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frorb s

rc frorb s

ic frorb s

81 (80’). Wing never conspicuously patterned; if wing with slight marking, then never with dorsal setulae

on vein R1. Thorax with anepisternum (in red) with an irregular row of 1 long and some shorter setae along posterior margin. Head with inclinate ventral 81’ (80’). EITHER wing membrane strongly patterned fronto-orbital setae (ic frorb s), together with 1 or and fronto-orbital setae present, OR fronto-orbital more reclinate fronto-orbital setae (rc frorb s) (rarely setae absent, OR thorax with anepisternum (in red) absent). Female abdomen with conspicuously dark without row of setae on posterior margin. Head and hard conical oviscape (arrowed) (exceptionally usually with 2 or more pairs of fronto-orbital setae yellowish). (frorb s). Female abdomen variable. Agromyzidae [in part] (Chapter 86) 82

EXAMPLES OF AGROMYZIDAE Napomyza Westwood Liriomyza Mik

Ophiomyia Brazhnikov

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sctl sct

sctl

82 (81’). Scutellum (sctl) distinctively inflated, usually larger than scutum (sct) and often largely covering 82’ (81’). Scutellum (sctl) rarely greatly enlarged, but if wings (creating beetle-like appearance); margin of so (Chloropidae genus Nomba Walker), then margin scutellum smooth, not spinose. spinose rather than smooth. Celyphidae (Chapter 75) 83

lc frorb s

gn s

83 (82’). Head with gena (gn) with 1 to several strong upcurved setae (s) below compound eye; frons with 83’ (82’). Head with gena (gn) without prominent upcurved 2 or more lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae (lc frorb setae; frons rarely with series of lateroclinate fronto- s). Female abdomen ending in upcurved spines (sp). orbital setae. Female abdomen variable. Canacidae [in part] (Chapter 94) 84

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gn vb vb gn

vb vb

gn 84 (83’). Head with vibrissa (vb) (vibrissal angle or anterior angle of gena (gn) with 1, or occasionally 2, setae clearly larger and usually differently oriented than 84’ (83’). Head without vibrissa (but gena (gn) sometimes nearby setae). densely setulose or with enlarged vibrissa-like setae). 85 98 Families without true vibrissae, but sometimes with vibrissa-like setae, key both ways. Families without true vibrissae, but sometimes with vibrissa-like setae, key both ways.

spr s

plp

spr

85 (84). Posterior thoracic spiracle (spr) with at least 1 seta 85’ (84). Posterior thoracic spiracle (spr) without seta near (s) near ventral margin (red circled). Palpus usually ventral margin. Palpus (plp) present. Form rarely ant- minute or absent. Form usually ant-like. like. Sepsidae [in part] (Chapter 79) 86

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pped

ped

pped ped pped pped

86 (85’). Antennal pedicel (ped) with small lobe on outer distal margin, projecting into postpedicel (pped). Small (length usually 2–6 mm), slender flies, often 86’ (85’). Antennal pedicel (ped) without small lobe on brightly coloured and all or partly yellow or orange outer distal margin. Size and colouration variable. (sometimes brown or black). Wing membrane Wing membrane usually hyaline, but sometimes usually at least partly infuscate. maculate or partly infuscate. Clusiidae (Chapter 81) 87

C sc brk

C sc brk C Sc

87 (86’). Costal wing vein (C) not broken at end of 87’ (86’). Costal wing vein (C) broken at end of subcostal subcostal vein (Sc) (i.e., without subcostal break); vein (Sc) (i.e., with subcostal break; sc brk); never spinose. sometimes spinose. 88 90

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R1 hum brk C R1 C

anepm

anepst anepm

anepst

88 (87). Wing vein R1 and sometimes other veins, with 88’ (87). Wing vein R1 usually entirely bare dorsally, 1 small dorsal setae throughout length; costal vein sometimes setose in basal ∕2 only; costal vein (C) (C) with humeral break (hum brk). Thorax with without humeral break. Anepisternum (anepst) anepimeron and anepisternum setose. variable, anepimeron (anepm) bare. Platystomatidae [in part] (Chapter 70) 89

anepst frorb s rc frorb s

89’ (88’). Anepisternum (in red) bare. Head with 89 (88’). Thorax with anepisternum (in red) setose. Head fronto-orbital setae (frorb s) arranged in 3 or more with 1–2 pairs of reclinate fronto-orbital setae (rc differently oriented pairs. Elongate yellow to brown frorb s). Size, shape and colour variable. flies, ca 3–5 mm in length. Lauxaniidae [in part] (Chapter 74) Natalimyzidae [in part] (Chapter 80)

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sp C C

90 (87’). At least one leg with strong preapical dorsal seta (s) on tibia (tb). Costal wing vein (C) often spinose 90’ (87’). Tibiae without preapical dorsal setae. Costal (sp). vein (C) rarely spinose. 91 92

EXAMPLES OF PLATYSTOMATIDAE

Oeciotypa Hendel Engistoneura Loew

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dc s

anepst

91 (90). Thorax with dorsum strongly arched; anterior 1 ∕2 with uniformly small setae (without presutural dorsocentral setae). Anepisternum (anepst) setose. 91’ (90). Thorax with dorsum not strongly arched. Arista (ar) almost invariably with long branches at Anepisternum variable. Arista variable, but if 1 least dorsally (dorsal and ventral branches rarely plumose, then anterior ∕2 of thorax with dorsocentral short). If 2 fronto-obital setae present, then the setae (dc s) and with single reclinate fronto-orbital anterior pair distinctly proclinate. seta (Suillia Robineau-Desvoidy). Curtonotidae (Chapter 103) Heleomyzidae [in part; most] (Chapter 98)

