Publications Mrnatcatposter Natural Catastrophes 2005

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Publications Mrnatcatposter Natural Catastrophes 2005

MRNatCatPoster #50 Geo Risks Research, 01/2006 Natural catastrophes in 2005 Development (compared with the monthly average of the last 10 years 1995–2004 and the previous year 2004) Number Overall losses (US$ bn) Insured losses (US$ bn) 1,000 250 100000 100 250 10000 800 200 80000 80 200 800 600 150 60000 60 150 600 400 100 40000 40 100 400 200 50 20000 20 50 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monthly cumulative data 2005 Average of the last 10 years 1995–2004 2004 values of the previous year Percentage distribution worldwide 650 loss events > 100,000 fatalities Overall losses Insured losses > US$ 212bn > US$ 94bn 3% 3% 4% 1% 7% 4% 18% 14% 5% 90% 87% 96 % Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption Windstorm Flood Extreme temperatures (e.g. heat wave, 26% 42% wildfire), mass movements (e.g. avalanche, landslide) 123 4 1 Switzerland: Floods (August) 2 Portugal: Forest fire (Summer) 3 USA, Louisiana: Hurricane Katrina (August) 4 Pakistan: Earthquake (October) Date Country/Region Loss event Fatalities Overall Insured Some significant natural catastrophes in 2005 losses losses US$ m US$ m Jan–Oct Portugal. Spain Drought, wildfires 58 3,650 7–9.1 Scandinavia. Winter storm Erwin 18 5,800 2,500 Baltic states 10–27.2 Afghanistan. India. Pakistan Snowstorm, floods 1,400 28.3 Indonesia Earthquake 1,700 18–21.5 New Zealand Flash flood, landslides 100 75 4–14.6 Canada Floods 4 350 190 7–11.7 Caribbean. USA Hurricane Dennis 76 3,100 1,200 14–18.7 Mexico. Grenada. Jamaica Hurricane Emily 13 400 250 17–20.7 China. Taiwan Typhoon Haitang 17 1,100 100 24.7–5.8 India Floods 1,150 5,000 770 20–27.8 Switzerland. Austria. Floods 11 3,000 1,700 Germany 25–30.8 USA: LA, MS, AL, FL Hurricane Katrina 1,322 125,000 60,000 20–24.9 USA: FL, LA, MS, TX Hurricane Rita 10 16,000 11,000 Earthquake 21–30.9 Philippines. China. Vietnam. Typhoon Damrey 125 1,200 Storm Thailand Flood 1–2.10 China. Taiwan Typhoon Longwang 67 250 50 Extreme temperatures 2–5.10 Middle America Hurricane Stan 840 3,000 100 (drought, wildfire) 8.10 Pakistan. India Earthquake 88,000 5,200 19–24.10 Mexico. USA. Caribbean Hurricane Wilma 42 18,000 10,500 25–27.11 Germany Winter storm Thorsten 300 150 28.11 Spain: Canary Islands. Tropical storm Delta 20 375 Morocco.

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Appendix 8: Damages Caused by Natural Disasters
Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Draft Finnal Report APPENDIX 8: DAMAGES CAUSED BY NATURAL DISASTERS A8.1 Flood & Typhoon Table A8.1.1 Record of Flood & Typhoon (Cambodia) Place Date Damage Cambodia Flood Aug 1999 The flash floods, triggered by torrential rains during the first week of August, caused significant damage in the provinces of Sihanoukville, Koh Kong and Kam Pot. As of 10 August, four people were killed, some 8,000 people were left homeless, and 200 meters of railroads were washed away. More than 12,000 hectares of rice paddies were flooded in Kam Pot province alone. Floods Nov 1999 Continued torrential rains during October and early November caused flash floods and affected five southern provinces: Takeo, Kandal, Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh Municipality and Pursat. The report indicates that the floods affected 21,334 families and around 9,900 ha of rice field. IFRC's situation report dated 9 November stated that 3,561 houses are damaged/destroyed. So far, there has been no report of casualties. Flood Aug 2000 The second floods has caused serious damages on provinces in the North, the East and the South, especially in Takeo Province. Three provinces along Mekong River (Stung Treng, Kratie and Kompong Cham) and Municipality of Phnom Penh have declared the state of emergency. 121,000 families have been affected, more than 170 people were killed, and some $10 million in rice crops has been destroyed. Immediate needs include food, shelter, and the repair or replacement of homes, household items, and sanitation facilities as water levels in the Delta continue to fall.
