DOCSLIB.ORG

The Black Press and the End of Racial Segregation in the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD? THE BLACK PRESS AND THE END OF RACIAL SEGREGATION IN THE U.S. MILITARY, 1948-1954 Mark Slagle A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Dr. Barbara Friedman Dr. Anne Johnston Dr. Donald Shaw Dr. Crystal Feimster Dr. Richard Kohn ©2010 Mark Slagle ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT MARK SLAGLE: Mightier Than The Sword? The Black Press and the End of Racial Segregation in the U.S. Military, 1948-1954 (Under the Direction of Dr. Barbara Friedman) Although President Harry S. Truman ordered the integration of the U.S. military in 1948, the armed forces made limited progress in desegregating before the summer of 1950. The outbreak of war on the Korean peninsula that year forced the military to re-evaluate its policy of segregation and ultimately led the complete integration of all the armed forces. This study analyzes how the largest and most influential black newspapers fought for military integration and how these publications reacted when it arrived. By examining how the black press sought to achieve its goals, this study illustrates the ways in which black newspapers did and did not operate as a dissident media source. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the efforts of a number of people. Barbara Friedman shepherded this project from vague idea to finished product. Anne Johnston, Don Shaw, Richard Kohn, and Crystal Feimster all provided valuable suggestions and support throughout the process. Cori Dauber also offered advice when I was still trying to get a handle on what I wanted to do. Extra special thanks are due to Barbara Semonche for giving me free rein of the Park Library’s resources and trusting me to lock up when I left. Finally, none of this would have been possible without the love and support of my parents, Dan and Evelyn. iv “The Army is made up of individual citizens of the United States who have pronounced views with respect to the Negro just as they have individual ideas with respect to other matters in their daily walk of life. Military orders, fiat, or dicta will not change their viewpoints. The Army then cannot be made the means of engendering conflict among the mass of people because of a stand with respect to Negroes which is not compatible with the position attained by the Negro in civil life. .The Army is not a sociological laboratory; to be effective it must be organized and trained according to the principles which will ensure success. Experiments to meet the wishes and demands of the champions of every race and creed for the solution of their problems are a danger to efficiency, discipline, and morale and would result in ultimate defeat.” —Col. Eugene R. Householder, U.S. Army, 1941 “Salvation for a race, nation, or class must come from within. Freedom is never granted; it is won. Justice is never given; it is exacted.” —A. Philip Randolph, 1972. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...............................................................1 Historical Context ..............................................................................................6 Black Americans in the U.S. Military ................................................................6 The Black Press: Strategies of Protest .............................................................17 The Chicago Defender ..................................................................................... 27 The Pittsburgh Courier .................................................................................... 29 The Baltimore Afro-American ......................................................................... 30 Research on the Black Press and the Military .................................................31 Theoretical Framework: The Role and Function of Alternative Media ..........38 The Significance of This Study ........................................................................42 Research Questions ..........................................................................................43 Method of Inquiry ............................................................................................44 Limitations of This Study ................................................................................47 Chapter Breakdown .........................................................................................47 II. READY TO FIGHT ................................................................................................50 Truman and the Black Press ............................................................................51 Butting Heads With the “Brass Hats” ..............................................................57 vi A. Philip Randolph Throws Down the Gauntlet ..............................................60 The Black Press and Communism ...................................................................64 The National Conference on Negro Affairs .....................................................70 The Black Press and the 1948 Presidential Election ........................................75 Executive Order 9981 ......................................................................................82 III. PRINCIPLES AND PRAGMATISM ....................................................................89 John Sengstacke Goes to Work........................................................................89 Singing Their Praises .......................................................................................93 Mixed Blessings ...............................................................................................96 Exit James Forrestal, Enter Louis Johnson ......................................................99 “Nuts to Mr. Robeson” ..................................................................................105 “A Score For Our Side” .................................................................................109 Stalemate ........................................................................................................114 Deception .......................................................................................................119 Endgame ........................................................................................................122 IV. NOW TO WAR ...................................................................................................126 “Calling the Red Bluff” .................................................................................127 Holding the Line ............................................................................................132 Victory ...........................................................................................................136 “The Only Solution” ......................................................................................141 Reversal of Fortune ........................................................................................148 “Looking for a Scapegoat” .............................................................................154 “The Latest GI Smear”...................................................................................157 vii V. A PYRRHIC VICTORY? .....................................................................................162 “A Club To Beat Our Brains Out” .................................................................163 The Army Starts To Listen ............................................................................168 On The Home Front .......................................................................................171 Ridgway Arrives, MacArthur Fades Away ...................................................173 Good News or Bad? .......................................................................................178 New Battles ....................................................................................................184 Cease-fire .......................................................................................................190 VI. WINNING THE BATTLE, LOSING THE WAR ..............................................194 Answering the Research Questions ...............................................................196 Implications for Future Research ...................................................................207 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................210 viii Chapter One: Introduction and Background A single headline dominated the front page of the July 8, 1950 edition of the Chicago Defender , one of America’s largest and most influential black newspapers: “TAN GIs GO INTO ACTION!” 1Two weeks earlier the North Korean People’s Army had invaded South Korea, prompting President Harry S. Truman to authorize military action against the North Koreans. Among the first foot soldiers to engage the North Koreans in battle were members of the U.S. Army’s all-black 24 th Infantry Regiment. These troops, according to the Defender , were “playing leading roles in American participation in the clash.” 2 For the Defender and other black newspapers, the performance of black units such as the 24 th Infantry Regiment was not only a source of pride, but
Recommended publications
  • Negroes Are Different in Dixie: the Press, Perception, and Negro League Baseball in the Jim Crow South, 1932 by Thomas Aiello Research Essay ______