EXAMPLES OF HELEOMYZIDAE

Suillia Robineau-Desvoidy Trixoscelis Robineau-Desvoidy

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poc s

poc s poc s

92 (90’). Head with postocellar setae (poc s) divergent (very rarely parallel; absent in Ophiomyia arabica 92’ (90’). Head with postocellar setae (poc s) convergent, (Deeming) (Agromyzidae)). parallel or absent. 93 94

EXAMPLES OF CURTONOTIDAE

Axinota Wulp

Curtonotum Macquart

Tigrisomyia Kirk-Spriggs Cyrtona Séguy

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frorb s

frorb s Sc R1

Sc R1

93 (92). Subcostal wing vein (Sc) indistinct apically or 93’ (92). Subcostal wing vein (Sc) distinct, apex separate

ending close to end of vein R1. Head with 2–8 pairs from vein R1. Head with 0–4 pairs of fronto-orbital of fronto-orbital setae (frorb s), ventral pairs inclinate. setae (frorb s), ventral pairs rarely inclinate. Female Female abdomen with conspicuously dark and hard abdomen with telescoping apex, without hard conical oviscape (exceptionally yellowish). Female tubular oviscape. Female cerci forming the tip of cerci at tip of ovipositor, obtuse and separated. Body eversible piercing-type ovipositor, fused. Body usually 2–4 mm in length. usually 3–6 mm in length. Agromyzidae [in part] (Chapter 86) Piophilidae (Chapter 68)

R2+3 R 4+5 R2+3

R4+5

94 (92’). Wing veins R2+3 and R4+5 converging slightly towards wing tip. Small (usually 0.5–3.0 mm in length), usually all or partly pale yellowish, with pale

setae and metallic green or red eyes (may be faded 94’ (92’). Wing veins R2+3 and R4+5 not converging towards in dry specimens). Wing membrane hyaline and wing tip. Eye not metallic (sometimes reddish), rarely subcostal vein (Sc) distally weak. Head with vibrissa yellow. Size and wing variable. Head usually with (vb) small and inconspicuous. distinct setae on vibrissal angle. Chyromyidae [in part] (Chapter 97) 95

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frorb s frorb s

Ch Sc R1 s

s hum brk al C Sc cua

95 (94’). Costal wing vein (C) without humeral break (with a weakening beyond humeral crossvein (h), that could be interpreted as a break in Suffomyia Freidberg); cua

subcostal vein (Sc) joining vein R1 just before C. Ventral fronto-orbital setae (frorb s) reclinate to lateroclinate (not inclinate). Area just above vibrissa- like seta (s) (true vibrissa in Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel) 95’ (94’). Costal wing vein (C) with distinct humeral usually with small shiny knob (arrowed) (if absent break (hum brk); subcostal vein (Sc) variable. Head then disc of scutellum bare, or anterior cubital cell with ventral fronto-orbital setae (frorb s) inclinate (cua) of wing open distally and/or alula (al) strongly (incurved). Area just above vibrissa-like seta (s) reduced). Body often silvery pruinose. Associated usually without small shiny knob. Body rarely silvery with saline environments. pruinose. Associated with various habitats. Canacidae [in part] (Chapter 94) 96

pprn lb s

s C C

96’ (95’). Head with area immediately above vibrissa-like 96 (95’). Head with area immediately above vibrissa-like seta unmodified, lacking small shiny knob. Thorax seta (s) with small shiny knob (arrowed). Thorax with with postpronotal lobe (pprn lb) variable, but not postpronotal lobe (in red) with 3 differently oriented with 3 distinct, differently oriented setae. Costal vein setae. Costal vein (C) with robust, long spine-like (C) without spine-like setae. Associated with various setae (s). Associated with coastal habitats. habitats, but not coastal. Canacidae [in part] (Chapter 94) 97

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gn prbs prbs

co lap sc brk gn prbs lun sc brk lun s

97’ (96’). Proboscis (prbs) geniculate (bent medially). Anepisternum (in red) bare, or head with vibrissa inserted well above ventral margin of compound eye; if anepisternum setose and vibrissa below 97 (96’). Proboscis (prbs) short, not geniculate (not bent margin of eye, then lunule (lun) and lunular setae medially). Anepisternum (in red) with setulae or setae. (lun s) obvious. Wing with subcostal break (sc brk) Vibrissa inserted below ventral margin of compound sometimes very large and flanked by costal lappet eye. Subcostal break (sc brk) without costal lappet. (co lap). Antennae not usually inserted in deep Antennae inserted in deep, distinct depressions; depressions, if in deep depressions, then vibrissal vibrissal angle of gena (gn) never prolonged into angle of gena (gn) prolonged into elongated triangle. elongated triangle. Body length: 1–3 mm. Body length: 1–7 mm. Carnidae [in part] (Chapter 93) Milichiidae [in part] (Chapter 95)

98’ (84’) Head normally with ocelli (oc) (often absent 98 (84’). Head without ocelli. Wing membrane usually in Bromophila Loew (Platystomatidae), with wing patterned, never uniformly black. Uncommon membrane entirely black). Common, normally crepuscular or nocturnal flies. diurnal flies. Pyrgotidae [in part] (Chapter 72) 99