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On the Extreme Rainfall of Typhoon Morakot (2009)
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116, D05104, doi:10.1029/2010JD015092, 2011 On the extreme rainfall of Typhoon Morakot (2009) Fang‐Ching Chien1 and Hung‐Chi Kuo2 Received 21 September 2010; revised 17 December 2010; accepted 4 January 2011; published 4 March 2011. [1] Typhoon Morakot (2009), a devastating tropical cyclone (TC) that made landfall in Taiwan from 7 to 9 August 2009, produced the highest recorded rainfall in southern Taiwan in the past 50 years. This study examines the factors that contributed to the heavy rainfall. It is found that the amount of rainfall in Taiwan was nearly proportional to the reciprocal of TC translation speed rather than the TC intensity. Morakot’s landfall on Taiwan occurred concurrently with the cyclonic phase of the intraseasonal oscillation, which enhanced the background southwesterly monsoonal flow. The extreme rainfall was caused by the very slow movement of Morakot both in the landfall and in the postlandfall periods and the continuous formation of mesoscale convection with the moisture supply from the southwesterly flow. A composite study of 19 TCs with similar track to Morakot shows that the uniquely slow translation speed of Morakot was closely related to the northwestward‐extending Pacific subtropical high (PSH) and the broad low‐pressure systems (associated with Typhoon Etau and Typhoon Goni) surrounding Morakot. Specifically, it was caused by the weakening steering flow at high levels that primarily resulted from the weakening PSH, an approaching short‐wave trough, and the northwestward‐tilting Etau. After TC landfall, the circulation of Goni merged with the southwesterly flow, resulting in a moisture conveyer belt that transported moisture‐laden air toward the east‐northeast.
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Shear Banding
2020-1065 IJOI http://www.ijoi-online.org/ THE MAJOR CAUSE OF BRIDGE COLLAPSES ACROSS ROCK RIVERBEDS: SHEAR BANDING Tse-Shan Hsu Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Feng-Chia University President, Institute of Mitigation for Earthquake Shear Banding Disasters Taiwan, R.O.C. [email protected] Po Yen Chuang Ph.D Program in Civil and Hydraulic Engineering Feng-Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Kuan-Tang Shen Secretary-General, Institute of Mitigation for Earthquake Shear Banding Disasters Taiwan, R.O.C. Fu-Kuo Huang Associate Professor, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Tamkang University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract Current performance design codes require that bridges be designed that they will not col- lapse within their design life. However, in the past twenty five years, a large number of bridges have collapsed in Taiwan, with their actual service life far shorter than their de- sign life. This study explores the major cause of the collapse of many these bridges. The results of the study reveal the following. (1) Because riverbeds can be divided into high shear strength rock riverbeds and low shear strength soil riverbeds, the main cause of bridge collapse on a high shear strength rock riverbed is the shear band effect inducing local brittle fracture of the rock, and the main cause on a low shear strength soil riverbed is scouring, but current bridge design specifications only fortify against the scouring of low shear strength soil riverbeds. (2) Since Taiwan is mountainous, most of the collapsed bridges cross high shear strength rock riverbeds in mountainous areas and, therefore, the major cause of collapse of bridges in Taiwan is that their design does not consider the 180 The International Journal of Organizational Innovation Volume 13 Number 1, July 2020 2020-1065 IJOI http://www.ijoi-online.org/ shear band effect.
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Recent Advances in Research and Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall
106 TROPICAL CYCLONE RESEARCH AND REVIEW VOLUME 7, NO. 2 RECENT ADVANCES IN RESEARCH AND FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE RAINfaLL 1 2 3 4 5 KEVIN CHEUNG , ZIFENG YU , RUSSELL L. ELSBErry , MICHAEL BELL , HAIYAN JIANG , 6 7 8 9 TSZ CHEUNG LEE , KUO-CHEN LU , YOSHINORI OIKAWA , LIANGBO QI , 10 11 ROBErt F. ROGERS , KAZUHISA TSUBOKI 1Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia 2Shanghai Typhoon Institute, Shanghai, China 3University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA 4Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA 5Florida International University, Miami, USA 6Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China 7Pacific Science Association 8RSMC Tokyo/Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan 9Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China 10NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, USA 11Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ABSTRACT In preparation for the Fourth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclone Landfall Processes (IWTCLP-IV), a summary of recent research studies and the forecasting challenges of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall has been prepared. The extreme rainfall accumulations in Hurricane Harvey (2017) near Houston, Texas and Typhoon Damrey (2017) in southern Vietnam are examples of the TC rainfall forecasting challenges. Some progress is being made in understanding the internal rainfall dynamics via case studies. Environmental effects such as vertical wind shear and terrain-induced rainfall have been studied, as well as the rainfall relationships with TC intensity and structure. Numerical model predictions of TC-related rainfall have been improved via data as- similation, microphysics representation, improved resolution, and ensemble quantitative precipitation forecast techniques. Some attempts have been made to improve the verification techniques as well. A basic forecast challenge for TC-related rainfall is monitoring the existing rainfall distribution via satellite or coastal radars, or from over-land rain gauges.
