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WIKIPEDIA, WORK and CAPITALISM a Realm of Freedom?

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WIKIPEDIA, WORK and CAPITALISM a Realm of Freedom? WIKIPEDIA, WORK AND CAPITALISM A Realm of Freedom? Arwid Lund Dynamics of Virtual Work Series Editors Ursula Huws De Havilland Campus Hertfordshire Business School Hatfield, UK Rosalind Gill Department of Sociology City University London London, UK Technological change has transformed where people work, when and how. Digitisation of information has altered labour processes out of all recognition whilst telecommunications have enabled jobs to be relocated globally. ICTs have also enabled the creation of entirely new types of ‘digital’ or ‘virtual’ labour, both paid and unpaid, shifting the borderline between ‘play’ and ‘work’ and creating new types of unpaid labour con- nected with the consumption and co-creation of goods and services. This affects private life as well as transforming the nature of work and peo- ple experience the impacts differently depending on their gender, their age, where they live and what work they do. Aspects of these changes have been studied separately by many different academic experts how- ever up till now a cohesive overarching analytical framework has been lacking. Drawing on a major, high-profile COST Action (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Dynamics of Virtual Work, this series will bring together leading international experts from a wide range of disciplines including political economy, labour sociology, eco- nomic geography, communications studies, technology, gender studies, social psychology, organisation studies, industrial relations and develop- ment studies to explore the transformation of work and labour in the Internet Age. The series will allow researchers to speak across disciplin- ary boundaries, national borders, theoretical and political vocabularies, and different languages to understand and make sense of contemporary transformations in work and social life more broadly. The book series will build on and extend this, offering a new, important and intellec- tually exciting intervention into debates about work and labour, social theory, digital culture, gender, class, globalisation and economic, social and political change. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14954 Arwid Lund Wikipedia, Work and Capitalism A Realm of Freedom? Arwid Lund Department of Arts and Cultural Sciences Lund University Lund, Sweden Dynamics of Virtual Work ISBN 978-3-319-50689-0 ISBN 978-3-319-50690-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50690-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935052 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © Amy Cicconi / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For Jenny Salmson Preface This book has been with me for some time. Since 2009, the general idea has been to investigate what kind of emancipatory potentials exist in the digitally mediated world. Peer production, voluntary social production mediated by digital networks and platforms, and Wikipedia are phenom- ena that evoke new social imaginaries and visions. But I was not sure about the participants’ political thoughts, in a broad sense, about their activities and projects, and in order to know more I chose to study the Swedish language-version of Wikipedia. The result that you now hold in your hands (or read on a screen) has the ambition to provide a platform for more concrete, better informed, and also deeper discussions on emerging new forms of commons-based “politics” in the intersection of evolving productive forces and chang- ing social relations of production. This book is of interest to all people, students and scholars, who have an interest in digital communities and new trends within political economy, as, for example, users’ productive and unpaid activities on digital platforms. Scholars and activists with an interest in critical theory can find new ideas in the text about how to reinvigorate a critical theory that today runs the risk of being co-opted by the same capitalism it started out to criticise; state agencies and non- governmental organizations, with an interest in open data and open knowledge, can study the experiences from Wikipedia’s cooperations with the GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) sector; vii viii Preface and, more generally, all fan-producers and peer producers can hopefully find new thoughts and perspectives on the motivations for participation, and on the political consequences, both already existing and potential ones, of their productive activities. Also the Wikipedian community can get some input from the study to internal discussions about the proj- ect and its future development and character, especially when it comes to questions regarding professionalisation, wage labour and cooperation with state agencies and companies. The study consists of two major parts. The first part, Chaps. 1, 2, 3, and 4, introduces the subject of the study and gives a historical, theoretical and methodological background to it. The second part, Chaps. 5, 6, and 7, engages in an ideology analysis of the statements of eight interviewed informants, and one public lecture about the making of Wikipedia. Many people have contributed to the project throughout the years. I am heavily indebted to the former colleagues at the Department of ALM (Archives, Libraries and Museums) at Uppsala University, but without the COST-network and the working group Dynamics of Virtual Work, headed by Ursula Huws, there would not have been a book at all. COST offered a Short-Term Scientific Mission at University of Westminster, and much of the study’s theoretical and methodological underpinnings took shape during this stay in London, thanks to the intense theoretical discussions at the CAMRIseminar. My gratitude also goes to the infor- mants who so generously gave me of their precious time. And finally, as always, my love to Jenny, Viktoria and Vera, who stood by me through good and bad times. Arwid Lund Lund, Sweden Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Background: Encyclopaedias and the Digital Revolution 31 3 Wikipedia 47 4 The Outside of Cognitive Capitalism Understood Through Ideology Analysis 67 5 Wikipedians’ Views on Their Activities 127 6 Complement or Alternative to the Commons’ Outside? 199 7 The Ideological Formations Take Shape 263 Appendix 1 331 ix x Contents Bibliography 345 Index 363 List of Abbreviations API Application Programming Interface ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency CPR Common-Pool Resources CSR Corporate Social Responsibility FOSS Free and Open Source Software FSF Free Software Foundation GPL General Public License GNU GNU’s Not Unix! ICT Information and Communication Technology NE Nationalencyklopedin/Swedish National Encyclopaedia OSI Open Source Initiative PPL Peer Production License PPP Peer Production Project RAÄ/SNHB Riksantikvarieämbetet/Swedish National Heritage Board SOPA Stop Online Piracy Act xi List of Figures Model 4.1 Typology based on the study’s key concepts 113 Model 4.2 Field structure based on the relationship between the key concepts 114 Model 4.3 Matrix for mapping ideological positions and formations within the field structure 115 Model 5.1 The relationships between the study’s central concepts: playing, gaming, working and labouring 129 Model 7.1 Visualisation of number of ideological positions at the micro level (See Appendix 1 for a code table of the micro level’s ideological positions as condensed text) 266 Model 7.2 Field model over the distribution of the micro level’s ideological formations 291 Model 7.3 Visualisation of the macro level’s ideological formations 306 Model 7.4 Visual comparison of the micro and macro level’s ideological formations 308 xiii List of Tables Table 7.1 The identified ideological formations 307 xv 1 Introduction Playbour, what kind of a strange bird is this? Does it exist at all, or is it only a fantasy? Should it be desired or avoided? Does it have any relatives? Metaphors are difficult to use. Concepts’ relation to the signified are even more difficult. This study focuses on productive activities in digital networks and on digital platforms that are often described as pleasurable, creative and playful. The actual concept of playbour
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