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PLATYSTOMATIDAE Bromophila caffra (Macquart) Atypical Afrotropical species with loss or reduction of ocelli.

gn vb

Sc Sc R2+3

R2+3 R R4+5 4+5

99 (98’). Wing veins R2+3 and R4+5 converging slightly towards wing tip. Small (usually body length: 0.5– 99’ (98’). Wing veins R2+3 and R4+5 not converging towards 3.0 mm), usually all or partly pale yellowish, with wing tip. Size and appearance variable, but never pale setae and metallic green or red eyes (may be pale yellow with metallic eyes. Wing membrane faded on dry specimens). Wing membrane hyaline variable, subcostal vein (Sc) usually distinct distally. and subcostal vein (Sc) weak distally. Head with Head without vibrissa, but gena (gn) sometimes with small and inconspicuous vibrissa (vb). multiple long setulae. Chyromyidae [in part] (Chapter 97) 100

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spr s spr

100 (99’). Posterior thoracic spiracle (spr) with at least 1 100’ (99’). Posterior thoracic spiracle (spr) without setae seta (s) along ventral margin (red circled). Ant-like along ventral margin. Rarely ant-like flies, head not flies, with spherical head and reduced palpus. spherical, palpus usually well-developed. Sepsidae [in part] (Chapter 79) 101

ScC sc brk

cua

C Sc sc brk

ScC

cua cua

101 (100’). Costal wing vein (C) broken, or discontinuous near apex of subcostal vein (Sc) (subcostal break (sc 101’ (100’). Costal wing vein (C) unbroken (without brk) often indistinct, best viewed with transmitted distinct subcostal break or fracture near end of light); anterior cubital cell (cua) usually with pointed subcostal vein (Sc)); anterior cubital cell (cua) posterior angle. variable. Ulidiidae [in part] (Chapter 69) 102

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102’ (101’). Some or all tibiae (tb) with preapical dorsal 102 (101’). All tibiae without preapical dorsal seta. seta (s). 103 106

cua R1

cua

anepst

anepm cua

103 (102). Wing vein R1, and sometimes other veins, with dorsal setae throughout length. Thorax with 103’ (102). Wing vein R1 usually bare dorsally, if anepimeron (anepm) and anepisternum (anepst) partially setulose, then anepimeron without setae. with setae. Anterior cubital wing cell (cua) never Anepisternum variable. Anterior cubital cell (cua) posterodistally extended. sometimes posterodistally extended. Platystomatidae [in part] (Chapter 70) 104

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R1 poc s

cua

poc s R1

cua

104’ (103’). Postocellar setae (poc s) usually convergent 104 (103’). Postocellar setae (poc s) divergent. EITHER or absent, sometimes parallel or slightly divergent.

wing with distal part of vein R1 spinulose dorsally, Wing vein R1 bare; anterior cubital cell (cua) OR anterior cubital cell (cua) with distal point; without point; membrane usually hyaline, without membrane usually strongly patterned. conspicuous markings or pattern. Ulidiidae [in part] (Chapter 69) 105

R1 C R C 1

poc s

fem fem fem

105’ (104). Hind femur (fem) thicker than mid femur, 105 (104’). Hind femur (fem) not swollen, lacking ventral usually with ventral rows of spines. Wing vein

rows of spines. Wing vein R1 with slight bend before R1 evenly curved to costal vein (C). Head with meeting costal vein (C). Postocellar setae (poc s) postocellar setae parallel or slightly divergent. absent or convergent. Sciomyzidae [in part] (Chapter 78) Chamaemyiidae (Chapter 76) Species in which preapical tibial seta inconspicuous.

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katepst

106 (102’). Katepisternum (katepst) with large anteriorly 106’ (102’). Katepisternal seta, if present, directed dorsally directed seta (s) in posterodorsal corner. All legs with or posteriorly. Fore leg with terminal tarsomere last tarsal segment (terminal tarsomere) triangular, similar to penultimate tarsomere, without enlarged flattened, wider than other segments, with 2–3 apical setae. Habitat and appearance variable. setiferous tubercles on distal margin above claws None-marine coastal flies (although Sciomyzidae (arrowed). Marine coastal flies, usually dorsoventrally may occur in coastal habitats); body shape normal, flattened, with densely setose gena and legs. gena and legs not densely setose. Coelopidae (Chapter 77) 107

poc s poc s

cua

cua CuA+CuP

CuA+CuP

107 (106’). Wing vein CuA+CuP (from posterior angle 107’ (106’). Wing vein CuA+CuP (from posterior angle of of anterior cubital cell (cua)) usually extending to anterior cubital cell (cua)) short, ending well before or almost to wing margin. Postocellar setae (poc s) wing margin. Postocellar setae (poc s) convergent, divergent or parallel, rarely absent, but if so, then rarely absent or parallel, but if so, then scutellum scutellum with 1 pair of setae. with 2 pairs of setae. Sciomyzidae [in part] (Chapter 78) 108

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frorb s frorb s

anepst

cua CuA+CuP

108’ (107’). Wing vein CuA+CuP not sclerotised beyond 108 (107’). Wing vein CuA+CuP sclerotised beyond apex apex of anterior cubital cell (cua). Head usually with of anterior cubital cell (cua). Head usually with 1–2 more than 3 fronto-orbital setae (frorb s), angled fronto-orbital setae (frorb s). Thorax with prosternum in different directions. Thorax with prosternum broad; anepisternum (anepst) with setae. narrow-oval; anepisternum (in red) without setae. Lauxaniidae [in part; most] (Chapter 74) Natalimyzidae [in part] (Chapter 80)