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Decision Support System for Safety Warning of Bridge – a Case Study in Central Taiwan
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works International Conference on Hydroinformatics 2014 Decision Support System For Safety Warning Of Bridge – A Case Study In Central Taiwan Chen-Min Kuo Tao-Chang Yang Jung-Chen Chou Pao-Shan Yu How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_conf_hic/371 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] 11th International Conference on Hydroinformatics HIC 2014, New York City, USA DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR SAFETY WARNING OF BRIDGE – A CASE STUDY IN CENTRAL TAIWAN KUO, CHEN-MIN; YANG, TAO-CHANG; CHOU, JUNG-CHEN; YU, PAO-SHAN (1): Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan ABSTRACT This study aims at developing the decision support system (DSS) for safety warning of bridge. In the DSS, real-time and forecasted radar rainfalls are used to predict flood stage, velocity and scouring depth around bridge piers for one to three hours ahead. The techniques adopted in the DSS include (1) measurement and correction models of radar rainfall, (2) a grid-based distributed rainfall-runoff model for simulating reservoir inflows, (3) models for predicting flood stages, velocities and scouring depths around bridge piers, and (4) ultimate analysis approaches for evaluating safety of pier foundation. The DSS can support the management department to decide whether they should close bridges or not during floods. The proposed DSS gave a test-run during Typhoon Morakot in 2009 in Dajia River Basin, central Taiwan.
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Appendix 3 Selection of Candidate Cities for Demonstration Project
Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Final Report APPENDIX 3 SELECTION OF CANDIDATE CITIES FOR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT Table A3-1 Long List Cities (No.1-No.62: “abc” city name order) Source: JICA Project Team NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD. PAC ET C ORP. EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. A3-1 Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Final Report Table A3-2 Long List Cities (No.63-No.124: “abc” city name order) Source: JICA Project Team NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD. PAC ET C ORP. EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. A3-2 Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Final Report Table A3-3 Long List Cities (No.125-No.186: “abc” city name order) Source: JICA Project Team NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD. PAC ET C ORP. EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. A3-3 Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Final Report Table A3-4 Long List Cities (No.187-No.248: “abc” city name order) Source: JICA Project Team NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD. PAC ET C ORP. EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. A3-4 Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Final Report Table A3-5 Long List Cities (No.249-No.310: “abc” city name order) Source: JICA Project Team NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD. PAC ET C ORP. EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. A3-5 Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Final Report Table A3-6 Long List Cities (No.311-No.372: “abc” city name order) Source: JICA Project Team NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD. PAC ET C ORP.
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二零一七熱帶氣旋tropical Cyclones in 2017
=> TALIM TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN 2017 <SEP (), ! " Daily Positions at 00 UTC(08 HKT), :; SANVU the number in the symbol represents <SEP the date of the month *+ Intermediate 6-hourly Positions ,')% Super Typhoon NORU ')% *+ Severe Typhoon JUL ]^ BANYAN LAN AUG )% Typhoon OCT '(%& Severe Tropical Storm NALGAE AUG %& Tropical Storm NANMADOL JUL #$ Tropical Depression Z SAOLA( 1722) OCT KULAP JUL HAITANG JUL NORU( 1705) JUL NESAT JUL MERBOK Hong Kong / JUN PAKHAR @Q NALGAE(1711) ,- AUG ? GUCHOL AUG KULAP( 1706) HATO ROKE MAWAR <SEP JUL AUG JUL <SEP T.D. <SEP @Q GUCHOL( 1717) <SEP T.D. ,- MUIFA TALAS \ OCT ? HATO( 1713) APR JUL HAITANG( 1710) :; KHANUN MAWAR( 1716) AUG a JUL ROKE( 1707) SANVU( 1715) XZ[ OCT HAIKUI AUG JUL NANMADOL AUG NOV (1703) DOKSURI JUL <SEP T.D. *+ <SEP BANYAN( 1712) TALAS(1704) \ SONCA( 1708) JUL KHANUN( 1720) AUG SONCA JUL MERBOK (1702) => OCT JUL JUN TALIM( 1718) / <SEP T.D. PAKHAR( 1714) OCT XZ[ AUG NESAT( 1709) T.D. DOKSURI( 1719) a JUL APR <SEP _` HAIKUI( 1724) DAMREY NOV NOV de bc KAI-( TAK 1726) MUIFA (1701) KIROGI DEC APR NOV _` DAMREY( 1723) OCT T.D. APR bc T.D. KIROGI( 1725) T.D. T.D. JAN , ]^ NOV Z , NOV JAN TEMBIN( 1727) LAN( 1721) TEMBIN SAOLA( 1722) DEC OCT DEC OCT T.D. OCT de KAI- TAK DEC 更新記錄 Update Record 更新日期: 二零二零年一月 Revision Date: January 2020 頁 3 目錄更新頁 189 表 4.10: 二零一七年熱帶氣旋在香港所造成的損失更新頁 217 附件一: 超強颱風天鴿(1713)引致香港直接經濟損失的新增估算 Page 4 CONTENTS Update Page 189 TABLE 4.10: DAMAGE CAUSED BY TROPICAL CYCLONES IN Update HONG KONG IN 2017 Page 219 Annex 1: Estimated Direct Economic Losses in Hong Kong Add caused by Super Typhoon Hato (1713) 二零一七年熱帶氣旋 TROPICAL CYCLONES IN 2017 2 二零一九年二月出版 Published February 2019 香港天文台編製香港九龍彌敦道134A Prepared by: Hong Kong Observatory 134A Nathan Road Kowloon, Hong Kong © 版權所有。未經香港天文台台長同意，不得翻印本刊物任何部分內容。 ©Copyright reserved.
