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DICCIONARIO GEOMORFOLOGICO.Pdf 7 GEO G R A F ÍA P A R A EL S IGL O X X I S ERIE: T E X T OS UNIVERS I T ARIO S Diccionario geomorfológico José Lugo Hubp Diccionario geomorfológico José Lugo Hubp México, 2011 Diccionario geomorfológico Primera edición, 14 de septiembre de 2011 D.R. © 2011 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, 04510 México, D. F. Instituto de Geografía www.unam.mx www.igeograf.unam.mx Prohibida la reproducción parcial o total por cualquier medio, sin la autorización escrita del titular de los derechos patrimoniales. La presente publicación presenta los resultados de una in- vestigación científica y contó con dictámenes de expertos externos, de acuerdo con las normas editoriales del Instituto de Geografía. Geografía para el siglo XXI (Obra general) Serie Textos universitarios ISBN (Obra general): 970-32-2965-4 ISBN: Impreso y hecho en México Introducción A la geomorfología corresponde el estudio del relieve de la Tierra, que incluye las formas y estructuras de todas las dimensiones, desde continentes y cuencas oceá- nicas a estrías y alveolos. Los nombres de las mismas son de algunas centenas, a lo que agregamos los procesos que crean y modifican el relieve, así como las leyes, teorías, hipótesis, principios, métodos de estudio y otros temas. Ya que se trata de una disciplina geológico-geográfica es necesario incluir los términos geológicos principales relacionados con la constitución del relieve (minerales, rocas), con su construcción (estructuras), con su evolución en el tiempo y otros. El relieve se relaciona también con los elementos físico geográficos, como el suelo y el clima, principalmente. Una buena cantidad de palabras provienen del lenguaje coloquial antiguo y moderno, algunas con su equivalente en cada idioma (montaña, bahía, lago, río, cima), otras, de un idioma y adoptadas por la comunidad internacional: bar- ján, dolina, fiordo, graben, lahar, loes, morrena, nunatak, rift, solonchak, taiga, tsunami, tundra. Hay topónimos como karst y meandro. Se usan palabras que provienen de todos los continentes y lenguas diversas: árabe, chino, esquimal, indonesio. De lenguas prehispánicas usamos en México cenote, tepetate, tezontle, xalapazco. Este léxico constituye en sí mismo un esperanto geomorfológico. Las palabras que en el pasado remoto utilizaron los humanos para nombrar partes del cuerpo, se emplearon después con el uso y el tiempo para designar formas semejantes del relieve: boca, brazo, cabeza, cuello, dorso, frente, gargan- ta, hombros, pie. Otras resultaron de obras humanas: abanico, anfiteatro, circo, corredor, escalera, escalón, flecha, manto, mesa, terraza, y de la geometría: arco, cono, domo, línea. Y en la época de la constitución de la geomorfología, a partir de la mitad del siglo XIX, se crean términos con palabras latinas (ablación, atri- ción, deflación, denudación, sufosión) y con raíces griegas:endo, exo, exaración, morfogénesis. Términos que se usan de distintas maneras son glaciar y glacial, sustantivo y adjetivo, mientras que el primero tiene un sentido morfológico, el segundo lo tiene climático. En España se considera la palabra glaciar como forma del relieve y adjetivo (De Pedraza Gilzans, 1996), algunos autores lo extienden a las condi- 8 . José Lugo Hubp ciones climáticas. En México Guerra Peña (1980) usó el adjetivo glaciárico que ha sido de poca aceptación. En Sudamérica, en especial en el cono sur, se usa glaciar y glaciario, aceptados por la Real Academia de la Lengua Española. En este diccionario geomorfológico adoptamos el concepto glaciar como sustantivo y adjetivo de formas del relieve, y glacial para el ambiente climático. William D. Thornbury, autor de un libro clásico de geomorfología (1960), señala la importancia de nombrar las formas del relieve utilizando el sustantivo que define la forma y el adjetivo que se refiere al origen, sobre todo para evitar la confusión, por ejemplo: abanico aluvial, cono volcánico, escarpe tectónico; sobre todo por la confusión que se produce con otras disciplinas. Cada especialista entiende a su modo palabras como cuenca, domo, plata- forma. La terraza de los arquitectos es una, la del relieve terrestre tiene varios orí- genes: fluvial, marina, lacustre, estructural, de deslizamiento, antrópica. Cuenca es una depresión de dimensiones micro a global: erosiva, estructural, hidrográfi- ca, kárstica, marina, oceánica, sedimentaria, tectónica. La plataforma puede ser de abrasión, continental, estructural. El cono: de eyecciones, detrítico, kárstico, volcánico. Entre los problemas a resolver en la elaboración de un diccionario temático está el nombre de términos cuyo origen reside en la traducción de otro idioma, lo que con frecuencia varía de una región a otra, o la conversión del término original en otro poco apropiado. Han sido comunes las traducciones literales del inglés que no reflejan el sentido de la palabra, o no apegado a la gramática española. Continental rise surgió en 1964 y se ha traducido como ascenso o levantamiento continental, lo que está lejos de reflejar su significado. Consultando la traducción que se ha hecho