    Negroes Are Different in Dixie: the Press, Perception, and Negro League Baseball in the Jim Crow South, 1932 by Thomas Aiello Research Essay ______

    NEGROES ARE DIFFERENT IN DIXIE: THE PRESS, PERCEPTION, AND NEGRO LEAGUE BASEBALL IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH, 1932 BY THOMAS AIELLO RESEARCH ESSAY ______________________________________________ “Only in a Negro newspaper can a complete coverage of ALL news effecting or involving Negroes be found,” argued a Southern Newspaper Syndicate advertisement. “The good that Negroes do is published in addition to the bad, for only by printing everything fit to read can a correct impression of the Negroes in any community be found.”1 Another argued that, “When it comes to Negro newspapers you can’t measure Birmingham or Atlanta or Memphis Negroes by a New York or Chicago Negro yardstick.” In a brief section titled “Negroes Are Different in Dixie,” the Syndicate’s evaluation of the Southern and Northern black newspaper readers was telling: Northern Negroes may ordain it indecent to read a Negro newspaper more than once a week—but the Southern Negro is more consolidated. Necessity has occasioned this condition. Most Southern white newspapers exclude Negro items except where they are infamous or of a marked ridiculous trend… While his northern brother is busily engaged in ‘getting white’ and ruining racial consciousness, the Southerner has become more closely knit.2 The advertisement was designed to announce and justify the Atlanta World’s reformulation as the Atlanta Daily World, making it the first African-American daily. This fact alone probably explains the advertisement’s “indecent” comment, but its “necessity” argument seems far more legitimate.3 For example, the 1932 Monroe Morning World, a white daily from Monroe, Louisiana, provided coverage of the black community related almost entirely to crime and church meetings.
  • The Black Press and the End of Racial Segregation in the U.S

