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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65702-0 - Cambridge World Archaeology: The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Timothy Insoll Index More information INDEX abangan,30 exploits of Tippu Tip, 385–6 Abasa (town), 71–2 Malawi – the Yao, 393–5 abasom (lesser gods), 345 Tanzania, 380–4 abasomfie (shrines), 345 African origins, East African coast and offshore abayifo (witches), 345 islands, 150–61 Abdi, 59 African traditional religions ablutions pots, 296–7 material manifestations of, 26–7 Abradi, 125 overview, 22–6 Abu Bekr, Sultan, 78 Afrikaner Broederbond, 375 Abu Makhramah, 48–9 Aga Khan, 14 Abungu studies, 180 agate beads, 151 Abyssinians, 49, 51–8 Ageng, Sultan, 375 Adal sultanate, 59, 76–81 Agisymba, 266 absorption of Ifat, 81–4 ‘agricultural revolution’, Islamic, collapse of, 83 110–11 Adams studies Aguda, 350 archaeological remains at Kulubnarti, 113 Ahmad, Muhammad, 126 change between Christian and Muslim Ahmed, Hussein, 39, 46–7, 67 occupation of Qasr Ibrim, 111 Ahmed, Baba, 255 division of Nubian archaeology into three Ahmed ibn Ibrahim, Shaykh, 389 sections, 113 Aidhab houses at Kulubnarti, 114 cemeteries of, 96 neglect of Islamic archaeology in Nubia, 107 destruction of, 97 Nubian church, 106 and pilgrimage route to Mecca, 96 Qasr Ibrim as ordinary town, 111 trade of, 94–6, 97 Adrar, 209 unpleasantness of, 96–7 Adulis, port of, 41–2, 83 Ain Farah, 129 Afar, 36 Aır¨ massif, 253 burial practices of, 75–6 Akan, 343–7 mosques of, 76 brass trade, 336 African interior, 361–96 composition of, 343 eastern interior and central Africa, 376–80 gold trade, 343 Islamisation of, 395–6 use of Muslim supernatural aids, overview, 361–4 343 southern Africa, 364–76 Akbar Ahmed, 14 coastal–interior trade, 364–74 Akik, trade of, 91 the Dutch and Islam, 374–6 Aksumite kingdom, 41–5 Great Zimbabwe, 367–9 control of Dahlak islands, 49 trade routes and settlements after fabled conversion of King Ashama, nineteenth century, 380–95 46–7 Arab and Swahili sultanates, 393 al-‘Arus mountain, 103 Buganda and Rwanda, 388–90 Alague,´ 283 Congo, 384–8 ‘Alalaios’, 49 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65702-0 - Cambridge World Archaeology: The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Timothy Insoll Index More information Index 447 alcohol consumption, 72, 110 Asante, 343–7 Alexander studies amulets and magical protection, 345–6 function of Qasr Ibrim, 108 impact of Muslim communities on, 316 raid of Qasr Ibrim, 109 oral traditions, 344 Ali, Sonni, 255–7 origins of, 344 al-Khasum mountain, 103 role in the decline of Begho, 343 Allen studies Asantemanso, 344 Arab, Persian or other immigration to East Asante Research Project, 344–5 African coast, 150 Asberi, 69 Swahili origins, 148, 154 Ashama (King), 46–7 Swahili society, 178 Askia Muhammad, 257, 342, 405 Allibert studies, 194 Asmadiri quarter of Harar, 78 Almoravids, 230 Assarema Deraheib, 102 religious austerity of, 235 assimilation, 278 trades with Gao, 245 Au Bare, 71–2 alms-giving, 13 audience chambers, 321 Aloma, Mai Idris, 278 Ausan, South Arabia, 41 Alwa kingdom, 106 Auwal mosque, 375 Amadou, Sekou, 355 Avalites (Zeila), 54 Amara Dunqas (Funj ruler), 120 Awukudae, 346 Amchaka, 278–93 ayo, 291 American complex, 379 Azaıs¨ studies, 67, 77 Amhara (ethnic group), 36 Amhara (place), 81 Baba Ghor, 151 al-Amin, Muhammad, 287 Badi Amina (Queen), 297 decline of, 94 Amma, 356 tombstones found at, 93 amphorae, 44, 268 trade of, 91–4 ‘Amr b. al-’As (Arab general), 105 al-Badr, 49 Amud, 71–2 Badro Bari quarter of Harar, 78 amulets, 343 Bagamoyo, 171 ancestor worship, 327 baggala (type of ship), 141 Anjimi, 273 Baghdad, 355 Antaimoro group, 198 Bagirmi, 286–9 Antalaotse group, 198 non-Muslim populations in, 287 Antambahoaka group, 198 origins of, 286 apartheid, 375 al-Bakri studies Arab and Swahili sultanates, 393 conversion of rulers to Islam, 226 Arabic, literacy in, 33 divine kingship in Gao, 233 Arabicisation gold trade in Ghana, 227 in Darfur, 128 inhabitants of Takrur, 224 of the Funj, 122 mosques, 224 meaning/use of term, 3 Bakum, 47 in Nilotic Sudan, 89 Balbus, Cornelius, 211 of Swahili origins, 149–50 Baldas, Sa‘id, 309 