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The Fourth Disaster Management Practitioners’ Workshop for Southeast Asia Learning from Community-Based Practices: Strengthening Policy and Partnerships
PROCEEDINGS THE FOURTH DISASTER MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS’ WORKSHOP FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA LEARNING FROM COMMUNITY-BASED PRACTICES: STRENGTHENING POLICY AND PARTNERSHIPS PDRSEA-3 CBDRM ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTER PO Box 4, Klong Luang Pathumthani, Thailand 12120 Tel: (66 2) 516 5900-10 Fax: (66 2) 524 5360 URL: www.adpc.net Asian Disaster Preparedness Center 550681_COVER_M20681_COVER_M2 1 77/19/06/19/06 110:27:150:27:15 AAMM The Partnerships for Disaster Reduction - South East Asia Phase 3 (PDRSEA3) program is jointly implemented by (ADPC) and the UNESCAP with funding support from the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) under its ‘Fourth DIPECHO Action Plan for Southeast Asia’. The one-year project, which commenced in February 2005, aims to establish an improved, enabling environment for CBDRM through promoting ownership in national programs and local entities, enhancing the capabilities of CBDRM practitioners and the expansion of new and strengthening of existing partnerships in Southeast Asia particularly in the target countries Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Timor Léste and Vietnam. The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), established in 1986 is a regional, inter-governmental, non-profi t organization and resource center based in Bangkok, Thailand. ADPC is mandated to promote safer communities and sustainable development through the reduction of the impact of disasters in response to the needs of countries and communities in Asia and the Pacifi c by raising awareness, helping to establish and strengthen sustainable institutional mechanisms, enhancing knowledge and skills, and facilitating the exchange of information, experience and expertise. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand Tel.: (66-2) 516-5900 to 5910 Fax: (66-2) 524-5360 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.adpc.net United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacifi c is the regional arm of the United Nations Secretariat for the Asian and Pacifi c regions, located in Bangkok, Thailand.
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Revisiting the Steering Principal of Tropical Cyclone Motion Liguang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2016-369, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Published: 10 June 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. 1 Revisiting the Steering Principal of Tropical Cyclone Motion 2 3 4 Liguang Wu1,2 and Xiaoyu Chen1 5 1Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint 6 International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC) 7 /Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological 8 Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Pacific Typhoon Research Center (PTRC), Nanjing 9 University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 10 2State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological 11 Sciences, Beijing, China 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 April 30, 2016 19 20 Submitted to Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21 22 23 24 Corresponding author address: Prof. Liguang Wu 25 Pacific Typhoon Research Center and Earth System Modeling Center 26 Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, 27 China 28 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2016-369, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Published: 10 June 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. 29 Abstract 30 The steering principle of tropical cyclone motion has been applied to tropical 31 cyclone forecast and research for nearly 100 years. Two fundamental questions 32 remain unanswered. One is why the effect of steering plays a dominant role in tropical 33 cyclone motion and the other is when tropical cyclone motion deviates considerably 34 from the steering.