    The Black Press and the End of Racial Segregation in the U.S

    MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD? THE BLACK PRESS AND THE END OF RACIAL SEGREGATION IN THE U.S. MILITARY, 1948-1954 Mark Slagle A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Dr. Barbara Friedman Dr. Anne Johnston Dr. Donald Shaw Dr. Crystal Feimster Dr. Richard Kohn ©2010 Mark Slagle ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT MARK SLAGLE: Mightier Than The Sword? The Black Press and the End of Racial Segregation in the U.S. Military, 1948-1954 (Under the Direction of Dr. Barbara Friedman) Although President Harry S. Truman ordered the integration of the U.S. military in 1948, the armed forces made limited progress in desegregating before the summer of 1950. The outbreak of war on the Korean peninsula that year forced the military to re-evaluate its policy of segregation and ultimately led the complete integration of all the armed forces. This study analyzes how the largest and most influential black newspapers fought for military integration and how these publications reacted when it arrived. By examining how the black press sought to achieve its goals, this study illustrates the ways in which black newspapers did and did not operate as a dissident media source. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the efforts of a number of people. Barbara Friedman shepherded this project from vague idea to finished product. Anne Johnston, Don Shaw, Richard Kohn, and Crystal Feimster all provided valuable suggestions and support throughout the process.
  • The United States Atomic Army, 1956-1960 Dissertation

    The United States Atomic Army, 1956-1960 Dissertation

    INTIMIDATING THE WORLD: THE UNITED STATES ATOMIC ARMY, 1956-1960 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul C. Jussel, B.A., M.M.A.S., M.S.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Advisor Professor John R. Guilmartin __________________ Professor William R. Childs Advisor Department of History ABSTRACT The atomic bomb created a new military dynamic for the world in 1945. The bomb, if used properly, could replace the artillery fires and air-delivered bombs used to defeat the concentrated force of an enemy. The weapon provided the U.S. with an unparalleled advantage over the rest of the world, until the Soviet Union developed its own bomb by 1949 and symmetry in warfare returned. Soon, theories of warfare changed to reflect the belief that the best way to avoid the effects of the bomb was through dispersion of forces. Eventually, the American Army reorganized its divisions from the traditional three-unit organization to a new five-unit organization, dubbed pentomic by its Chief of Staff, General Maxwell D. Taylor. While atomic weapons certainly had an effect on Taylor’s reasoning to adopt the pentomic organization, the idea was not new in 1956; the Army hierarchy had been wrestling with restructuring since the end of World War II. Though the Korean War derailed the Army’s plans for the early fifties, it returned to the forefront under the Eisenhower Administration. The driving force behind reorganization in 1952 was not ii only the reoriented and reduced defense budget, but also the Army’s inroads to the atomic club, formerly the domain of only the Air Force and the Navy.
  • The Courage of General Matthew Ridgway

    The Courage of General Matthew Ridgway

    The Courage of General Matthew Ridgway Full Lesson Plan COMPELLING QUESTION How can acting with courage help you accomplish your identity and purpose? VIRTUE Courage DEFINITION Courage is the capacity to overcome fear in order to do good. LESSON OVERVIEW In this lesson, students will explore the life of Matthew Ridgway and his role in the Korean War. Students will understand how Matthew Ridgway’s courage helped save the United States’ and United Nations’ forces during the Korean War. Through his example, they will learn how they can use courage in their own lives to accomplish their purpose. OBJECTIVES • Students will analyze General Matthew Ridgway’s performance during the Korean War. • Students will understand how to use courage to accomplish their purpose. • Students will apply their knowledge of courage to their own lives. BACKGROUND The Korean War was an outgrowth of an unstable situation on the Korean Peninsula at the conclusion of the Second World War. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on the Empire of Japan. With the endorsement of the United States, Soviet forces seized land in the northern part of the peninsula, stopping at the 38th Parallel. The United States then occupied the southern half. Two different political regimes with opposing views emerged from this situation, creating the perfect recipe for conflict. War broke out in June 1950. North Korea, hoping to assert its dominance over the entire peninsula, invaded South Korea and made quick progress. South Korea, supported by United States and United https://voicesofhistory.org BACKGROUND Nations forces, fell back around the port city of Pusan.
  • Soldiers and Statesmen

