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Thiz ZUTVEY Ha Z Been 6UNDED with the Azz,Bstance O6 a Matching Thiz zutvey haz been 6unded with the azz,bstance o6 a matching gtant-in-aid Owm the U.S. Depaktment o6 the Intexim, Nationae Pank Senvice, undek the ptovizionz cq the NationaZ Hiztmic Ptezekvation Act o6 1966, az amended, and az adminizteted in Atizona by the Atizona State Pattiz Boand thtough the State Hiztakic Pnesekvation 066icen. A DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES, SAN BERNARDINO RANCH NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK, COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA prepared for: Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest, Inc. Sun City, Arizona prepared by: Lyle M. Stone and James E. Ayres Archaeological Research Services, Inc. Tempe, Arizona August 1982 ABSTRACT Archaeological Research Service, Inc. recently completed an arch- aeological evaluation of a small portion of an early 19th century Mex- ican land grant located near Douglas, Cochise County, Arizona. The San Bernardino Grant property was acquired by Ignacio de Perez in 1822; Perez abandoned the grant in the early 1830's due to Indian hostilities. During the period from the mid-1880's until about 1920 the property was owned by John H. Slaughter, an Anglo rancher and Sheriff of Cochise Coun- ty. The Nature Conservancy acquired the property in 1980 and sub- sequently sold its interest to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Johnson Historical Museum of the South- west, Inc. The 131 ac Johnson Museum property includes most of the San Ber- nardino Ranch National Historic Landmark (and National Register of His- toric Places) property, including all of the existing Slaughter Ranch buildings. One of the primary objectives of the Johnson Museum is the long term management (through research, preservation, and interpretive development) of cultural resources which are present on the property. Accordingly, an architectural firm, Gerald A. Doyle and Associates, and Archaeological Research Services, Inc. were retained to inventory and evaluate architectural and archaeological resources respectively. The archaeological evaluation was funded with the assistance of a matching grand-in-aid from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, under the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and as administered in Arizona by the Arizona State Parks Board through the State Historic Preservation Officer. Archaeological research under the co-direction of James E. Ayres and Lyle M. Stone involved intensive surface survey, site mapping and docu- mentation, and test excavations. Twenty four archaeological sites were identified during this project; most of these appear to date to the Slaughter Ranch occupation period. One site, a fortified U.S. military encampment used for troop training and border patrol duty during the period from about 1914 until 1918, was inventoried and formally mapped. A number of historic house sites and trash dumps were also identified. Three prehistoric Mogollon sites are present on the Johnson Museum property. In this report the Johnson Museum is provided with a number of specific recommendations which will support its long-term cultural resource management objectives. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE SAN 9 BERNARDINO GRANT CHAPTER 2. STUDY METHODS 15 CHAPTER 3. STUDY RESULTS 19 CHAPTER 4. SUMMARY 87 CHAPTER 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DISPOSITION 91 OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES REFERENCES CITED 96 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. Location of San Bernardino Land Grant, 2 Cochise County, Arizona FIGURE 2. Cultural Resources Within Johnson Museum and 3 National Historic Landmark Boundaries FIGURE 3. Plan of SB-1, United States Military Encampment 21 FIGURE 4. Aerial Photograph of SB-1, United States Military 23 Encampment FIGURE 5. View of SB-1, Feature 6, Corral (?) 