LAUXANIIDAE NATALIMYZIDAE

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R1 R1

109 (58’). Ocelli absent. Wing vein R1 usually setulose 109’ (58’). Ocelli (oc) present. Wing vein R1 usually bare dorsally (not visible in wing above). dorsally. 110 111

ar ar

prbs

ar 110’ (109). Head not unusually large; proboscis (prbs) 110 (109). Head strikingly large (almost as large as thorax); well-developed. Female antenna with arista (ar) proboscis small to absent. Female antenna with not multi-branched. Common, usually collected at arista (ar) multi-branched, highly distinctive. Rarely lights. collected, usually at lights. Pyrgotidae [in part] (Chapter 72) Ctenostylidae (Chapter 73) Species for which wing vein Sc may be interpreted as incomplete.

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cua M4

M4 oc tr oc tr

111 (109’). Thorax with propleuron with a raised vertical ridge (propleural carina; prpl car); in some cases M4 obscured by head, usually sharp but sometimes indistinct; see below). Head with ocellar triangle (oc tr) often large, prominent and shiny (in ca 50% 111’ (109’). Thorax without propleural carina (if apparently of species; may be obscured if frons pruinescent). present, then anterior cubital cell (cua) complete).

Wing with anterior cubital cell (cua) absent; vein M4 Head with ocellar triangle usually smaller; wing cell usually with characteristic kink. (cua) open or closed, but vein M4 without kink. Chloropidae [in part; most] (Chapter 96) 112

prpl car

FEATURE OF CHLOROPIDAE: propleural carina (prpl car)

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tsm 1 tsm 1 tsm 1

112 (111’). Hind tarsomere 1 (tsm 1) conspicuously short, swollen (in red), broader than distal tarsomeres (sometimes with multiple tarsomeres swollen and 112’ (111’). Hind tarsomere 1 (tsm 1) not swollen, usually short). slender and longer than tarsomere 2. Sphaeroceridae [in part; most] (Chapter 99) 113

ar ar

pped

pped Sc Sc

113 (112’). Antennal arista absent or virtually so, and 113’ (112’). Antennal arista (ar) rarely absent or reduced, postpedicel (pped) wide. Minute and stout flies; but if so, then body neither stout nor black with black with blue metallic sheen. Subcostal wing vein blue metallic sheen. Antennal postpedicel variable. (Sc) complete, but may be difficult to discern. Subcostal wing vein (Sc) complete or incomplete, usually distinct. Cryptochetidae [in part] (Chapter 107) Specimens misinterpreted as having subcostal vein incomplete. 114

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ar ar

ar fc fc sc brk

sc brk

cua

114’ (113’). Antennal arista (ar) bare, pubescent or with 114 (113’). Antennal arista (ar) with long dorsal branches branches both above and below; rarely with long only, anterior cubital wing cell (cua) absent and dorsal branches only, but if so, then EITHER anterior subcostal break (sc brk) present. Face (fc) often cubital wing cell (cua) complete, OR subcostal break prominent. (sc brk) absent. Face (fc) variable. Ephydridae [in part] (Chapter 100) 115

R R1 2+3 R1

R2+3

R1 R2+3 R1

R2+3

115 (114’). Wing vein R2+3 very short, ending much closer 115’ (114’). Wing vein R2+3 long, ending much closer to to apex of vein R1 than to wing tip. wing tip than to apex of vein R1. 116 117

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ar ar

R4+5 R M1 4+5

M cua 1

116 (115). Anterior cubital wing cell (cua) absent or

indistinct; veins R4+5 and M1 distally convergent, 116’ (115). Anterior cubital wing cell (cua) complete; often with setula near apex of vein M1. Antennal veins R4+5 and M1 not converging, without setula arista (ar) sometimes with zigzagging branches near apex of vein M1. Antennal arista (ar) evenly 2 (alternating dorsal and ventral branches) in apical ∕3. pubescent. Asteiidae (Chapter 92) Neminidae (Chapter 89)

frorb s

vb frorb s frorb s

vb s

117 (115’). Head without vibrissa and facial setae at 117’ (115’). Head with vibrissa (vb) or other enlarged anteroventral angle of head, although sometimes setae at anteroventral angle, or lower face bulging, with vibrissa-like setae (s) (Geomyza Fallén with vibrissa-like setae. If wing with apical macula, (Opomyzidae)), but then with 1 fronto-orbital seta then head with more than 1 fronto-orbital seta (frorb (frorb s) and usually apical wing macula. s). 118 123

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R1 frorb s

frorb s

118 (117). Wing membrane markings usually including 118’ (117). Wing membrane hyaline or patterned, but if

apical macula; vein R1 with apical kink. Katepisternum with apical macula, then without katepisternal seta with 1 seta. Head with 1 pair of fronto-orbital setae (arrowed); vein R1 not kinked. Head usually with (frorb s). more than 1 pair of fronto-orbital setae (frorb s). Opomyzidae (Chapter 84) 119

cua

119 (118’). Wing vein R1 (and sometimes other veins) with dorsal setae throughout its length (not clearly visible 119’ (118’). Wing vein R1 bare throughout its length. on wing above). Anterior cubital cell (cua) never Anterior cubital cell (cua) variable, sometimes posterodistally extended (PLASTOTEPHRITINAE). posterodistally extended (inset), or absent. Platystomatidae [in part] (Chapter 70) 120