    Soldiers and Statesmen

    , SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number008-070-00335-0 Catalog Number D 301.78:970 The Military History Symposium is sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy 1970 Military History Symposium Steering Committee: Colonel Alfred F. Hurley, Chairman Lt. Colonel Elliott L. Johnson Major David MacIsaac, Executive Director Captain Donald W. Nelson, Deputy Director Captain Frederick L. Metcalf SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN The Proceedings of the 4th Military History Symposium United States Air Force Academy 22-23 October 1970 Edited by Monte D. Wright, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy and Lawrence J. Paszek, Office of Air Force History Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy Washington: 1973 The Military History Symposia of the USAF Academy 1. May 1967. Current Concepts in Military History. Proceedings not published. 2. May 1968. Command and Commanders in Modem Warfare. Proceedings published: Colorado Springs: USAF Academy, 1269; 2d ed., enlarged, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972. 3. May 1969. Science, Technology, and Warfare. Proceedings published: Washington, b.C.: Government Printing Office, 197 1. 4. October 1970. Soldiers and Statesmen. Present volume. 5. October 1972. The Military and Society. Proceedings to be published. Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy.
  • BATTLE-SCARRED and DIRTY: US ARMY TACTICAL LEADERSHIP in the MEDITERRANEAN THEATER, 1942-1943 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial

    BATTLE-SCARRED and DIRTY: US ARMY TACTICAL LEADERSHIP in the MEDITERRANEAN THEATER, 1942-1943 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial

    BATTLE-SCARRED AND DIRTY: US ARMY TACTICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE MEDITERRANEAN THEATER, 1942-1943 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Steven Thomas Barry Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Allan R. Millett, Adviser Dr. John F. Guilmartin Dr. John L. Brooke Copyright by Steven T. Barry 2011 Abstract Throughout the North African and Sicilian campaigns of World War II, the battalion leadership exercised by United States regular army officers provided the essential component that contributed to battlefield success and combat effectiveness despite deficiencies in equipment, organization, mobilization, and inadequate operational leadership. Essentially, without the regular army battalion leaders, US units could not have functioned tactically early in the war. For both Operations TORCH and HUSKY, the US Army did not possess the leadership or staffs at the corps level to consistently coordinate combined arms maneuver with air and sea power. The battalion leadership brought discipline, maturity, experience, and the ability to translate common operational guidance into tactical reality. Many US officers shared the same ―Old Army‖ skill sets in their early career. Across the Army in the 1930s, these officers developed familiarity with the systems and doctrine that would prove crucial in the combined arms operations of the Second World War. The battalion tactical leadership overcame lackluster operational and strategic guidance and other significant handicaps to execute the first Mediterranean Theater of Operations campaigns. Three sets of factors shaped this pivotal group of men. First, all of these officers were shaped by pre-war experiences.
  • 100 Years of African American History: a Fiber Art Retrospective by Tina Williams Brewer

    100 Years of African American History: a Fiber Art Retrospective by Tina Williams Brewer

    100 Years of african american HistorY: a fiber art retrospective by tina Williams Brewer 100 Years of african american HistorY: a fiber art retrospective by tina Williams Brewer This publication was made possible through a generous contribution to Pittsburgh Filmmakers/Pittsburgh Center for the Arts from Alcoa Foundation. It happened... the Courier was there. Rod Doss, Editor and Publisher, New Pittsburgh Courier he Pittsburgh Courier has recorded news affecting The information reported in the Courier had a pro- African-Americans since 1910. My staff and I are found impact on Black politics, world events, civil Thonored to be the “keepers” of what is an incred- rights, sports, entertainment, business and journal- ible and extensive record – both in print and in photo- ism. We are privileged to associate with those giants graphs – of a people’s culture that has had profound who recorded the history of a people’s unwavering impact on American history. march to overcome the many obstacles that withheld The Courier was first published 100 years ago and even- their dignity as a mighty race of people. As the Black tually became the most widely circulated Black news- intellectual W.E.B. DuBois said, “The twentieth century paper in the country with 21 regional editions and an challenge to resolve the issue of color is the greatest international edition. At its height, more than 450,000 challenge America will have to overcome.” His words people received the Courier each week and were were truly prophetic. given the opportunity to read an unvarnished version The series of 10 quilts created by Tina Williams Brewer of cultural and historical events that told the story in this exhibition attempt to provide a broad-based of the Black experience in America.
  • Dictionary of Westerns in Cinema