a otros idiomas, encontramos preferible usar pie del continente, término fiel al concepto (Continentalfuss en alemán y glacis continental en fran- cés). Palabras como turbidez surgieron de una traducción incorrecta al español, del inglés turbidity, cuando lo adecuado era turbiedad. Con el tiempo se volvió de uso común, lo mismo ha ocurrido con deyección, del francés dejection, en español eyección. Ejemplos hay varios, como el concepto geológico metamorfis- mo, proveniente, como muchos otros, de la biología, metamorfosis; lo mismo el verbo disecar se ha convertido en disectar, por la influencia del inglés dissection. El caso es que con el tiempo los nuevos términos se popularizan y acaban siendo aceptados oficialmente. La geomorfología surge como una disciplina independiente en el último año del siglo XIX, aunque ya se trataba el tema unos treinta años antes. Es poco proba- ble que alguna otra disciplina geográfica tenga un léxico propio tan amplio. Los diccionarios geomorfológicos surgen como una necesidad de compilar y definir Introducción . 9 centenas, incluso más de mil términos. Entre lo más destacado hay dos enciclo- pedias, una coordinada por Rhodes W. Fairbridge (1968), de los Estados Unidos y otra en dos tomos por el británico Andrew S. Goudie (2004), auspiciada por la Asociación Internacional de Geomorfólogos. El primer antecedente en México es una publicación de Consuelo Soto Mora (1965). En España se han publicado textos semejantes por Manuel de Miró y Montserrat Domingo (1985), y Guillermo Tejada Álamo (1994). En Chile se publicó en 2007 otro diccionario por Marcela Sánchez Martínez y Luis Velozo Figueroa. Además, la terminología de la ciencia del relieve terrestre está conte- nida en varias obras en español escritas por Eduardo Martínez de Pisón (1985, 1986), Julio Muñoz Jiménez (1992), Vicente Bielza de Ory (1993), Javier de Pe- draza Gilzans (1996), José Luis Peña Monné (1997) y Mateo Gutiérrez Elorza (2001, 2008). Este diccionario geomorfológico es una actualización del publicado en 1989 por el Instituto de Geografía de la UNAM, y presenta modificaciones sustanciales. Por un lado se ha incrementado el número de términos en más de 30%. Esto incluye palabras del lenguaje coloquial y otras que surgieron desde fines de la década de 1980, precisamente una época de revolución de las geociencias por el desarrollo de la tecnología digital y de las numerosas ramas de la geomorfología que se enriquecieron notablemente. Evolucionaron los métodos cartográficos, surgieron los instrumentos y métodos digitales con una nueva terminología. Aclaraciones En la definición de los términos se recomienda al lector revisar otras definiciones. Esto se hace con negritas en el texto, p. ej., entre las formas eólicas están los bar- janes. O con la letra v. (véase), p. ej., v. barján. Se explica la etimología u origen de los términos sólo en los casos en que se consideró necesario, cuando son tecnicismos, palabras de otro idioma o de poco uso en español. El término a definir aparece en negritas y en la definición, cuando se repite éste, se hace con la(s) abreviatura(s) correspondientes, con el mismo estilo, por ejemplo, aluvión, a., costa abrasiva, c.a.; en otro caso particular, se abrevia una de dos o más palabras, costa tipo skerry, s. del escocés. Se menciona en ocasiones al autor consultado, esto es especialmente para los términos recientes, los que no son de uso amplio en español, las definiciones originales y otros en los que se justifica la cita, en especial, cuando hay referencia a otros autores. 10 . José Lugo Hubp Abreviaturas atm, atmósferas mgl, miligals (abreviatura) cal, calorías mm, milímetros cm, centímetros msnm, metros sobre el nivel del mar dm, decímetros p. ej., por ejemplo f. femenino s/e, sin editorial ha, hectárea seg, segundo km, kilómetro sin., sinónimo km2, kilómetros cuadrados sing., singular m. masculino pl., plural m, metros t.a., término aproximado Ma, millones de años ton, tonelada mbnm, metros bajo el nivel del mar v., véase Siglas FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura) SSS, Soil Survey Staff UNESCO, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (Or- ganización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura) Introducción . 11 Reconocimientos En la primera edición colaboraron en la revisión de términos: Joaquín Aguayo Camargo, Nicolás Aguilera Herrera, Enriqueta García Amaro, Alejandro Guzmán Aguirre, Gilberto Hernández Corzo, Carlos Lazcano Saha- gún, Víctor Malpica Cruz, Ana Lilian Martin Del Pozzo, Fernando Ortega Gu- tiérrez, Mario Arturo Ortiz Pérez, José Luis Palacio Prieto y Lorenzo Vázquez Selem. La revisión gramatical estuvo a cargo de Carlos Jaso Vega. En la actual: Gerardo Bocco Verdinelli, Manuel Bollo Manent, Lucía Capra, Miguel Castillo Rodríguez, Andrea Coronato, Estela Enriquez Fernández, Juan Reynerio Fagun- do Castillo, Daniel Geissert, José Ramón Hernández Santana, Gabriel Legorreta Paulín, José López García, Víctor Manuel Martínez Luna, Esperanza Muñoz Salinas, María Sala Sanjaume, David Palacios Estremera, Lorenzo Vázquez Se- lem, José Juan Zamorano Orozco.
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