base, a brown medicine bottle base with "P.D. & Co", a bottle base with

"Root", an earthenware saucer with "C.O.Co" under a crown on its base, and numerous other ceramics. A small pile of trash dating to the 1950's also occur on the site.

Interpretation. The trash observed on this site appears to date approximately 1895 to 1905. Similar flow blue ceramic decorative patterns occur at SB-6, SB-10, SB-11, SB-12, and SB-22. Given the proximity of this trash to the ranch house, it probably originiated there.

(80) 81 SITE SB-22

Site Type. Historic Trash

Location. SB-22 is located on the edge of the mesa just west of the Big Commissary immediately north of SB-21 (Figure 2).

Description. A small concentration of trash about 8 ft in diameter was designated SB-22 (Figure 45). Among the artifacts observed were flow blue earthenware, other ceramics, wire nails, other metal, and glass.

Interpretation. This small trash pile appears to be contemporaneous with SB-21 (ca. 1895-1905). Similar flow blue ceramic patterns were seen at SB-6, SB-10, SB-11, SB-12, and SB-21.

SITE SB-23 (AZ FF:11:4 ASM)

Site Type. Historic Trash

Location. Northeast of SB-1 between the east slope of the mesa and the fields to the east of it is SB-23 (Figure 2).

Description. SB-23, a very large concentration of trash, covers an area about 200 ft east-west and 600 ft north-south (Figure 46).

Approximately the eastern fourth of the site is covered with dense mes- quite. This quarter lies on the short slope east of the north-south dirt road through the site. The area west of the road is covered with very sparse vegetation. The surface of the site is littered with hun- dreds of fragments of beer bottles including both those with hand made and machine made crown cap finishes. A-B monogram, A.B.Co, and W.F.

& S. beer bottle base marks were noted. Hole-in-top cans, metal parts from canvas covered wood frame folding cots, and a metal U.S. cavalry

(82) Trash ---...... _, -"---....„.. Scatter Trash continues into dense mesquite across road

83 horse feed box identical to the one at SB-13 were seen.

Interpretation. Stacy, in her 1974 survey report, mentions a large number of presumably historic period hearths on the site but none were recorded by Archaeological Research Services. What are recorded as hearths may be simply piles of ash and charcoal dumped here from stoves at the U.S. military post, SB-1. According to Wendy Glenn, the cow bones reported by Stacy result from the site being used by Glenn for the butchering of dead livestock to feed dogs.

SB-23 is the largest trash dump found at the Slaughter Ranch. The trash observed on the surface dates between 1905 and 1916. It appears to have had its origin at SB-1 which dates ca. 1914 to 1919.

SITE SB-24

Site Type. House Ruin

Location. This site is located east of the mesa on which SB-1 is located, east of SB-23, and north of the tule tank in dense mesquite and other vegetation at the edge of an abandoned field (Figure 2).

This site is on land administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior,

Fish and Wildlife Service.

Description. Two features, the remains of a trash pile, SB-24A, and a house, SB-24B, constitute this site (Figure 47). The trash pile, lying about 40 ft north of the house ruin, includes A.B.Co and A-B monogram beer bottle bases; a sun-colored jelly jar which reads from the inside, "No. 73 Pat. in U.S. Dec 22, 1903 July 17, 1906 M I"; and a "Taylor and Williams, Inc. Lousiville Ky" whiskey bottle. Surrounding

the pile is a thin scatter of trash covering an area about 70 ft east-

(84) ,

FIGURE 47 PLAN OF SB-24A and 24B

N 0 10 20 NMI FEET \

.4--- Fence

SB- 24A ( Cleared trash Field scatter )' Trash concentration -

Road

-__-_&13CFR

SB- 24B

SV E

85 west and 100 ft north-south. Included in the scatter are wire nails, sun-colored glass, flow blue earthenware, and "sanitary" style tin cans.

The house ruin consists of a remnant of a basalt fieldstone founda- tion with concrete mortar. The remnant is a 6 ft long, 2 ft wide section of the north wall. The remainder of the north wall and the other three walls have been disturbed so that no fieldstones appear to be in place.