    Dictionary of Westerns in Cinema

    PERFORMING ARTS • FILM HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts, No. 26 VARNER When early filmgoers watched The Great Train Robbery in 1903, many shrieked in terror at the very last clip, when one of the outlaws turned toward the camera and seemingly fired a gun directly at the audience. The puff of WESTERNS smoke was sudden and hand-colored, and it looked real. Today we can look back at that primitive movie and see all the elements of what would evolve HISTORICAL into the Western genre. Perhaps the Western’s early origins—The Great Train DICTIONARY OF Robbery was the first narrative, commercial movie—or its formulaic yet enter- WESTERNS in Cinema taining structure has made the genre so popular. And with the recent success of films like 3:10 to Yuma and The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, the Western appears to be in no danger of disappearing. The story of the Western is told in this Historical Dictionary of Westerns in Cinema through a chronology, a bibliography, an introductory essay, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on cinematographers; com- posers; producers; films like Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Dances with Wolves, The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, High Noon, The Magnificent Seven, The Searchers, Tombstone, and Unforgiven; actors such as Gene Autry, in Cinema Cinema Kirk Douglas, Clint Eastwood, Henry Fonda, Jimmy Stewart, and John Wayne; and directors like John Ford and Sergio Leone. PAUL VARNER is professor of English at Abilene Christian University in Abilene, Texas.
  • 10, George C. Marshall

    10, George C. Marshall

    'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #10 “George C. Marshall: Global Commander” Forrest C. Pogue, 1968 It is a privilege to be invited to give the tenth lecture in a series which has become widely-known among teachers and students of military history. I am, of course, delighted to talk with you about Gen. George C. Marshall with whose career I have spent most of my waking hours since1956. Douglas Freeman, biographer of two great Americans, liked to say that he had spent twenty years in the company of Gen. Lee. After devoting nearly twelve years to collecting the papers of General Marshall and to interviewing him and more than 300 of his contemporaries, I can fully appreciate his point. In fact, my wife complains that nearly any subject from food to favorite books reminds me of a story about General Marshall. If someone serves seafood, I am likely to recall that General Marshall was allergic to shrimp. When I saw here in the audience Jim Cate, professor at the University of Chicago and one of the authors of the official history of the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, I recalled his fondness for the works of G.A. Henty and at once there came back to me that Marshall once said that his main knowledge of Hannibal came from Henty's The Young Carthaginian. If someone asks about the General and Winston Churchill, I am likely to say, "Did you know that they first met in London in 1919 when Marshall served as Churchill's aide one afternoon when the latter reviewed an American regiment in Hyde Park?" Thus, when I mentioned to a friend that I was coming to the Air Force Academy to speak about Marshall, he asked if there was much to say about the General's connection with the Air Force.
  • Pittsburgh Courier (1911–2002) the Most Widely Circulated Black Newspaper in the U.S

    Pittsburgh Courier (1911–2002) the Most Widely Circulated Black Newspaper in the U.S

    Pittsburgh Courier (1911–2002) The most widely circulated black newspaper in the U.S. in the early 20th century URGING AFRICAN-AMERICANS to actively participate in shaping their political destinies — and often leading the charge — the Pittsburgh Courier was once the most widely circulated black newspaper in the U.S. in the early 20th century. The newspaper campaigned for increasing the number of black physicians and opening a hospital to serve the black community in Pittsburgh, where white facilities often refused to provide services. In the 1930s, the newspaper led a nationwide protest against the Amos ‘n’ Andy radio show and its advertisers because of the media’s offensive portrayal of African-Americans. The publication’s “Double V” campaign during World War II demanded equal rights at home for black soldiers risking their lives overseas. Through the decades, intellectuals and influential writers such as W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, James Weldon Johnson, Zora Neale Hurston, and others have written columns or reported for the newspaper. For access to these writers and more, ProQuest offers more than 90 continuous years of the Pittsburgh Courier online. Curriculum Focus • African-American Studies • Education • Religion • Arts and Literature • History • Social Sciences • Civil Rights • Journalism • Sports History • Culture • Multidisciplinary • Urban Planning • Genealogy • Political Science Why the Pittsburgh Courier? • Full access to one of the most widely circulated black newspaper in the U.S. in the early 20th century: Users can study the progression of issues over time by browsing issues of the historic newspaper, which offers coverage of 1911-2002, including news articles, photos, advertisements, classified ads, obituaries, cartoons, and more.
  • Board of Historic Resources Quarterly Meeting 18 March 2021 Sponsor