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poc s

s s

120’ (119’). Head with postocellar setae (poc s) divergent 120 (119’). Head with postocellar setae (poc s) convergent; or absent; area immediately above apparent area immediately above apparent vibrissa (vibrissa- vibrissae (vibrissa-like setae (s)) without small shiny like setae (s)) with small shiny tubercle (arrowed). tubercle. Canacidae [in part] (Chapter 94) 121

C sc brk R1

C Sc sc brk R1

121 (120’). Thorax with anepisternum (in red) with fine setulae only. Costal wing vein (C) with subcostal 121’ (120’). Thorax with anepisternum (in red) with 1

break (sc brk) positioned well before end of vein R1 or more setae. Costal wing vein (C) with subcostal (dorsal to end of subcostal vein (Sc)). break (sc brk) positioned near end of vein R1. Psilidae (Chapter 65) 122

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hum brk C C

cua

122’ (121’). Wing with anterior cubital cell (cua) incomplete (or absent); costal vein (C) with humeral break (hum brk). Head with face (fc) usually bulging 122 (121’). Wing with anterior cubital cell (cua) complete; (although an elongate knob between and below costal vein (C) without humeral break. Head with antennal scapes may be present in Ophiomyia face not conspicuously bulging. Braschnikov (Agromyzidae)). Agromyzidae [in part] (Chapter 86) Ephydridae [in part] (Chapter 100) Atypical species without distinct vibrissa. Atypical species without distinct vibrissa.

poc s

frorb s

poc s frorb s hum brk sc brk C C ar

123 (117’). Antennal arista (ar) with long dorsal and (usually) ventral branches AND costal vein (C) 123’ (117’). If antennal arista (ar) with long branches, with conspicuous breaks (humeral (hum brk) and then EITHER postocellar setae (poc s) divergent subcostal (sc brk) breaks). Head with proclinate and or absent, head without proclinate and reclinate reclinate fronto-orbital setae (frorb s); postocellar fronto-orbital setae (frorb s), body metallic and fore setae (poc s) convergent. Rarely metallic. Fore femur femur with ventral spine and costal vein (C) without usually without ventral spine, anepisternum bare, conspicuous breaks, OR costal vein (C) with spines. costal vein (C) without spines. Anepisternum (in red) with or without setae. Drosophilidae [in part; most] (Chapter 106) 124

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rc frorb s

pc frorb s

rc frorb s

ar pc frorb s

ar ar

124’ (123’). Head with fronto-orbital setae all similarly oriented, reclinate (rc frorb s) or lateroclinate, OR with anterior seta inclinate and posterior seta medial 124 (123’). Head with 1 pair of proclinate fronto-orbital to and almost horizontally alighted with anterior seta setae (pc frorb s) (may be reduced or scale-like; (except in Xenasteiidae, but then tiny flies (1.3–1.7 absent in females of 1 species with long plumose mm) confined to Indian Ocean islands with reduced antennal arista (ar)) and 1 or 2 pairs of reclinate wing venation; vein M largely evanescent). Antennal fronto-orbital setae. arista (ar) bare to plumose. 125 127

rc frorb s rc frorb s pc frorb s pc frorb s

sp C

dm–m

125 (124). Costal wing vein (C) relatively stout, with erect spinules (sp) amongst the usual small setae. Head with strong proclinate fronto-orbital seta (pc frobs s) inserted dorsolaterally to strong reclinate 125’ (124). Costal wing vein (C) with setae uniformly small, fronto-orbital seta (rc frorb s). Wing membrane reclinate. Head without proclinate fronto-orbital often infuscate basally and over dm–m crossvein, seta (pc frorb s), or arising anteriorly to reclinate sometimes more extensively patterned or banded fronto-orbital seta (rc frorb s). Wing membrane (as above); unpatterned in Campichoeta Macquart. variable, usually hyaline. Diastatidae (incl. Campichoetidae) (Chapter 104) 126

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rc frorb s pc frorb s

pc frorb s rc frorb s

Drosophilidae Diastatidae

FEATURES OF DROSOPHILIDAE AND DIASTATIDAE Drosophilidae almost invariably have 2 reclinate (rc frorb s) and 1 proclinate (pc frorb s) fronto-orbital setae (the latter scaleform in several Apenthecia Tsacas species), with the anterior reclinate seta no farther from the eye than the proclinate seta (pc frorb s) and often reduced in size or minute. Similar setae are found in only a few other families, including Camillidae and Diastatidae, that also have a plumose antennal arista. Camillidae have an open anterior cubital cell (cua) (closed in Drosophilidae), a setulose anepisternum (bare in Drosophilidae) and a ventral spine on the fore femur. Diastatidae have a spinose costal vein (C) and the anterior reclinate fronto-orbital seta (rc frorb s) farther from the eye than the proclinate fronto-orbital seta (pc frorb s); the anepisternum is setulose (Diastata Meigen) or bare (Campichoeta Macquart).

cua

anepst

cua

126 (125’). Thorax with anepisternum (in red) setulose. Antennal arista with long branches above, short 126’ (125’). Thorax with anepisternum (anepst) bare. branches below. Wing with anterior cubital cell Antennal arista variable. Wing with anterior cubital (cua) open. Fore femur with anteroventral spine cell (cua) usually closed. Fore femur rarely with near apex. Mostly dark flies with metallic lustre ventral spine. Colour variable, rarely metallic. (Katacamilla Papp entirely pale). Drosophilidae [in part] (Chapter 106) Camillidae (Chapter 102) Atypical species key here.