Interpretation. The name of the occupant of this site was unknown to local informants. The surface trash suggests an occupation from

1905 to 1920.

(86)

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY

All of the 24 archaeological sites which were identified on and immediately adjacent to the Johnson Museum property were recorded and are described in this report. Three of these sites were subjected either to detailed mapping or archaeological test excavation procedures. Of the total number of sites, three (SB-14, SB-15, and SB-24) were located within the National Historic Landmark boundaries but are immediately outside the east boundary of the Johnson Museum property.

Table 1 below provides a summary of estimated site date and type information.

TABLE 1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INTERPRETATIONS

Estimated Site Site Type/ Site Designation Identification Dates

SB-1 Fortified U.S. Military Encampment 1914/1915 to 1918/1919 With Stone Masonry Buildings and Features

SB-2 Historic Trash Associated with 1914/1915 to 1918/1919 SB-1

SB-3 Stone Foundation/Adobe Building Unknown (Possible Schoolhouse)

SB-4 Historic Trash 1910 - 1920

SB-5 Stone Masonry House Ruin 1910 - 1920 (Old Bat's House)

(87) TABLE 1 (Continued)

Estimated Site Type/ Site Designation Identification Dates

SB-6 Historic Trash 1880's - present

SB-7 Stone Alignment (Foundation Probably Historic; or Wall) Could be Prehistoric

SB-8 Prehistoric Habitation Site San Simon Mogollon (Ca. AD 700 -1200)

SB-9 Historic Trash Dump Ca. 1900

SB-10 Historic Trash 1905 - 1915

SB-11 Historic Trash Scatter 1904 - 1915

SB-12 Stone Masonry Foundation 1905 - 1915 House Ruin

SB-13 Historic Trash Scatter 1903 - 1915

SB-14 Adobe House Ruin, Mormon House 1880 - 1910

SB-15 Adobe and Wood Frame House 1900 - 1920 Ruins, Howell Houses

SB-16 Historic Trash Scatter 1886 - 1900

SB-17 Bedrock Mortars Prehistoric

SB-18 Bedrock Mortars Prehistoric

SB-19 Rock Alignment Probable Historic

SB-20 Historic Trash Scatter 1905 - 1915

SB-21 Historic Trash 1895 - 1905

SB-22 Historic Trash 1895 - 1905 (?)

SB-23 Historic Trash Dump Associated 1905 - 1916 With SB-1

SB-24 Stone Foundation Building 1905 - 1920

(88) In reference to Table 1 it should be noted that the estimated site dates are tentative, pending the results of additional archaeological and historical investigation, and that these dates do not necessarily correspond with the dating of a site based on documentary sources. All of the sites are in good condition, that is, they are amenable to future productive archaeological research or interpretive development. Each of the sites, as well, would appear to reflect the cultural and historical character and fabric of the San Bernardino Ranch National Historic

Landmark.

Of the 24 sites, 12 appeared to be historic trash dumps or scatters.

Two of these may date as early as the mid-1880's and at least three date to an approximate 10 year period around the turn-of-the-century. Five are assigned to a period from about 1904 to 1915 or 1920 and two appear to be associated with the U.S. military fort (SB-1) and would date to its occupation.

Nine sites contain architectural features; SB-1 (the U.S. military fort); SB-3 (an adobe walled building); SB-5 (Old Bat's House); SB-7

(stone alignments); SB-12 (Chinese laborer's habitation); SB-14 (Mormon

House); SB-15 (Howell House); and SB-19 (a rock alignment). Historic trash was associated with each of the above sites, except SB-19.

Three sites reflect the prehistoric occupation of the study area.

One of these (SB-8), is a relatively large habitation site. Other such sites have been reported on the San Bernardino Grant area to the north and east of the Johnson Museum property.

In general, these sites define a date range during the historic

(89) period which would correspond to the Slaughter occupation of the property.

