New Japanese Woman : Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan / Barbara Sato
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The New Japanese Woman ASIA-PACIFIC: CULTURE, POLITICS, AND SOCIETY Editors: Rey Chow, H. D. Harootunian, and Masao Miyoshi Barbara Sato The New Japanese Woman MODERNITY, MEDIA, AND WOMEN IN INTERWAR JAPAN Duke University Press Durham and London 2003 © 2003 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Palatino by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. FOR KAZI AND SHO Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi Prologue: Women and the Reality of the Everyday 1 1 The Emergence of Agency: Women and Consumerism 13 2 The Modern Girl as a Representation of Consumer Culture 45 3 Housewives as Reading Women 78 4 Work for Life, for Marriage, for Love 114 5 Hard Days Ahead: Women on the Move 152 NOTES 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY 213 INDEX 233 List of Illustrations 1. "Bluestocking" 15 2. "Longing to Be a New Woman" 18 3. Women's higher-school students, early 1920s 26 4. Mitsukoshi Department Store in downtown Tokyo, early 1920s 29 5. Matsuya Department Store on the Ginza in Tokyo, early 1920s 29 6. The height of fashion for modern girls, circa 1925 47 7. Modern girls on the Ginza, circa 1928 47 8. Images of modern girls, circa 1928 50 9. A view of the Ginza in the 1920s 50 10. "A Modern Girl's Belongings" 52 11. Dance-hall dancers waiting for customers, circa 1929 62 12. Sapporo beer hall on the Ginza, circa 1929 63 13. "Lovestruck Customer Drinks Too Much Coffee and Ogles the Cafe Hostess" 64 14. Crowds in front of a popular Asakusa movie theater, circa 1927 67 15. Asakusa showgirls, circa 1929 68 16. Advertisement for eye drops, late 1920s 84 17. Advertisement for face cream, late 1920s 85 18. Advertisement for eye drops, mid-1920s 85 19. Advertisement for face powder and face cream: "If it comes from Paris... " 88 20. Cover of Fujin sekai, September 1908 90 21. The magazine section of a bookstore features a wide selection, circa 1927 95 22. Advertisement for a Western-style hairpiece for the modern woman, in Fujokni, 1926 98 23. A modern family welcomes the New Year, 1930 99 24. Professional working women clerking in a government office, early 1920s 116 25. Mannequin girl selling magazines, late 1920s 120 26. Bus girl powdering her nose, 1932 121 27. Elevator girl in a department store, mid-1920s 122 28. Elevator girl in an office building, 1932 122 29. Streetcar girl, circa 1924 125 PLATES (between pages 82-83) Plate I Cover of Fujokai, January 1924 Plate II Advertisement for a light bulb, 1927 Plate III Cover of Fujokai, April 1928 Plate IV Cover of Fujin kōroii, October 1933 x Illustrations Acknowledgments I finally am able to thank those people whose advice and guidance saw me through what sometimes seemed like an obscurely lighted tunnel. It is impossible to properly acknowledge everyone, but each of you helped in a special way to bring this book to completion. At Columbia University, my mentor, Carol Gluck, imparted the fine points of Japanese history and the desire to strive for the academic ex- cellence apparent in her own work. She guided me through every stage of the dissertation process, reading and rereading numerous drafts, always offering insightful criticism. Special thanks to my teachers: the late Herschel Webb, Arthur Tiedemann, and Paul Varley. Thanks also go to Gina Bookhout and the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures; to Madge Huntington and the East Asian Institute; and to Amy Heinrich, Ken Harlin, and John McClure of the C. V. Starr Library. Without the support of Harry Harootunian the dissertation could not have become a book. Harry's meticulous comments made the task of rewriting an exercise for which no words of thanks can suffice. Harry introduced me to an exciting world of critical scholarship, of which his work forms an integral part. Louise Young helped me shape and reshape my ideas, read innumerable versions of the manuscript, and offered criticism and encouragment. Harry and Louise invited me to participate in the Japan Seminar hosted by New York University in 1995, as well as their graduate seminar in 1998. The suggestions I re- ceived on both occasions were invaluable. During my days in the doctoral program at the Institute of Jour- nalism and Communication Studies at Tokyo University, Uchikawa Yoshimi spent endless hours sharing his vast knowledge of newspapers and magazines with me and debating the complexities of my research project. Arase Yutaka, Kōchi Saburō, and Kōchi Nobuko contributed greatly to my understanding of the 1920s. I wish to thank Seikei University, where I am affiliated, for provid- ing a generous grant to help offset publishing costs. Special thanks to Aono Kōko, Katō Takashi, Yanai Michio, and all my colleagues at Seikei for their support and for creating a stimulating atmosphere for work. The Center for Asian and