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EXAMPLE OF CAMILLIDAE Afrocamilla Barraclough

tb tb

C sc brk

127 (124’). At least 1 tibia (tb) with dorsal preapical seta (s). Costal vein (C) with subcostal break (sc brk) 127’ (124’). Tibiae (tb) without dorsal preapical seta (except in Marginidae, but then small flies (1.7–3.0 (although sometimes with scattered anterodorsal or mm) with wing membrane often darkly pigmented posterodorsal setae). Costal vein (C) with or without marginally). subcostal break (sc brk). 128 131

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poc s poc s

128 (127). Postocellar setae (poc s) convergent. 128’ (127). Postocellar setae (poc s) divergent, parallel or absent. Heleomyzidae [in part] (Chapter 98) Atypical forms with indistinct subcostal vein. 129

anepst

anepst ar

sbsctl

129’ (128’). Subscutellum inconspicuous, not bulging 129 (128’). Subscutellum (sbsctl) bulging below scutellum; below scutellum; anepisternum (anepst) usually with anepisternum (anepst) bare or with 1 minute seta. setae (except in some Odiniidae). Wing membrane Wing membrane often with marginal pigmentation. hyaline or with pigmentation other than marginal Antennal arista (ar) inserted apically or pre-apically. band. Antennal arista (ar) inserted dorsobasally. Marginidae (Chapter 82) 130

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s fc vb

cua cua

130 (129’). Anterior cubital wing cell (cua) open or absent. Face (fc) usually bulging; often with vibrissa- 130’ (129’). Anterior cubital wing cell (cua) closed. Face like setae (s), but without distinct vibrissa. (fc) flat. Strongly setose flies with distinct vibrissa (vb). Ephydridae [in part] (Chapter 100) Odiniidae (Chapter 83)

fr fr

ar ar

131 (127’). Antennal arista (ar) distally zigzaging with alternating dorsal and ventral branches; frons (fr) 131’ (127’). Antennal arista (ar) straight; ventral and dorsal distinctly bicoloured, with lower part forming a branches present or absent; frons (fr) without bright bright transverse band. transverse band. Aulacigastridae (Chapter 88) 132

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ped

pped sp fem

R1 R1

132 (131’). Fore femur (fem) with stout ventral spine (sp) 1 in distal ∕2 (Scelomyza Séguy) and/or wing vein R1 with distinct preapical kink. Antenna decumbent (postpedicel (pped) below pedicel (ped)), but 132’ (131’). Fore femur without stout ventral spine. Wing

porrect in Amnonthomyza Roháček and Barbarista vein R1 with preapical kink present (Agromyzidae), Roháček. Usually elongate, slender flies with narrow indistinct or absent. Body shape, antenna and wings wings. variable. Anthomyzidae [in part; most] (Chapter 87) 133

ar ar

slit ped ar ped

133 (132’). Antennal arista (ar) usually with long branches 133’ (132’). Antennal arista (ar) bare or pubescent; above and below, sometimes short plumose; antennal pedicel (ped) usually without dorsal slit or antennal pedicel (ped) with dorsal slit or notch. notch. 134 136

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oc s

134 (133). Head without ocellar setae. Periscelididae [in part] (Chapter 91) 134’ (133). Head with ocellar setae (oc s). Most Afrotropical Periscelididae in subfamily STENOMICRINAE; sometimes treated as family Stenomicridae. 135

frorb s

sc brk

135’ (134’). Head with 1 pair of fronto-orbital setae (frorb s). 135 (134’). Head with at least 2 fronto-orbital setae (frorb s). Subcostal break absent. Subcostal break (sc brk) present. Periscelididae [in part] (Chapter 91) Neurochaetidae (Chapter 90) Periscelis Loew (uncommon in Afrotropics).

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R2+3

2 136 (133’). Wing vein R2+3 reaching at most to ∕3 wing 2 length. Minute flies (< 1.8 mm in length), usually 136’ (133’). Wing vein R2+3 ending well beyond ∕3 wing associated with seashores or other saline habitats. length. Size and habitat variable. Xenasteiidae (Chapter 85) 137

prbs

cua cua

137’ (136’). Anterior cubital wing cell (cua) closed. 137 (136’). Anterior cubital wing cell (cua) open or absent. Proboscis (prbs) sometimes long and geniculate Proboscis short. (bent medially). 138 139

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frorb s

r–m

dm–m

r–m

dm–m

138’ (137). Head with 0–4 fronto-orbital setae (frorb 138 (137). Head with 4 fronto-orbital setae (frorb s), the s), the lower 2 if present not inclinate. Wing with lower 2 inclinate. Crossveins positioned near wing crossveins positioned at or beyond middle of wing; base; halter usually pale. Body usually 1–2 mm in halter usually dark. Body variable, but often larger length. than 2 mm in length. Carnidae [in part] (Chapter 93) Ephydridae [in part] (Chapter 100)

C hum brk C

h h

frorb s

ovscp

♀

139 (137’). Costal wing vein (C) without humeral break 139’ (137’). Costal wing vein (C) with humeral break (hum (near humeral crossvein (h)). Head with fronto- brk) near humeral crossvein (h). Head with at least orbital setae (frorb s) variable, but if numerous and 3 (usually 4 or more) fronto-orbital setae (frorb s), inclinate, then female terminalia with conical, non- some usually inclinate. Female terminalia without retractile oviscape (ovscp). conical, non-retractile oviscape. 140 141

