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Japanische Frauen – Ein Leitbild Im Wandel

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Japanische Frauen – Ein Leitbild Im Wandel Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2006 Japanische Frauen - ein Leitbild im Wandel : die Zeitschrift Shufu no tomo 1917-1935 Gross, Christine Abstract: Eine auch in Japan weit verbreitete Vorstellung einer „richtigen“ Frau ist die der Hausfrau und Mutter in der Familie. Dieses Ideal gilt zwar häufig als jahrhundertealte Tradition, hat sich aber (wie die Lebensweise als Hausfrau) im Wesentlichen im Zuge der Modernisierung nach der Meiji-Restauration von 1868 herausgebildet. Die Frage, wie es sich verbreitete und in praktisch allen Bevölkerungsschichten Einfluss gewann, bildet den Hintergrund für die vorliegende Studie zu Shufu no tomo („Freundin der Hausfrau“), einer der bedeutendsten japanischen Frauenzeitschriften der ersten Hälfte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung stehen die in dieser Publikation zu findenden normativen Vorstellungen idealer Weiblichkeit und ihr Wandel in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Den Anfang machen zwei einführende Kapitel zur Situation der Frauen und zur Entwicklung der Frauenzeitschriften in Japan von der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts bis Mitte der Dreissigerjahre. Den Hauptteil bilden die Abschnitte 3 und 4 zu Shufu no tomo: In Kapitel 3 wird die Zeitschrift, ihre Entstehung und allgemeine Entwicklung zwischen 1917 und 1935 beschrieben. In Kapitel 4 geht es um die Analyse der Publikation anhand ausgewählter Artikel im Hinblick auf die in ihr vermittelten Frauenleitbilder. Die Studie zeigt, dass das von der Zeitschrift verbreitete Leitbild bezüglich der in dieser Arbeit berücksichtigten zwei Aspekte – des für Frauen als angemessen geltenden Handlungsraums und ihrer Stellung innerhalb der Familie – trotz grosser Kontinuitäten erhebliche Variationen aufwies und sich, in engem Zusammenhang mit dem allgemeinen sozialen Wandel, rasch veränderte. One of the images of a “proper” woman which is also common in Japan is that of the housewife and mother. Although this ideal is often regarded as a centuries old tradition, it has in fact developed (as has the housewife’s way of living) under the influence of modernization since the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The question as to how this ideal spread and gained influence in all levels of society forms the background for this study of Shufu no tomo (“The housewife’s friend”), one of the most eminent Japanese women’s magazines in the first half of the twentieth century. At the centre of this investigation lie the standard representation of ideal femininity in the magazine and the mutation of this ideal between the two World Wars. This work starts with two introductory chapters on the general situation of women and on the development of women’s magazines in Japan from the second half of the nineteenth century until the mid-1930s. The two following chapters deal with Shufu no tomo itself and form the main part of the study. Chapter 3 describes the magazine, its beginning and its general development between 1917 and 1935. Chapter 4 presents an analysis of the publication with regard to the women’s role models (Frauenleitbilder) established in it. This analysis is based on selected articles. The study shows that in spite of a large measure of continuity, the propagated role model exhibits substantial variation regarding two aspects which are covered by this investigation – that of the field of operations which was looked upon as suitable for women and that of their position within the family – and that the role model changed rapidly in close correlation to the general social development of the time. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-163470 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Gross, Christine. Japanische Frauen - ein Leitbild im Wandel : die Zeitschrift Shufu no tomo 1917-1935. 2006, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. 2 JAPANISCHE FRAUEN – EIN LEITBILD IM WANDEL DIE ZEITSCHRIFT SHUFU NO TOMO 1917–1935 Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Christine Gross von Ebnat-Kappel, Kappel SG Angenommen auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Eduard Klopfenstein Zürich, 2006 VORWORT Die Vorarbeiten zur hier vorliegenden, 2003 fertig gestellten Dissertation zur Frauenzeitschrift Shufu no tomo begannen vor gut zehn Jahren. In der seither vergangenen Zeit haben sich die Bedingungen für die Erstellung einer solchen Arbeit erheblich verändert. Verändert hat sich einmal das Interesse, das Shufu no tomo entgegengebracht wird. Gab es zu Beginn nur vereinzelte Studien über diese Zeitschrift, so hat ihre Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen, sodass heute Untersuchungen zu den verschiedensten inhaltlichen