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Appendix 1: Commanders- In-Chief of the GSFG/ WGF*

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Appendix 1: Commanders- in-Chief of the GSFG/ WGF* Marshal Georgy Zhukov, 1945-46. USSR Minister of Defense 1955-7. Marshal Vassily Sokolovsky, 1946-9. Chief of the General Staff, 1952-61. Army General Vassily Chuykov, 1949-53. Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, 1960-4. Marshal Andrey Grechko, 1953-7. USSR Minister of Defense, 1967-76. Marshal Matvey Zakharov, 1957-60. Chief of the General Staff, 1960-63 and 1964-71. Army General I.I. Yakubovsky, 1960-61 and 1962-65. Comman­ der-in-Chief of the WTO, 1967-76. Marshal Ivan Konyev, 1961-2. Commander-in-Chief of the WTO, 1955-60. Marshal P. K. Koshevoy, 1965-9. Army General Viktor Kulikov, 1969-71. Commander-in-Chief of the WTO, 1976-89. Army General S.K. Kurkotkin, 1971-2. Army General Yevgeny Ivanovsky, 1972-80. Army General Mikhail Zaitsev, 1980-5. Army General Pyotr Lushev, 1985-6. Commander-in-Chief of the WTO, 1989-91. Army General Valery Belikov, 1986-7. Army General Boris Snetkov, 1987-91. Army General Matvey Burlakov, 1991-4. ^Sources: Foreign Broadcast Information Services, Daily Reports; Scott and Scott, op. cit., 222; Suvorov, op. cit., 38. 137 Appendix 2: Chronology of Key Events* 1945 May 9. Germany's unconditional surrender to Soviet forces. June 5. The Allied Declaration on Berlin, marking the assumption of supreme authority over Germany, comes into effect. Four occupation zones are established. 1946 April 21-22. The SED is formed through the merger of the SPD and German communists in the Soviet zone. 1949 January 25. CEMA is created. April 4. NATO is established. May 25. The Basic Law enters into effect, creating the FRG. October 7. The Constitution of the GDR enters into force. 1950 February 2. The MfS is established in the GDR. July 20-24. Ulbricht is selected as First Secretary at the third SED Party Conference. September 29. The GDR is admitted to CEMA. 1952 May 26. The GDR establishes a five kilometer restricted area along the inner-German border. 1953 March 5. Stalin dies. June 17. Riots in East Berlin and other cities throughout the GDR. They are put down by GSFG troops. Source: Von der Spaltung, 1945-1991: Eine Deutsche Chronik im Texten und Bildern (Bonn: Presse und Informationsamt der Bundersregierung, 1992). 138 Chronology of Key Events 139 1954 March 25. The USSR recognizes the GDR as a sovereign state. 1955 May 11-14. The WTO is established. September 20. The USSR signs a "Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance" with the GDR. 1956 January 27. The GDR joins the WTO. February 14-25. The CPSU 20th Party Congress. Khrushchev denounces Stalin in a secret speech. October 23-November 11. Popular uprising in Hungary, which is put down by Soviet forces. 1961 August 13-16. The building of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin. 1968 April 6. A new East German constitution is introduced. August 21. Soviet-led intervention in Czechoslovakia, which ended the Prague Spring. September 26. A Pravda editorial limits the sovereignty of socialist states (the Brezhnev Doctrine). 1969 September 28. An SPD/FDP coalition wins the elections to the FRG Bundestag, with Brandt as chancellor. 1970 August 12. The USSR and FRG sign a renunciation of force treaty. December 7. The FRG and Poland sign the Treaty of Warsaw, recognizing the Oder-Neisse line as the German-Polish border. 1971 May 3. Ulbricht resigns as First Secretary and is succeeded by Honecker. September 3. Britain, France, the United States, and the USSR sign the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin, December 17. The Transit Agreement between the FRG and GDR is signed in Bonn. 140 Appendix 2 1972 May 26. The SALT I agreement between the United States and the USSR is signed in Moscow. 1973 September 18. The FRG and the GDR are simultaneously admitted to the United Nations. July 3-12. Opening of the CSCE. 1979 June 18. SALT II is signed. October 4-8. Brezhnev announces the withdrawal of 20,000 Soviet troops and 1,000 tanks from the GDR. December 12. NATO decided to deploy 572 intermediate-range weapons in Western Europe beginning in 1983. December 24. The USSR intervenes in Afghanistan. 1980 October 17. The INF Talks begin in Geneva. 1981 December 12. Jaruzelski imposes martial law in Poland. 1982 June 29. The opening of the American-Soviet Strategic Arms Reductions Talks. October 1. Kohl of the CDU is elected as FRG Chancellor following a constructive vote of no-confidence against Schmidt November 10. Brezhnev dies and is succeeded by Andropov. 1983 November 21-22. The FRG Bundestag approves the deployment of the American INF launchers in West Germany. November 24. The USSR announces the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in Czechoslovakia and East Germany. 