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By Daniel S. Houston a Dissertation Submitted to Johns Hopkins THE ALDIN E LASCARIS: A PUBLISHER‘S TEXTBOOK IN THE I TALIAN RENAISSANCE By Daniel S. Houston A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland October, 2015 © 2015 Daniel Houston All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT In 1495, the Venetian teacher-turned-printer Aldo Manuzio (c. 1445-1515) published the Greek grammar of Constantine Lascaris, the ἖ρωτήματα, or ἖πιτομὴ τῶν ὀκτὼ λόγου μερῶν. It was the first book issued from Aldus‘s newly founded, independent press, and it launched his ambitious publishing program of Greek classics. But the edition is more than Lascaris‘s grammar. It contains an additional seven distinct texts, known as the Aldine Appendix: the treatise of Tryphon, De passionibus dictionum; Aldus‘s own abecedarium and his treatise on abbreviations; primer material including the Lord‘s Prayer, the Salve Regina, the Apostles‘ Creed, and a short selection from the Gospel of Saint John; the Carmina aurea of pseudo-Pythagoras; the Versûs of pseudo-Phocylides; and a selection from Moschopulus on Greek grammar. This dissertation argues that the Aldine Lascaris should be understood not as an aggregate of texts, but as a single textual entity, assembled and marketed by a publisher with the express purpose of presenting a complete course, real or ideal, in ancient Greek. Aldus was a teacher-turned-printer, and he exploited the technology of the printing press to offer late Quattrocento Hellenists new means of learning Greek. In other words, the Aldine Lascaris is a textbook, and textbooks, as such, are inexorably attached to the advent of print and the rise of print culture. The INTRODUCTION explores the intersection of codicology, bibliography and classical studies. CHAPTER 1 reviews the history of Greek language instruction and its place in the studia humanitatis. CHAPTER 2 presents the actors and instruments involved in the production of the Aldine Lascaris. CHAPTER 3 treats the book-copies themselves, detailing the actual content and its arrangement. CHAPTER 4 presents the textbook in its environment, exploring the relationship of the parts to the whole and the use of the book in Quattrocento Greek pedagogy. ii CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………… V TABLES AND FIGURES ……………………………………………… VI METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………… 1-4 INTRODUCTION : THE H ISTORY OF THE BOOK, PRINT CULTURE, AND C LASSICAL STUDIES …………………………………………………………….. 5-45 I.1 Objectives and Principles ……………………………………….. 9-11 I.2 Codicology and Bibliography …………………………………… 12-30 I.3 Print Culture? …………………………………………………… 31-37 I.4 The History of the Book and Classical Studies ……….…… 38-45 CHAPTER 1: TH E GREEK LANGUAGE IN WESTERN EUROPE.. 46-82 1.1 Ancient Rome……………………………………………………. 50-56 1.2 Late Antiquity…………………………………………………… 56-60 1.3 The Latin Middle Ages…………………………………………… 60-64 1.4 The Italian Renaissance………………………………………… 65-69 1.5 The History of Education in the Italian Renaissance: Sources and Methods ……………………………………………… 70-82 CHAPTER 2: TH E ALDINE LASCARIS IN THE MAKING ………… 83-162 2.1 Italian Renaissance Hellenism, the Studia, and Aldus Manutius …………………………………………….. 86-108 2.2 The Aldine Publishing Program and its Relation to the Aldine Lascaris ………………………………………………….. 109-121 2.3 Andrea Torresano, Pietro Bembo, Francesco Griffo, et al. ……………………………………………. 129-130 2.4 Making Greek Books; or, The Trouble with Greek ………… 135-136 2.5 Designing Grammar, Part 1: The Imposition of a Bilingual Edition…………………………………………………. 131-137 2.6 Designing Grammar, Part 2: The Form and Function of the Aldine Greek Type ………………………………………………. 138-157 2.7 Designing Grammar, Part 3: Mise-en-Page ………………… 158-162 CHAPTER 3: TH E ALDINE LASCARIS: TH E F IRST EDITION … 163-198 3.1 The Colophons ……………………………………………………… 163-165 3.2 The Collation ……………………………………………………… 165-166 3.3 The Paper ………………………………………………………… 166-167 iii 3.4 Aldus‘s Contents …………………………………………………. 168 3.5 Actual Contents …………………………………………………. 169-170 3.6 The Texts of the Aldine Lascaris……………………………… 171-182 3.7 Walters 91.720 …………………………………………………… 183-186 3.8 Beinecke Zi 5546 ………………………………………………… 187-190 3.9 Bryn Mawr College Goodhart L-68…………………………… 191-194 3.10 Houghton Inc 5546 ……………………………………………… 195-198 CHAPTER 4: A PUBLISHER‘ S TEXTBOOK IN THE ITALIAN R ENAISSANCE …………………………………………… 199-229 4.1 The Sum of the Parts ……………………………………………. 200-210 4.2 The Publisher‘s Textbook ………………………………………. 211-214 4.3 Textbooks, Typography, and the Renaissance Classroom … 214-225 EPILOGUE: The Aldine Lascaris after Aldus ………………………… 225-229 APPENDICES ………………………………………………………… 230- A.1 Praefatio ad compendium octo orationis partium …………… 230-233 A.2 Praefatio ad appendicem ………………………………………… 233-236 A.3 Epilogus ……………………………………………………………. 236 A.4 Praefatio ad errata ……………………………………………….. 