    Board of Historic Resources Quarterly Meeting 18 March 2021 Sponsor

    Board of Historic Resources Quarterly Meeting 18 March 2021 Sponsor Markers – Diversity 1.) Central High School Sponsor: Goochland County Locality: Goochland County Proposed Location: 2748 Dogtown Road Sponsor Contact: Jessica Kronberg, [email protected] Original text: Central High School Constructed in 1938, Central High School served as Goochland County’s African American High School during the time of segregation. Built to replace the Fauquier Training School which burned down in 1937, the original brick structure of Central High School contained six classrooms on the 11-acre site. The school officially opened its doors to students on December 1, 1938 and housed grades eight through eleven. The 1938 structure experienced several additions over the years. In 1969, after desegregation, the building served as the County’s integrated Middle School. 86 words/ 563 characters Edited text: Central High School Central High School, Goochland County’s only high school for African American students, opened here in 1938. It replaced Fauquier Training School, which stood across the street from 1923, when construction was completed with support from the Julius Rosenwald Fund, until it burned in 1937. Central High, a six-room brick building that was later enlarged, was built on an 11-acre site with a grant from the Public Works Administration, a New Deal agency. Its academic, social, and cultural programs were central to the community. After the county desegregated its schools under federal court order in 1969, the building became a junior high school. 102 words/ 647 characters Sources: Goochland County School Board Minutes Fauquier Training/Central High School Class Reunion 2000.
  • Nominations Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Second Session, 109Th Congress

    Nominations Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Second Session, 109Th Congress

    S. HRG. 109–928 NOMINATIONS BEFORE THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE, SECOND SESSION, 109TH CONGRESS HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON NOMINATIONS OF HON. PRESTON M. GEREN; HON. MICHAEL L. DOMINGUEZ; JAMES I. FINLEY; THOMAS P. D’AGOSTINO; CHARLES E. McQUEARY; ANITA K. BLAIR; BENEDICT S. COHEN; FRANK R. JIMENEZ; DAVID H. LAUFMAN; SUE C. PAYTON; WILLIAM H. TOBEY; ROBERT L. WILKIE; LT. GEN. JAMES T. CONWAY, USMC; GEN BANTZ J. CRADDOCK, USA; VADM JAMES G. STAVRIDIS, USN; NELSON M. FORD; RONALD J. JAMES; SCOTT W. STUCKY; MARGARET A. RYAN; AND ROBERT M. GATES FEBRUARY 15; JULY 18, 27; SEPTEMBER 19; DECEMBER 4, 5, 2006 Printed for the use of the Committee on Armed Services ( VerDate 11-SEP-98 14:22 Jun 28, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 6011 36311.TXT SARMSER2 PsN: SARMSER2 NOMINATIONS BEFORE THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE, SECOND SESSION, 109TH CONGRESS VerDate 11-SEP-98 14:22 Jun 28, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 36311.TXT SARMSER2 PsN: SARMSER2 S. HRG. 109–928 NOMINATIONS BEFORE THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE, SECOND SESSION, 109TH CONGRESS HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON NOMINATIONS OF HON. PRESTON M. GEREN; HON. MICHAEL L. DOMINGUEZ; JAMES I. FINLEY; THOMAS P. D’AGOSTINO; CHARLES E. McQUEARY; ANITA K. BLAIR; BENEDICT S. COHEN; FRANK R. JIMENEZ; DAVID H. LAUFMAN; SUE C. PAYTON; WILLIAM H. TOBEY; ROBERT L. WILKIE; LT. GEN.