1985 March 11. Gorbachev is elected General Secretary of the CPSU following the death of Chernenko. April 26. The WTO is extended for twenty years. November 19-21. Gorbachev and Reagan meet, for the first time, in Geneva. Chronology of Key Events 141 1986 April 26. A fire breaks out at the Soviet nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, leading to the release of radioactive material. October 11-12. Gorbachev and Reagan meet in Reykjavik. 1987 January 27-28. Gorbachev announces the policies of glasnost and perestroika. December 12. The INF Treaty is signed in Washington. 1988 March. Gorbachev renounces the Brezhnev Doctrine during a state visit to Yugoslavia. 1989 February 15. The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan is completed. May 2. Hungarian border guards remove the barbed wire fences on the Austrian-Hungarian border. July 7. The WTO formally revokes the Brezhnev Doctrine. October 7. The GDR's fortieth anniversary celebration take place, with Gorbachev in attendance. October 18. Honecker is relived of his duties as First Secretary of the SED and replaced by Krenz. November 9. The opening of the Berlin Wall. November 13. Modrow is elected as GDR Premier. December 2-3. Presidents Bush and Gorbachev meet at Malta. The Cold War is declared over. 1990 February 13. The Ottawa Conference leads to the 2 + 4 Declara­ tion. March 18. East German national elections. May 5. The first 2 4-4 Conference. June 1. Economic, monetary and social union between the FRG and the GDR. June 22. The second 2 4- 4 Conference. July 13-17. The Gorbachev-Kohl summit in Moscow and the Caucasus. July 17. The third 2 + 4 Conference. August 31. The Unification Treaty is signed. 142 Appendix 2 September 12. The 2 + 4 Treaty is signed in Moscow. October 2-3. German unification. October 12. Germany and the USSR sign the Troop Presence and Withdrawal Treaty. December 20. Shevardnadze resigns as Foreign Minister of the USSR. 1991 June 12. Yeltsin elected President of Russia. June 19. The Soviet withdrawal from Hungary is completed. June 21. The Soviet withdrawal from Czechoslovakia is completed. August 19-21. The "August Coup" attempt in the USSR. September 6. The Baltic republics formally secede from the USSR. December 8. The CIS is established by the presidents of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. December 25. Gorbachev resigns as USSR President. 1992 May 7. The Russian Army is reestablished. December 12. The last Russian combat forces leave Poland. 1993 April 25. Popular referenda in Russia. Yeltsin wins a vote of confidence. September 8. Russia and the United States sign a military cooperation agreement. September 21. Yeltsin declares emergency rule and suspends the Congress of People's Deputies. October 3/4. The "October Events" in Moscow. 1994 June 22. Russia agrees to join the NATO Partnership for Peace program. June 24. Russia signs a trade pact with the European Union. August 29. Burlakov appointed as a deputy defense minister by Yeltsin. August 31. The formal withdrawal of the WGF from Germany. September 6-7. Joint American-Russian exercises in Totsk, Russia. September 8. Britain, France and the United States withdraw their forces from Berlin. Appendix 3: Treaty on the Final Settlement on Germany The Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, the Republic of France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America - IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS that their peoples have been living together in peace since 1945. BEARING IN MIND the recent historic changes in Europe, which have made it possible to overcome the division of the continent. TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION the rights and responsibilities of the Four Powers in relation to Berlin and Germany as a whole and the relevant agreements and decisions of the Four Powers during wartime and the postwar era. DETERMINED, in accordance with their obligations arising from the United Nations Charter, to develop friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self- determination of the peoples and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace. BEARING IN MIND the principles of the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. IN RECOGNITION that these principles have created firm bases for the development of a just and lasting peace order in Europe, DETERMINED to take account of the security interests of all parties, CONVINCED of the necessity of finally overcoming differences and continuing to develop cooperation in Europe, Source: ADN International Service in German 0755 GMT September 12, 1990, FBIS-WEU-177-U, September 12, 1990, 3-5. 143 144 Appendix 3 IN AFFIRMATION of their readiness to strengthen security, particularly by means of effective measures for arms control, disarmament and confidence-building; their readiness not to regard one another as enemies, but to work
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