237 WO RKS CITED ……………………………………………………… 238-257 VITA …………………………………………………………………. 258 iv ABBREVIATIONS Babcock and Sosower Robert Babcock and Mark Sosower, Learning from the Greeks: An Exhibition Commemorating the Five-Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of the Aldine Press (New Haven: 1994). Barbour Ruth Barbour, Greek Literary Hands, A.D. 400-1600 (Oxford, 1981). Briquet C.-M. Briquet, Les filigranes. Dictionnaire historique des marques du papier des leur apparition vers 1282 jusq'en 1600, avec. 39 figures dans le texte et 16,112 facsimiles de filigranes 4 vols. (Geneva, 1907). Coates Alan Coates, A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century Now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Oxford, 2005). Cod.Vat.Gr. Giovanni Mercati, ed. Codices vaticani graeci 4 vols. (Rome, 1923-50). GIP Glasgow Incunabula Project Goff Frederick Goff, Incunabula in American libraries: a supplement to the third census of fifteen-century books recorded in North American collections (New York, 1972). GW Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke Hain Ludwig Hain, Repertorium Bibliographicum 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1826-38). ISTC Incunabula Short Title Catalog Legrand Emile Legrand, s par - cle 2 vols. (Brussels, 1963). Lowry Martin Lowry, The World of Aldus Manutius (Oxford, 1979). Proctor Robert Proctor, An Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum: From the Invention of Printing to the Year 1500 4 vols. (London, 1898-1903). Thurston and Bühler Ada Thurston and Curt Bühler, Check List of Fifteenth Century Printing in the Pierpont Morgan Library (New York, 1939). Updike Daniel Berkeley Updike, Printing Types (Cambridge, 1922 [London, 2001]). USTC Universal Short Title Catalog Walsh James Walsh, A Catalog of the Fifteenth-Century Printed Books in the Harvard University Library 4 vols. (New York, 1991). v TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1 ………………………………………………………. 93 Table 2.2 ………………………………………………………. 108 Table 3.1 ………………………………………………………. 170 Table 3.2 ………………………………………………………. 172 Table 3.3……………………………………………………….. 176-177 Table 4.1 ………………………………………………………. 204 Table 4.2 ………………………………………………………. 207 Table 4.3 ………………………………………………………. 209 Table E.1 ……………………………………………………… 227-229 Figure 2.1 …………………………………………………… .. 134 Figure 2.2 ……………………………………………………… 156 Figure 2.3 ……………………………………………………… 156 Figure 2.4 ……………………………………………………… 159 Figure 2.5 ……………………………………………………… 160 Figure 3.1 ……………………………………………………… 168 vi METHODOLOGY The purpose of this dissertation is to recover an aspect of Greek language studies around the year 1500 through a careful study of one set of artifacts in particular: the ἖πιτομή of Constantine Lascaris as printed by Aldus Manutius in 1495, which, it will be argued, belongs to the genre of ‘ k, a kind of book inevitably linked to the advent of print and its effect on humanism and book production. Studying the book will be a three-step process. First, it will be necessary to identify the book‘s salient, bibliographical attributes. This is a process of descriptive bibliography. Second, the attributes will be classified according to their significance and their potential to reveal likeness and difference with the printed and manuscript books that both precede and follow. This is an archaeological process. Finally, the likenesses and differences will be grouped according to their relation to print, giving us a notion of what about this book, exactly, is special to print versus what, exactly, is general to Greek- language pedagogical books. The dissertation will argue that the Aldine Lascaris betrays attributes associated solely with print that are essential to a new genre in foreign-language pedagogy: the publisher‘s textbook. It is important, at this stage, to reiterate the methodological priority of the book-copies belonging to the edition. This priority makes the dissertation essentially codicological/bibliographical in principle and book-historical in objective.1 1 The growth and methodological coherence of the history of the book, as an academic discipline, have an inverse relationship: as the discipline expands, its methodology dissipates. That the methods of analytical bibliography are not necessarily those of book- history has been the cause of much discussion. See, in particular, Darnton 1979: 17: ―Step 1 The basis of the argument will be the significant copy or copies, in this case those copies that can be assigned to Aldus‘s 1495 edition of Lascaris‘s ἖πιτομή. This project is not directly concerned with Lascaris‘s career, teaching, or text per se. Each of these has been covered.2 Although Lascaris will act in cameos, this project is concerned primarily with a Greek-language textbook that incidentally (but not accidentally) contains his grammar. It is fundamental to this dissertation to posit that Lascaris
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