Aspekten existieren. Verändert, das heisst erheblich vereinfacht haben sich zudem – insbeson- dere dank Internet – die zuvor umständliche Literatur- und Quellensuche.1 Die Beschaffung eines wesentlichen Teils der Quellen und der japanischsprachigen Sekundärliteratur geschah 1994 während eines sechswöchigen Aufenthalts in Tōkyō. Unter grossem Zeitdruck hatte ich damals die für meine Fragestellung relevant scheinenden Artikel aus Shufu no tomo auszuwählen und kopieren zu lassen, mir einen Überblick über die wichtigste Sekundärliteratur zu verschaf- fen und sie zu sichten: ein Vorhaben, das trotz Vorarbeiten in der Schweiz nur dank der ausserordentlich grosszügigen Unterstützung gelingen konnte, die man mir in den Institutionen, in denen ich arbeitete, zukommen liess. Ganz besonders zu erwähnen ist hier die vom Gründer von Shufu no tomo, ISHIKAWA Takeyoshi, gestiftete Bibliothek Ochanomizu Toshokan in Tōkyō, in der alle Jahrgänge von Shufu no tomo und ein Teil der von mir benutzten Literatur vor- handen sind. Ihren Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern, vor allem Frau TANABE Yumi und Herrn SATŌ Yūichi, möchte ich für die sehr freundliche Hilfe, die sie mir 1994 und auch bei späteren Besuchen gaben, ganz herzlich danken. Für 1 Hilfreich sind auch neue Publikationen des Verlags Shufu no Tomosha. So gab dieser die erste Nummer der Zeitschrift als Faksimileausgabe heraus (Shufu no tomo dai 1 gō fukkokuban (1996), Hrsg.: Shufu no Tomosha Shashi Hensan Iinkai (Tōkyō: Shufu no Tomosha)) und veröffentlichte eine CD, mit der sich die bis 1926 in der Zeitschrift er- schienenen Artikel etc. recherchieren lassen (‚Shufu no tomo’ kensaku shisutemu: Taishōhen: Taishō 6 nen (1917)–Taishō 15 nen (1926) (1998) (Tōkyō: Ishikawa Bunka Jigyō Zaidan, Seikatsu Bunka Kenkyūjo)), sowie einen Band mit den Faksimiles der In- haltsverzeichnisse aller Ausgaben der Taishō-Zeit (Karā fukkoku ‚Shufu no tomo’ Taishōki sōmokuji (2006), Hrsg.: Ochanomizu Toshokan (Tōkyō: Shufu no Tomosha)). I seine Unterstützung danken möchte ich auch meinem Doktorvater, Herrn Prof. Dr. Eduard Klopfenstein. Zürich, im November 2006 Christine Gross II BEMERKUNGEN ZU VERFAHRENSFRAGEN Namen japanischer Personen werden normalerweise in der in Japan üblichen Reihenfolge (Familienname vor dem Vornamen) wiedergegeben; aus Publika- tionen in westlichen Sprachen allerdings werden sie in der Reihenfolge der Vorlage übernommen. Namen, deren Lesung nicht verifiziert werden konnte, sind mit einem Stern (*) gekennzeichnet. Zumindest bei der ersten Erwähnung einer Person werden die Lebensda- ten hinzugefügt, sofern sie ermittelt werden konnten. Ein Fragezeichen bzw. die Angabe nur des Jahrhunderts bedeutet, dass kein genaues Datum eruierbar war. In der Personenliste im Anhang sind alle Namen auch in japanischer Schrift aufgeführt. Biografische Angaben stammen, wenn nicht anders angege- ben, aus gängigen biografischen Nachschlagewerken.1 Japanische Begriffe (mit Ausnahme von Ärabezeichnungen, Namen von Personen, Orten, Organisationen und Institutionen) werden kursiv geschrieben. In japanischer Schrift sind sie im Zeichenglossar zu finden. Titel von Artikeln aus Shufu no tomo sind dort nur erwähnt, wenn sie nicht im Quellenverzeichnis erfasst sind. Die in Shufu no tomo in der Untersuchungszeit verwendete Schreibweise von kanji (chinesischen Schriftzeichen) und kana (Silbenschriftzeichen) unter- scheidet sich zum Teil von der heute gebräuchlichen, die auf den nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg durchgeführten Schriftreformen beruht. Bei Angaben in japanischer Schrift in der Bibliografie und im Glossar verwende ich grundsätz- lich die jetzt gültigen Formen. Transkriptionen geben den modernen Lautwert wieder. Anstelle von Shufu no tomo steht in den bibliografischen Angaben in Fussnoten und im Quellenverzeichnis das Kürzel „SNT“. Bei Abweichungen 1 Verwendet wurden: Asahi jinbutsu jiten (1990) (Tōkyō: Asahi Shinbunsha), Gendai kyōikuka hyōden (1936), TAMETŌ Gorō (Hrsg.) (Tōkyō: Bunka Shobō), Jinji kōshin- roku (1939), 2 Bände, 12. Aufl. (Tōkyō: Jinji Kōshinjo), Kirisutokyō jinmei jiten (1986) (Tōkyō: Nihon Kirisutokyōdan Shuppankyoku), Konsaisu Nihon jinmei jiten (1996), new rev. ed., 3rd print (Tōkyō: Sanseidō), Nihon bukkyō jinmei jiten (1986), SAITŌ Akitoshi, NARUSE Yoshinori (Hrsg.) (Tōkyō: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha), Nihon josei jin- mei jiten (1998), Red.: HAGA Noboru [et al.], Volksausg. (Tōkyō: Nihon Tosho Sentā), Rainichi seiyō jinmei jiten (1995), Hrsg.: TAKEUCHI Hiroshi, erweit. und verb. Volks- ausg. (Tōkyō: Nichigai Asoshiētsu), Shinchō Nihon jinmei jiten (1991) (Tōkyō: Shin- chōsha). III zwischen Angaben zu Seitenzahlen, Titel oder Urhebernamen in den Inhalts- verzeichnissen von Shufu no tomo und im Artikel selbst werden normalerweise die Daten aus dem Artikel übernommen. Jahreszahlen
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