No archaeological evidence of the earlier Spanish and Mexican occupation of San Bernardino was noted; however, it is known that the 18th century

Spanish presidio was located just across the border in Sonora. It is assumed that Perez' 1820's ranch buildings were also located in Sonora.

In addition to the property's archaeological remains, there are present as well, many of the buildings and related features constructed by John Slaughter or Marion Williams after 1887, including:

- the John Slaughter house (adobe)

- an ice house (stone masonry)

- a bunk house (stone masonry)

- a commissary (adobe)

- a garage (stone masonry)

- a pumphouse (stone masonry)

- a granary (stone masonry)

- a water tank (stone masonry with a galvanized steel tank)

- a blacksmith shop (stone masonry)

- a barn (wood frame)

- a rock fence or compound wall (stone masonry)

The pumphouse, compound wall, and barn were constructed by Marion

Williams after 1936. All of these buildings and related features are being evaluated by Gerald A. Doyle and Associates.

(90) CHAPTER 5

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DISPOSITION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

It is our opinion that the Slaughter Ranch site complex, a National

Historic Landmark, represents one of the most important historic site resource areas in Southeastern Arizona. Not only are these sites located on an early 19th century Mexican land grant, but this property is one of only a few such grants in Arizona (8 of 21) which were successfully claimed by private parties. The property reflects, as well, the activi-

ties of John Slaughter, an individual significant in the history and

development of Southeastern Arizona - the extensive remains of Slaughter's ranch are present as standing buildings and structures. It also reflects a wide range of cultural activity during a substantial portion of the historic period of Arizona; at least from the early years of Mexican

control (1830's) through its use as a cattle ranch into the 1970's0

although no sites which predate the early Slaughter occupation were

identified. The occupation of Slaughter Ranch lands by the U.S. military

during the Mexican Revolution (1911-1920), as expressed by the site of

a large fortified military post, is also an important element of the

property's history. The location of the San Bernardino Grant, and of

activities such as Slaughter's ranching operation, on both sides of the

border between the United States and Mexico, adds an international

perspective to the historical importance and interpretive development

potential of these reported historic sites.

(91) In general the property's historic site resources are in excellent condition, readily reflect many of most important elements of the history of the grant and of Slaughter's Ranch, and as such are amenable to inter-

pretive development as public educational-recreational resources. In view of the quality and value of these resources, it is imperative that all identified archaeological sites be properly managed, protected, and

preserved as cultural resources which may contribute to historic archa-

eological research goals and to the interpretation and public-use

development of the Johnson Museum property. The following recommendations

are provided in support of these research and historic preservation

objectives.

(1) All proposed land use actions which would directly or indirectly

result in the disturbance or modification of the ground surface should

be reviewed by an archaeologist, and by the State Historic Preservation

Officer, to determine if important cultural resources are present which

would be adversely affected. It may be recommended that a particular

site be avoided, that important data values be archaeologically recovered,

that archaeological test excavations be performed to determine if

important sub-surface archaeological remains are present, or that planned

actions be monitored by a qualified archaeologist.

(2) Uncontrolled access to identified archaeological sites should be

prohibited.

(3) The collection of any type of cultural artifact on the property by

anyone other than a qualified archaeologist should be prohibited.

(4) In order to protect sites SB-15 (Howell Houses) and SB-24

(stone masonry building foundation), and in order to further the study

and interpretation of these improtant cultural resources which are

(92) located outside of the Johnson Museum property (but which are integral components of the area's complex of historic sites), it is our recommendation that these sites be acquired by the Johnson Museum through the acquisition of an additional 800 ft wide tract of land

(approximately) along the east boundary of the Johnson Museum property.

This proposed new property line would correspond with the present east boundary of the National Historic Landmark property.