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ovscp

frorb s

140 (139). Head without upturned setae below compound 140’ (139). Head with 1 to several upturned setae (s) eye; fronto-orbital setae (frorb s) never lateroclinate. below compound eye; fronto-orbital setae (frorb s) Female terminalia with stout, tubular non-retractile usually lateroclinate. Female terminalia without oviscape (ovscp). Usually not associated with tubular oviscape, often with upcurved, spinose seashores. cercus. Associated with seashores. Agromyzidae [in part] (Chapter 86) Canacidae [in part] (Chapter 94)

pprn lb

141’ (139’). Head with area immediately above apparent 141 (139’). Head with area immediately above apparent vibrissa (vibrissa-like seta), unmodified, without vibrissa (vibrissa-like seta (s)), with small shiny small shiny process. Postpronotal lobe (pprn lb) of process (arrowed). Postpronotal lobe (pprn lb) of thorax variable, but not with 3 distinct, differently thorax with 3 differently oriented setae. oriented setae. Canacidae [in part] (Chapter 94) 142

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prbs

sant dp

s co lap sc brk sc brk

s prbs

142’ (141’). Proboscis (prbs) geniculate (bent medially), 142 (141’). Proboscis (prbs) short and straight; vibrissa-like EITHER thorax with anepisternum bare, OR head setae (s) inserted below ventral margin of compound with vibrissa-like setae (s) inserted well above ventral eye; antenna often in subantennal depression (sant dp) margin of compound eye. Head usually without separated by sharp ridge. Wing with subcostal break subantennal depression, if present, then shallow. (sc brk) small, without costal lappet. Thorax with an Wing with subcostal break (sc brk) sometimes very episternum with setulae or setae. Body length: 1–3 large and flanked by costal lappet (co lap). Body mm. length: 1–6 mm. Carnidae [in part] (Chapter 93) Milichiidae [in part] (Chapter 95)

flgm ped scp

ped pped ar scp

flgm

pped

143 (1’). Antenna with 6 or more (usually many more) distinct flagellomeres (at least 4 distal flagellomeres 143’ (1’). Antenna with fewer than 6 distinctly separated (flgm), plus basal scape (scp) and pedicel (ped)), flagellomeres; postpedicel (pped) often with hair- flagellomeres similar, but clearly separated from one like antennal arista (ar), or tapered stylus, sometimes another. thin and annulated. 144 146

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144 (143). Ocelli (oc) present. Sciaridae [in part] (Chapter 21) 144’ (143). Ocelli absent. Epidapus Haliday (4 spp., Seychelles & South Africa; females of some species unknown, but likely micropterous or brachypterous) & Pnyxia Johannsen (1 sp., Madagascar). 145

trn sut

sct

sbsctl groove 145’ (144’). Thorax with complete V-shaped transverse 145 (144’). Thorax without complete V-shaped transverse suture (trn sut) across scutum; subscutellum without suture across scutum (sct); subscutellum (sbsctl) with distinctive longitudinal groove. distinctive longitudinal groove. Limoniidae & Tipulidae [in part] (Chapter 14) Austrolimnophila (Austrolimnophila) buxtoni Alexander (Ruwenzori Mountains), Chironomidae [in part] (Chapter 35) Quathlambia stuckenbergi Alexander (South Africa), Symplecta (Symplecta) holdgatei Clunio Haliday [in part] (3 coastal spp., C. africanus Hesse, 1937 (South Africa), C. (Freeman) (Gough Is.), Platylimnobia Alexander (South Africa), Leptotarsus (Longurio gerlachi Sæther, 2004 (Seychelles) & C. jonesi Sæther & Andersen, 2011 (Gough Is.)). Loew) (South Africa), Tipula (Tipula L.) (Bale Mountains & Mt Kilimanjaro).

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sctl sctl

sctl

146 (143’). Scutellum (sctl) with 2 distinct, spine-like or tubular apical projections (sp), ending in setae. Head 146’ (143’). Scutellum (sctl) without distinct, spine-like or distinctly “stalk-eyed”. tubular apical projections. Head normal, not “stalk- eyed”. Diopsidae [in part] (Chapter 64) One species, Diopsina draconigena Feijen (Lesotho & South Africa). 147

147’ (146’). Hind coxae (cx) closely approximated; tarsal 147 (146’). Hind coxae (cx) widely separated; tarsal claws variable, but rarely conspicuously enlarged. claws stout, strongly recurved, sometimes bifid. Usually free-living, sometimes associated with Ectoparasites of birds, bats and other mammals. nestling birds (Carnidae), honey bees (Braulidae) or bat roosts (Mormotomyiidae). Hippoboscidae [in part, incl. Nycteribiinae & strebline grade] (Chapter 109) 148

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ptil fis

148 (147’). Ptilinal fissure absent. 148’ (147’). Ptilinal fissure (ptil fis) present (in red). 149 152

pped

scp

s styl

scp

pped ped 149 (148). Antenna apparently 2-segmented plus arista; antennal pedicel concealed within postpedicel (pped). Hind tarsus with 1–4 longitudinal rows of 149’ (148). Antenna with more than 3 “segments”; stout setae (s). antennal pedicel (ped) distinct, not concealed within postpedicel (pped). Hind tarsus without longitudinal Phoridae [in part] (Chapter 59) rows of stout setae. 16 widespread genera, incl. all TERMITOXENIINAE females that shed outer part of wings. 150

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styl

pped

ar styl pped

pped

150 (149’). Antenna with short stylus (styl) bearing recessed apical bristle-like receptor (arrowed); 150’ (149’). Antenna with stylus or arista-like stylus (ar postpedicel (pped) as long or longer than head. styl) arising from apex of postpedicel (pped), without recessed apical bristle-like receptor; postpedicel Therevidae [in part] (Chapter 49) shorter than head. Lyneborgia Irwin (South Africa). 151

151 (150’). Wing strap-like. 151’ (150’). Wing relatively broad. Empididae [in part] (Chapter 51) Dolichocephala Macquart [in part] & Wiedemannia Zetterstedt (Ruwenzori Hybotidae [in part] (Chapter 52) mountains, Uganda). Stilpon Loew [in part] (South Africa).