25 FIGURE 6. View of SB-1, Feature 7 25 FIGURE 7. View of SB-1, Feature 23, Stone-Lined Walk 26 FIGURE 8. View of SB-1, Feature 23, Stone-Lined Walk 26 FIGURE 9. View of SB-1, Feature 1, Possible Commanding 27 Officer's Quarters FIGURE 10. View of SB-1, Feature 9, Stone Masonry-Concrete 27 Mortor Foundation 11 FIGURE 11. View of SB-1, Feature 3, Concrete Foundation 28 FIGURE 12. Plan SB-2. Scatter of Military Trash 32 FIGURE 13. Plan of SB-3A. Adobe Building Foundation and 34 Wall Remnant. FIGURE 14. View of SB-3A. Adobe Building Foundation and 35 Wall Remnant. FIGURE 15. View of SB-3A. Excavation Unit 1, North 35 Profile FIGURE 16. Historic Photograph of Slaughter Ranch 38 Schoolhouse FIGURE 17. Plan of SB-4. Historic Trash Scatter 40 FIGURE 18. View of SB-4. Historic Trash Scatter 41 FIGURE 19. Plan of SB-5. Old Bat's House 42 FIGURE 20. View of SB-5. Old Bat's House, East Wall 43 FIGURE 21. Plan of SB-6. Historic Trash Scatter 45 FIGURE 22. Plan of SB-7. Stone Alignments 47 FIGURE 23. View of SB-7. Stone Alignments and Excavation 48 Unit 1 FIGURE 24. Plan of SB-8. Prehistoric Stie 50 FIGURE 25. Plan of SB-9. Historic Trash Scatter 53 FIGURE 26. Plan of SB-10. Historic Trash Scatter 54 FIGURE 27. View of SB-1013. Historic Trash Scatter 55 FIGURE 28. Plan of SB-11. Historic Trash Scatter 57 FIGURE 29. Plan of SB-12 and SB-19. Chinese House and 58 Rock Alignment FIGURE 30. View of SB-12. Chinese House Foundation Remnant 59 FIGURE 31. Plan of SB-13. Historic Trash Scatter 62 FIGURE 32. Plan of SB-14. Mormon House 63 FIGURE 33. View of SB -14. Mormon House, Looking Southwest 64 FIGURE 34. Plan of SB-15A-B. Howell Adobe and Brick 67 Scatter FIGURE 35. View of SB-15A. Howell Adobe. Looking East 68 FIGURE 36. View of SB-15A. Howell Adobe, Southwest Corner 68 and West Wall FIGURE 37. Plan of SB-15C. Howell House 69 FIGURE 38. View of SB-15C. Howell House, Southwest Corner 70 FIGURE 39. Plan of SB-16. Historic Trash Scatter 73 FIGURE 40. Plan of SB-17. Bedrock Mortars 74 FIGURE 41. View of SB-17. Three Bedrock Mortars 75 FIGURE 42. Plan of SB-18. Bedrock Mortars 76 FIGURE 43. View of SB-18. Detail of Two Bedrock Mortars 77 FIGURE 44. Plan of SB-20. Historic Trash Scatter 79 FIGURE 45. Plan of SB-21 and SB-22. Historic Trash Scatter 81 FIGURE 46. Plan of SB-23. Historic Trash Scatter 83 FIGURE 47. Plan of SB-24. Historic Trash Dump and House 85 Remnant LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. Archaeological Site Interpretations 87 A DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES, SAN BERNARDINO RANCH NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK, COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA INTRODUCTION The San Bernardino Grant, originally a 73,240 ac (29,644 ha) tract located in southeastern Arizona and northeastern Sonora, was acquired from the government of Mexico by Lt. Ignacio de Perez in May of 1822. A small portion of this property, 2382.86 ac, is located in southeastern Cochise County, Arizona (Figure 1). In 1963, approxi- mately 180 ac of the Arizona portion of this land grant was designated a National Historic Landmark (Figure 2). The same area has also been entered on the National Register of Historic Places. Prior to the Perez occupation, a Spanish presidio (Presidio de San Bernardino) and mission were present on the immediate Sonoran side of the property. The presidio appears to have been in existence during the mid-to-late 1770's. Subsequent to Perez' early 1830's abandonment of the grant, including his extensive cattle ranching operation, the property was not permanently re-occupied until the 1880's. John H. Slaughter purchased the grant property in 1884 and set about developing a large cattle ranch with holdings and stock in both Arizona and Sonora. After Slaughter's death in 1922 the property was temporarily leased (until 1936) and was subsequently purchased and operated as a ranch by Marion L. Williams. Mr. and Mr. Paul Ramsower purchased the property in 1968. In 1980 the land was acquired by the Nature Conservancy with the primary objective of preserving its natural environmental (1) w t. :-•.:.■ dlituhr., .i/ ^ \\-k ‘\',1 :::: 111 1 9 's 2 §' . %..Vr\ if :: ::1,1:1 :; 03 Ixah MN ..... ..___?...r..._. - —- (I) .4- -11--• .. 7„".,,,,,=7"f/ •1/0„7.,, . c.) c "-,. 'ni DUOZI4 1- -.• ii. - o 2 .. .....:,-? To 4, a. 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CC CI- \* ..S' ,-,- ,, IN \ „••` ri \\\\\\\\•••• 1 I 0\\ c' ;l t 4, , „ ,17 0 t i_ 1::::::1- 1)(\//))) t / 11:''''//4" , \ cu 'Imp', •.%I\k\■\ I $ U_ Z (....1\ CI_ +/>, • / 0 < I I _J 1 LIJ z (1) _J 1 C I D c I I 8 c2 COUNTY, ARIZONA 0 11, o --' 0< z COCHISE cn 2 FIGURE 2 CULTURAL RESOURSES within Johnson Museum and National Historic Landmark Boundaries - 0 200 400 600 National Historic Landmark Boundary -zz 1•11 -is. --i- FEET -F. r .."*-- / ,f ...--s...-- u 01 ,,,t, z...i- Johnson Museum Bo ndary rs, 2 .-i- ..:.7 / ... 024 Geronimo Trail Vz.) „,41,00 o 18 5 22 0 20b 13 "‘ CD • 7 Slaughter Ranch House Er' Barn ,ONA 419(] 11 12 United States Mexico 14 SV values. In 1982 the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest, Inc., and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, purchased the 2382.86 ac property.
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