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The Renaissance : the Revival of Learning and Art in the Fourteenth

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The Renaissance : the Revival of Learning and Art in the Fourteenth THE RENAISSANCE THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING AND ART IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES THE RENAISSANCE. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING AND ART IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES. BY PHILIP LL.D. jSCHAFF, D.D., Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, N. Y. CHAPTER I. LITERATURE OF THE RENAISSANCE. See an alphabetical list of the Renaissance literature down to 1881 in Voigt's des class, and a list Wiederbelebung Alterthums, II., 517-529 ; long including the literature on the papacy of that period in Pastor's Geschichte der Papste (1886 sqq.), I., xxiv.-xlvi., and II., xxv.-xlvii. Geiger adds literary notices to his Renaissance und Humanismus (1882), pp. 564 sqq, I. ORIGINAL AUTHORITIES. L. A. Muratori (b. at Modena, 1672, librarian of the Ambrosian library at Milan, 1695, d. 1750): Rerum Italicarum Scriptores ab anno (era Christ, quingentesimo ad millesimum quingentesimum, Mediol., 1723-'$!, 25 vols., fol., with supplemental vols. (ab anno millesimo ad millesimum sexcentesimum), Florentise, 1748 and 1770, and Accessiones histories Faventina, Venet., 1771. In all, 31 parts. Tom. XV. contains an alphabetical list of the authors in this vast collection, some of whom belong to the Renaissance period. Girolamo Tiraboschi (a Jesuit, and librarian of the Duke of Modena, d. 1794) : Storia della Letteratura Italiana, Roma, i782-'85, 9 vols. in 13 parts, 4to. Vol. IX., pp. 125-366, contains the topical index. Vol. V. treats of Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarca. Comp. also Vol. VI., P. I., pp. 155 sqq. (Scoprimento d'Antichita), and Vol. VI., P. II., pp. -2.\<)sqq. (Poesia Latina, etc.). The first edition appeared at Modena, i77i-'82, 13 vols., a new one at Milan, l822-'26, in 16 vols. The works of Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Poggio, Valla, and ^Eneas Sylvius, see below. 4 The Renaissance, II. MODERN WORKS. Humphrey Hody (Prof, at Oxford) : De Greeds illustribus Lingua Gr<zc<z Literarumque humaniorwn instauratoribus, London, 1742. A posthumous work published by Dr. Jebb. den Zeiten der Meiners : Lebensbeschreibungen beriihmier Manner aus Wie- derherstellung der Wissensehaften, Zurich, 1795 '97, 3 vols. seit der Heeren : Geschichte der classischen Lit. der Wiederaufiebung Wis- 2 vols. new ed. in his Hist. Parts senschaften, Gottingen, 1797-1802, ; Works, IV. and V., G5tt., 1822. Erhard : Gesch. des Aufbliihens ivissensch. Bildung, vornehmlich in Deutschland bis zum Anfang der Reformation, Magdeburg, i827-*32, 3 vols. called Wm. Roscoe (1753-1831) : The Life of Lorenzo de Medici, the Mag- nificent, Liverpool (London), 1796, and repeatedly reprinted and translated into French, German, and Italian. The Life and Pontificate of Leo X., Lon- don, 1805, and often since. German transl. by Henke, with notes, Leipzig, vols. Italian transl. with valuable 1806, 3 ; by Luigi Bossi, Milano, 1816, appendices. The Italian ed. was placed on the Index. J. Ch. L. Sismondi (1773-1842) : Histoire des Republiques Italiennes, Paris, I8o7-'i8, 5th ed. i84O-'44, 10 vols. (English translation, London, 1832), and 1 Histoire de la renaissance de la liberte en Italic, 1832, 2 vols. Jules Michelet (1798-1874) : Renaissance, the 7th vol. of his Histoire de France, Paris, 1867. Ad. Franck (Membre de 1'Institut) : Re'formateurs et Publicistes de VEurope. Moyen Age Renaissance, Paris, 1864. Sketches of Dante, Marsilius of Padua, Occam, Savonarola. * Jacob Burckhardt (Prof, in Basel) : Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, Basel, 1860; 2ded., revised, Leipzig (Seemann), 1869; 3d ed. by L. Geiger, 1878, in 2 vols. A series of philosophico-historical sketches on the six aspects of the Italian Renaissance, namely, the new conception of the state, the devel- opment of the individual, the revival of science, the discovery of the world and of man, the new formation of society, and the transformation of morals and religion. An excellent English translation by S. G. C. Middlemore from the 3d ed. (The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, London and New York, Macmillan, 1890, 559 pp.). Italian translation by Diego Valbusa of Mantua. Burckhardt wrote also (in connection with W. Liibke), Geschichte der Renais- sance in 1868 with 180 Italien, Stuttgart, ; 2d ed., 1878, illustrations, chiefly on architecture and sculpture, to complete Kugler's Geschichte der Baukunst. Comp. also his Cicerone ; Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunst-werke Italiens, 4th ed. by Bode, Leipzig, 1879; 5th ed. 1884, 3 vols. *Georg Voigt : Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums oder das erste 2d Jahrhundertdes Humanismus, 1859 ; ed., rewritten, Berlin, 1880 and 1881, his life 2 vols. Also of Pius II. : Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini, als Papst Pius II. und sein Zeitalter, Berlin, 1856- '63, 3 vols. T. D. of Yale Woolsey (late Pres. College, d. 1889) : The Revival of Letters in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. A series of valuable articles in the line of Voigt's first ed., in the "New Englander," New Haven, Conn., for 1864 and 1865. Literature of the Renaissance. 