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Characteristics of Debris Flow in Taiwan - a Case Study in Shenmu Area
Characteristics of Debris Flow in Taiwan - A Case Study in Shenmu Area 1* 2 3 4 5 Ming-Chang TSAI , Yi-Min HUANG , Yao-Min FANG , Bing-Jean LEE , Tien-Yin CHOU and 6 Hsiao-Yuan YIN 1 Graduate School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Feng Chia University (Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC) 2 GIS Research Center, Feng Chia University (Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC) 3 GIS Research Center, Feng Chia University (Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC) 4 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Feng Chia University (Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC) 5 Dept. of Urban Planning and Spatial Information, Feng Chia University (Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC) 6 Debris Flow Disaster Prevention Center, Soil and Water Conservation Bureau, Taiwan (Nantou 540, Taiwan, ROC) *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Debris flow has become a common natural hazard in Taiwan. After several typhoons (Typhoon Mindule in 2004; Typhoon Haitang in 2005; and Typhoon Morakot in 2009), the increasing landslide in the middle Taiwan had resulted in abundant debris source at the upper streams, and therefore contributed to the higher potential of debris flow. The Soil and Water Conservation Bureau (SWCB) in Taiwan started to build debris flow monitoring stations since 2002 to observe and collect debris flow data. Sensors like rain gauge, soil moisture, and geophone, had been applied for observation. Among the cases, Shenmu was the location of frequent debris flows. The monitoring features and the debris flow history in Shenmu were described in this study. The correlation of effective rainfall and soil moisture is discussed using event results. The rainfall characteristics of debris flow in Shenmu area are summarized in the end.
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Recent Advances in Research and Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall
Recent Advances in Research and Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Kevin Cheung1, Zifeng Yu2, Russell L. Elsberry3, Michael Bell4, Haiyan Jiang5, Tsz Cheung Lee6, Kuo-Chen Lu7, Yoshinori Oikawa8, Liangbo Qi9, Robert F. Rogers10, Kazuhisa Tsuboki11 1Macquarie University, Australia 2Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China 3University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, USA 4Colorado State University, USA 5Florida International University, USA 6Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong 7Pacific Science Association 8RSMC Tokyo/Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan 9Shanghai Meteorological Service, China 10NOAA/AOML/Hurricane Research Division, USA 11Nagoya University, Japan February 2018 Tropical Cyclone Research and Review Special Issue Corresponding Author: Kevin Cheung, Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia Email: [email protected] Abstract In preparation for the Fourth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclone Landfall Processes (IWTCLP-IV), a summary of recent research studies and the forecasting challenges of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall has been prepared. The extreme rainfall accumulations in Hurricane Harvey (2017) near Houston, Texas and Typhoon Damrey (2017) in southern Vietnam are examples of the TC rainfall forecasting challenges. Some progress is being made in understanding the internal rainfall dynamics via case studies. Environmental effects such as vertical wind shear and terrain-induced rainfall have been studied, as well as the rainfall relationships with TC intensity and structure. Numerical model predictions of TC-related rainfall have been improved via data assimilation, microphysics representation, improved resolution, and ensemble quantitative precipitation forecast techniques. Some attempts have been made to improve the verification techniques as well. A basic forecast challenge for TC-related rainfall is monitoring the existing rainfall distribution via satellite or coastal radars, or from over- land rain gauges.
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Sigma 1/2018
No 1 /2018 Natural catastrophes and 01 Executive summary 02 Catastrophes in 2017: man-made disasters in 2017: global overview a year of record-breaking 06 Regional overview 18 HIM: an unprecedented losses hurricane cluster event? 27 Tables for reporting year 2017 50 Terms and selection criteria Foreword This year we celebrate the 50th anniversary of sigma, the flagship publication of the Swiss Re Institute´s research portfolio. Over the last half century, sigma has provided thought leadership spanning the ever-evolving risk landscape facing society, the macro and regulatory environments and their impact on insurance markets, and industry-specific topics such as underwriting cycles and distribution channels. As the industry's leading research publication, sigma has been and remains a central pillar of Swiss Re's vision to make the world more resilient. As the first edition of sigma in 2018, we are pleased to bring you our annual report providing data on and in-depth analysis of recent major natural and man-made disasters. Our first-ever sigma report on natural catastrophes (nat cat) was published in 1969, and nat cat has been a mainstay of the series ever since. In “sigma No. 12/1969: Insurance against power of nature damage and its problems˝, our objective was to “point out the nature and extent of power of nature damage˝ … by which “we mean events caused by the forces of nature.˝ Fifty years on, the “forces of nature“ continue to inflict devastation on communities all around the world. By far the largest nat cat events in 2017 were a series of hurricanes that hit the Caribbean and the US.
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