Pacific Studies at Seikei offered encourage- ment and funding. Thanks are due to Kōmura Chikara, Suzuki Kenji, Takeshi Tomita, and staff members Hiroshi Hasebe, Satoko Uno, and Oi Toshiaki. To the Seikei University library staff for your patience and the facili- ties that made my research possible, to the folks at Tokyo University, Waseda University, Musashino Bijutsu Daigaku Bitjutsu Shiryō Tosho- kan, Nihon Manga Shiryōkan, Kokusai Nihon Bunka Kenkyū Center, the archives at Mainichi Shinbun, Shufu no tomo, and the Fujin kōron — sincere appreciation. Deep gratitude to the late Minami Hiroshi and to the members of the Shōwa bunka kenkyūkai (Ishikawa Hiroyoshi, Sakata Minoru, Ori- hashi Tetsuhiko, Ueda Yasuo, Takeyama Akiko, Ichikawa Kōichi,Yanagi Yōko, Chiba Nobuo, Ikari Seiya, and the late Satō Takeshi and Shibuya Shigemitsu) for friendship and the opportunity to explore the possibili- ties of Japanese modanizumu as part of cooperative research projects. Thanks also are due to Azuma Emiko and Yamaguchi Tomoko. To Don Roden—whose friendship and scholarship I hold in high esteem — for his thoughtful readings of the manuscript and his invalu- able suggestions. To Jim Fujii for always making time to read one more chapter and including provocative comments in the margins. To Kathy Uno for perceptive readings and advice. To Paddi Tsurumi, Sandra Wil- son, David Wells, Ulrike Wōhr, Furuyama Nobutaka for their advice and encouragement. To Suzuki Sadami, thank you for your friendship and intellectual support, and for charting a new course in interdisciplinary studies. To Sonoda Hidehiro, for being there and helping clarify my arguments. To Arai Noriko, Araya Shigehiko, Arima Hideko, Asaoka Kunio, Egami Wataru, Eto Fumio, Fujita Keisuke, Haga Tōru, Hama Yuki, Hayashi Hirotchika, Ibi Takashi, Ikegami Hiroko, Inoue Ken, Inoue Shōichi, Inoue Teruko, Jinno Yuki, Kadoguchi Mitsunori, Kakegawa Tomiko, Kamibiyashi Chieko, Kimura Ryōko, Kenjo Takehide, Mizukoshi Shin, Liu Jinhui, Muta Kazue, Nakae Keiko, Nakagawa Shigemi, Nakai Ta- keshi, Nakazato Akihiko, Naramoto Akiko. To Narita Ryūichi, Narita xii Acknowledgments Tamiko, Nishizaki Fumiko, Ochiai Emiko, Ōkubo Yōko, Okuno Masa- hiro, Omuka Toshiharu, Ōno Harumi, Ōshima Hisako, Makino Ma- moru, Sasaki Ayao, Senda Yuki, Shimada Atsushi, Shimokobe Mitsuko, Shinohara Hajime, Sugiyama Mitsunobu, Sung Hae-Kyung, Suzuki Kenji, Suzuki Yasuko, Takata Akihiko, Takeuchi Keiko, Takemura Tamio,Yamaguchi Masao, Yamazaki Takayasu, Yoshimi Shun'ya.To the members of WINC and the Tokyo Modern Japanese History Workshop, my thanks. To John Dower, Julie Rousseau, and Wendy Spinks for invaluable help in the early stages of this project. To David Ambaras, Robert Angel, Jan Bardsley, Mary Baron, Milton Baron, Margaret Beetham, Kim Brandt, Mike Brownstein, Geoffrey Chambers, John Clark, Sandra Col- lins, Elyssa Faison, Josh Fogel, Atina Grossmann, Ellen I lammond, Yu- kiko Haniwa, Robin Harris, Amy Heinrich, Joke Hermes. To Keiko Ikeda, Mark Jones, Joan Judge, Roz Kalb, Ayako Kano, Jeff Kingston, Earl Kinmonth, Dina Lowy, Barbara Molony, Carol Morley, Kate Nakai, Kathleen Nelson, Lucy North, Peter O'Connor, Ken Oshima, Linda Penkower, Gregory Pflugfelder, Ellen Radovic, Giles Richter, Betsy Roadman, Larry Roadman, Alan Rubens, Joanne Rubens, Louisa Rubin- fein, Jordan Sand, Robin Sears, Fred Shane, Bonnie Simon, Steve Simon, Henry Smith, Judith Snodgrass, Michiko Suzuki, Elise Tipton, Ron Toby, Julia Thomas, Gennifer Weisenfeld, Leila Wice, Jack Wool, Jenny Wool, Verna Wool, my appreciation. How do I thank Reynolds Smith for taking on this project and see- ing it through to the finish? And Pam Morrison for guiding me through the editorial and production process and for her endless patience. And Katie Courtland, Christine Kealy Jensen, Sharon Torian, and the entire staff at Duke. And Cherie Westmoreland for the superb cover design. Mindy Conner's careful job of editing saved me from many miscommu- nications, as did Nancy Zibman's creative work on the index. Indeed, I am fortunate to be included in the Duke University Press Asia-Pacific Series. To my parents the late Moses Shapiro and Elizabeth Shapiro, my dear soul mate. To the late Kazuma Sato and Noriko Sato and to my family in Japan. To Brenda Lewis, Herbert Lewis, Joshua Goldberg, Erika Goldberg-Murray, Sam Murray, thanks is not enough. And finally, to Kazuki Sato and my son Sho, who never took a family vacation without books and the computer. Thank you both. Kazi, the Acknowledgments xiii numerous discussions we shared infinitely broadened my historical perceptions. Your criticisms, though not always easy to accept, always were on target. Factual and interpretive errors are solely my own. Chapter 2 is a reworked and expanded version of my article "The Moga Sensation: Perceptions of the Modern Gāru in Japanese Intellectual Cir- cles during the 1920s," Gender and History 5, no. 3 (1993): 361-81, Black- well Publishers.