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syntg 1+2 syntg 1+2 tg sctl

sctl tg

152 (148’). Scutellum absent or greatly reduced. Thorax 1 foreshortened, less than ∕2 length of head (viewed from above), closely adjoined by abdominal syntergite 1+2 (syntg 1+2). Tarsi without claws, but with broad inflexed comb (arrowed) of numerous 152’ (148’). Scutellum (sctl) conspicuous. Thorax at microscopic teeth. Specifically associated with least as long as head and clearly separated from honey bees. abdominal tergites (tg). Tarsi with claws, comb absent. Not associated with honey bees. Braulidae (Chapter 105) Braula Nitzsch (widespread). 153

153 (152’). Head, body, legs and strap-like wings clothed in long brown setulae. Eyes greatly reduced, lozenge- 153’ (152’). Head, body and legs not excessively setulose. shaped. Halter greatly reduced. Associated with bats Wings absent or reduced. Halteres present or absent. in horizontal rock fissures. Eyes not greatly reduced. Not associated with bats in horizontal rock fissures. Mormotomyiidae (Chapter 101) Mormotomyia hirsuta Austen (Kenya). 154

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tsm 1

tsm 1 tsm 1

154 (153’). Hind tarsomere 1 (tsm 1) swollen, at most as long as tarsomere 2. 154’ (153’). Hind tarsomere 1 (tsm 1) not swollen, longer than tarsomere 2. Sphaeroceridae [in part] (Chapter 99) 14 genera (Central, East and Southern Africa, St. Helena Is. & Réunion Is.). 155

frorb s

prpl car

frorb s

155 (154’). Thorax with sometimes sharp propleural vertical ridge (propleural carina; prpl car). Head without fronto-orbital setae (small setulae may be present). 155’ (154’). Thorax without propleural carina. Head with Chloropidae [in part] (Chapter 96) at least 1 well-developed pair of fronto-orbital setae Alombus Becker (Central and East Africa), Conioscinella Duda [in part] (Ruwenzori (frorb s). Mts, Kenya), Elachiptera Macquart [in part] (Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania); Myrmecosepsis Becker (Nigeria). 156

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lc frorb s ic frorb s

anepst

anepst rc frorb s

156 (155’). Thorax with anepisternum (anepst) setose. Head with 2 inclinate (ic frorb s) and 2 lateroclinate (lc frorb s) fronto-orbital setae. Associated with 156’ (155’). Thorax with anepisternum (anepst) bare. nestling birds and birds’ nests. Head with reclinate fronto-orbital setae (rc frorb s). Not associated with nestling birds and birds’ nests. Carnidae [in part] (Chapter 93) Carnus Nitzsch [in part] (potentially widespread). 157

cten sp ar

157 (156’). Antennal arista (ar) pubescent. Fore femur 157’ (156’). Antennal arista (ar) with long dorsal branches. with stout ventral spine (ctenidial spine; cten sp). Fore femur without stout ventral spine (ctenidial Ocelli (oc) greatly reduced. spine). Ocelli (oc) distinct, well-developed. Anthomyzidae [in part] (Chapter 87) Drosophilidae [in part] (Chapter 106) Apterosepsis basilewskyi Richards (Tanzania). Scaptomyza (Parascaptomyza Duda) [in part] (3 spp., Tristan da Cunha Is. group).

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Literature cited

Barraclough, D.A. 1995. An illustrated identification key to the Hamilton, J.R., Yeates, D.K., Hastings, A., Colless, D.H., Mc- acalyptrate fly families (Diptera: Schizophora) in southern Alpine, D.K., Bickel, D., Cranston, P.S., Schneider, M.A., Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum 36: 97–133. Daniels, G. & Marshall, S. 2006. On the fly – the interactive Barraclough, D.A. & Londt, J.G.H. 1985. 22. Order Diptera atlas and key to Australia fly families. Australian Biological (flies). In: Scholtz, C.H. & Holm, E., eds, Insects of southern Resources Study/Centre for Biological Information Technol- Africa. Durban: Butterworths, pp. 283–321. ogy (CBIT). Available at: http://anic.ento.csiro.au/insectfam- Buck, M., Woodley, N.E., Borkent, A., Wood, D.M., Pape, T., ilies/order_overview.aspx?OrderID=26547&PageID=over- Vockeroth, J.R., Michelsen, V. & Marshall, S.A. 2009. 6. Key view (accessed 2 September 2015). to Diptera families – adults. In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Marshall, S.A. 2012. Flies: the natural history and diversity of Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, Diptera. Richmond Hill, Canada: Firefly Books. M.A., eds, Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 1. Oosterbroek, P. 2006. The European families of the Diptera: Ottawa: NRC Research Press, pp. 95–156. identification, diagnosis, biology. Utrecht: KNNV Publishing.

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