5 *Ferd. Gregorovius: Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelatter vom. V. bis turn XVI, Jahrh. (1859), 4th revised ed., Stuttgart (Cotta), 1886 sqq., 8 vols. See Vols. VI.-VIII. Alfred von Reumont : Geschichte der Stadt Rom, Berlin, i867-'7O, 3 vols. The 3d vol., in 2 parts, treats of Humanism and the Popes of the Renaissance. the same Lorenzo de' Medici il 2d By author, Magnifico, Leipzig, 1874 ; ed., revised, 1883, 2 vols. Marc Monnier : La Renaissance de Dante a Luther, Paris, 1884 (crowned by the French Academy). H. Taine : Lectures on and Second Art (First Series) ; Italy, Rome, and Naples ; Italy, Florence, and Venice. English translation by John Durand, New York (Henry Holt & Co.), 1875 sqq. The Second Series of Lectures gives the philosophy of art in Italy. Fritz Schultze : Geschichte der Philosophie der Renaissance. Vol. I., Ge. Gem. Pletho und seine reformatorischen Bestrebungen, Jena, 1874. Pasquale Villari : Niccolb Machiavelli e i suoi tempi, Firenze, 1877-1882, 3 vols. German translation by Mangold. Comp. also Villari's La Storia di Girolamo revised ed. and Savonarola, Firenze, 1858 ; and enlarged 1887 1888, in 2 vols. (English translation by his wife, London, 1888.) * John Addington Symonds : Renaissance in Italy, London and New York (H. Holt & Co.), 1877 sqq. ; ad, cheaper ed., 1888, 7 vols. Part I., The Age the Part II. The Revival Part The Fine of Despots; , of Learning; III., Part Italian Literature Arts ; IV., (2 vols.) ; Part V., The Catholic Reaction (1886, 2 vols). The most complete English work on the subject, and based upon the original sources, but somewhat prolix and repetitious. Geiger very " unjustly calls it unbedeutend." Symonds wrote the article, Renaissance, in the "Encycl. Britannica," Ed. IX., Vol. XX. (1886), pp. 380-394. *Gustav Koerting : Geschichte der Litteratur Italiens im Zeitalter der Re- Vol. 1880 naissance, Leipzig (Reisland), I., 1878 (Petrarca) ; Vol. II., (Boc- Vol. forerunners founders of the caccio) ; III., 1884 (the and Renaissance; this vol. should be the first). The work is to embrace 6 vols., the last to be devoted to Torquato Tasso. H. Hettner : Italienische Studien. Zur Geschichte der Renaissance, Braun- schweig, 1879. * Ludwig Geiger (Prof, in Berlin) : Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland, Berlin, 1882 (pp. 585), with illustrations. Part of Oncken's "Allg. Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen." Comp. his Neue Schriften zur " Kritik des Humanismus, in the Historische Zeitschrift" for 1874, pp. 49-125. Preste Tommasini : La vita e gli scritti di Nicolb Machiavelli nella loro re- lazione al Machiavellismo, Roma (Loescher), 1883 sq. Mrs. Oliphant : The Makers of Florence, London (Macmillan & Co.), 1888. Sketches of Dante, Giotto, Savonarola, Michel Angelo. * Eugene Mtintz : Histoire de I'Artpendant la Renaissance, Paris (Hachette et Cie.), 1889 sqq. To embrace 5 vols., each containing 800 to 900 pages and 2,500 engravings. 6 The Renaissance. III. WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF THE PAPACY OF THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD. Leop. von Ranke (d. 1886) : Die romischen Pdpste in den letzten vier yahrh., Leipzig, 3 vols., 8th ed., 1885. Begins with an introduction on the epochs of the Papacy, and Leo X. Mandell Creighton (Professor of Church History in Cambridge, England) : A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation, London and New York, 1882-1887, 4 vols. The title of this work is misleading, as it begins with 1378 and ends 1518, i.e., the beginning of the Reformation, properly so called. It is rather a history of the Papacy in the period of the Renaissance. Ludwig Pastor (Rom. Cath. Prof, of History at Innsbruck) : Geschichte der Pdpste im Zeitalter der Renaissance, Freiburg i. B. (Herder), Vol. I. 1886, Vol. II., 1889. A Roman Catholic counterpart of Ranke, based upon extensive studies in the documentary sources. CHAPTER II. ORIGIN, CHARACTER, AND INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE. The classical literature of Greece and the law of Rome, as well as the Mosaic religion, prepared the way for the introduction and success of Christianity in the old Roman empire. The same literature and law became educators of the Latin and Teutonic races for modern civilization. The Italians took the place of the ancient Greeks, and even surpassed them as poets and artists. Republican Florence rivalled and outshone Athens as a home of genius, and papal Rome excelled imperial Rome in the liberal patronage of letters and arts. The study of the old Roman literature never died out in the Church. Latin was her official language, and was required from every priest. The Benedictine monks copied Virgil, Cicero, Horace, Donatus, and Boetius, besides the works of St. Augustin, Jerome, and Gregory I. The scholars at the court of Charlemagne, the restorer of the Western Roman empire, showed considerable knowledge of the classics, and might have brought on a premature Renaissance, had not the civil wars under his weak successors and the corruptions of the papacy checked all progress for two centuries. Europe relapsed into barbarism. The libraries of many convents were destroyed, or scattered, or sold for charms or relics.
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