(5) In order to protect sites SB-14 (Mormon House), SB-12 (Chinese laborer's habitation), SB-11 (historic trash scatter), and SB-19 (rock alignment), all of which are located in part on U.S. Government lands under the jurisdiction of the International Boundary and Water Commission, this agency should be notified that these sites are present and recom- mendations should be suggested for their management. Such management recommendations might include the protection, interpretation, and maintenance of these sites by the Johnson Musuem. It is assumed here that it would not be possible to acquire archaeological sites or lands within the 60 ft wide strip of land along the border.

(6) Sites SB-1 (U.S. military encampment), and SB-5 (Old Bat's House), are defined by standing stone masonry walls which are deteriorating due to weathering. These sites should be stabilized through procedures to be recommended by the project's consulting architect.

(7) Historical documentary research should proceed as a basis for more accurately and fully interpreting the history of all the cultural resources. This research effort should also address land-use history throughout the San Bernardino Grant on both sides of the international border.

(93) (8) The Johnson Museum should make arrangements for the permanent curation of archaeological remains from sites on their property. Curation standards should at least equal those which presently govern the dispo- sition of archaeological remains and data recovery records from sites on State and Federal lands in Arizona.

(9) Archaeological research should be undertaken only in support of specific research or interpretive development objectives. In this respect examples of major research problems which could be addressed through additional archaeological and historical investigation would include:

- determining the location of the pre-1887 Slaughter house and

associated buildings;

- determining the function of many of the stone masonry buildings

and features at the U.S. military encampment (Site SB-1);

- evaluating trash dumps (SB-2 and SB-23) associated with Site SB-1

in order to clarify the nature of this U.S. military occupation;

- evaluating archaeological remains at sites SB-11 (Chinese

laborer's habitation), SB-5 (Old Bat's House), and SB-6, 9 and 10

(historic trash areas) in order to determine if and in what

manner presumed ethnic and socio-economic differences are re-

flected archaeologically;

- evaluating the nature of the property's architectural remains

through time as a contribution to architectural history and as a

basis for interpretive development planning; and

- evaluating the structure of the socio-cultural and subsistence

(94) systems which prevailed at San Bernardino during the Slaughter

Ranch period in order to broaden our comprehension of conditions and factors which affected the dynamics of this site's history.

(95) REFERNCES CITED

Bartlett, John Russell 1854 Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora, and Chichuahua, Connected With the U.S. and Mexican Boundary Commission During the Years 1850, '51, '52, and '53. D. Appleton-Century. New York.

Bieber, Ralph P., and Averam B. Bender (eds.) 1938 Exploring Southwestern Trails, 1846-1854. Arthur H. Clark. Glendale, California.

Bolton, Hervert E. 1930 Anza's California Expeditions. Volume 5, Correspondence. University of California Press. Berkeley.

Erwin, Allen A. 1965 Southwest of John H. Slaughter. Arthur H. Clark Company. Glendale, California.

Gerald, Rex E. 1968 Spanish Presidios of the Late Eighteenth Century in Northern New Spain. Museum of New Mexico Research Records, No. 7. Sante Fe.

Karnes, Harry J. (translator) 1954 Unknown Arizona and Sonora, 1693-1701. By Juan M. Manje. Arizona Silhouettes. Tucson.

Mattison, Ray H. 1946 Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona. New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 273-327. Alguquerque.

Mills, Jack P., and Vera 1971 The Slaughter Ranch Site. The Artifact, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 23-52. El Paso Archaeological Society.

Rockfellow, John A. 1933 Log of an Arizona Trail Blazer. Acme Printing Company. Tucson.

Sayles, E. B. 1945 The San Simon Branch. Excavation at Cave Creek and in the San Simon Valley. I: Material Culture. Medallion Papers, No 34, Gila Pueblo. Globe, Arizona.

Stacy, Pheriba 1974 Survey of San Bernardino Ranch, Douglas, Arizona. Ms. prepared for the National Park Service. Tucson.

(96) U.S. Army 1949 Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917-1919) Zone of the Interior. Prepared in World War I Group, Historical Division, Special Staff USA, Vol. 3. Washington.

Wagoner, Jay J. 1970 Arizona Territory 1863-1912, A Political History. University of Arizona Press. Tucson.

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