Arabic script, 22 Balfour-Paul studies architecture Fur ‘animistic cult’ features, 134 See also housing; mosques kamnei, 134 Fulani, 304 mosque at Uri, 129 in Gadei, 240 Bambara, 208, 329–31, 398 in Gao Ancien, 240–1 Bambuk, 227, 317 social meaning of, 174 Bandiagara, 356, 358 in Timbuktu, 257 Banu Judham, 285 arish (rectangular huts), 75 Banu Kanz, 106 art, 22 baobab tree, 294 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65702-0 - Cambridge World Archaeology: The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Timothy Insoll Index More information 448 index Baqqara, 87 Birni Njimi, 273 Barabir, 49 Bismallah 69, 94, 345 barakah (blessings), 80, 180, 375 black-on-yellow wares, 62, 144–5 Baraka Umm Ayman, 46 ‘blacksmith culture’, 270 Barbar (or Berbera), 61 blacksmiths, 319 Barbushe, 293 Blakely studies, 29 al-Barnawi, Ahmed Abdul Rahman, 134 Blench studies, 299 Bars Bey, Sultan, 97 blue-and-white wares, 61, 188 Barshambu, Abdallah, 114 Bobo, 340 Barth studies Boddy studies, 113, 115 Fulani architecture, 304 Boggie’s Hill, Zimbabwe, 365 inhabitants of Kano, 295 Bohras, 15 travels in west-central Africa, 265 bokaye, 293, 295 Bate,´ 69 bokwoi, 289, 296 Batetela-Bakusu, 387 boli, 319 Batoka plateau, 364 Bono Manso, 337 Baule, 343 foreigners’ settlements in, 340 Baumann studies, 141–3 as one of the polities in northern Ghana, Bayajida, 289 340 beads three phases of occupation at, 340 at Aksum, 42 Bonsu, Asantehene Osei, 345 at eastern interior and central Africa, 377–8 Borgu, 337 glass, 247, 269, 296, 372 Bori cult, 293 Hellenistic, 317 Borno, 274–8 in interior Africa, 363 as centre of Muslim scholarship and at Mapungubwe, southern Africa, 365–6 teaching, 275 in southern Africa, 364, 365 effect of Fulani jihad on, 303 in western Sahel, 211–12 Kanuri compounds in, 273 bedani (type of ship), 141 Botswana, 361, 376 Begho, 334–6 Boum Massenia, 287 burial sites, 334 Bourdier studies, 353 contact with societies of Middle Niger, Bovill studies 335–6 architecture in Timbuktu, 257 gold trade in, 334 gold trade in Ghana, 227 mounds in, 334 Muslim scholarship and teaching in settlements in, 334–5 Timbuktu, 260 weights and measures, 336 bows and arrows, 301 Beja, 36, 99–105 Bozo, 208 Muslim contacts with, 101–3 bracelets, 72 tombs of, 102–3 brass foundries, 335 Bemazava group, 198 brass objects, 247, 336 Bemba, 385 Braukamper¨ studies, 72 Bengal, 29–30 Islam in Harar, 77 Berbera (or Barbar), 61 origins of Harar Berbers, 214 shrines of saints in Harar, 80 Berenike, 91 Bravmann studies, 323 Beswick studies Brenner studies bilad al-ma‘din, 103 creation of Muslim/non-Muslim identity, bilad al-Sudan, 220 1–2 Bilal, 46, 319 Muslim identity, 10 bin Abdullah, Salim, 286–7, 393 Brett studies, 212 bin Yaquut, Fatima binti Cabdi Samad, 62 British Institute in Eastern Africa (BIEA) Biram, 289 project, 44, 125 birane, 289 Broberg, 62 Birni Ngazargamo, 274, 275, 278, 303 Brong, 343 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65702-0 - Cambridge World Archaeology: The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Timothy Insoll Index More information Index 449 Brown studies ‘Cape Coloureds’, 374 coins minted at Kilwa, 186 Cape Malays, 374 coins at Shanga, 165, 179 Cape Muslims, 374 Bruce, James, 56 caravanserai, 99, 341 Bruce studies caravan trade, 268 Debarwa description, 84 carnelian beads, 72, 245–7, 347 Massawa island, 83 carnivore skulls, 365 Buddhism, 29 Carthaginian period, 268 Buganda, 382 casbah,20 Christian missionaries in, 390 cast iron, 42 conversion of rulers to Islam, 389 castles crops and vegetables, 389 at Deraheib site, 104–5 effects of Arab and Swahili traders on, of the Funj, 120–2 389–90 at Kulubnarti, 113–14 impact of Islam on, 390 cavalry, 298–301 initial contacts with Muslim traders, 389 celadon (green wares), 56–61, 245 mosques, 389, 390 cemeteries, 218–20 royal burial customs in, 389–90 See also burial sites; funerary practices; trade routes and settlements after the tombs nineteenth century, 388–90 at Aidhab, 96 Buipe, 337 at Asberi, 69 Bulala, 274–8 Mijikenda people, 155 Bulliet studies, 30 at Mtambwe Mkuu, Pemba, 189 Bure, 227, 317 central Africa and eastern interior Bur Gao site, 146 coastal–interior trade before nineteenth burial sites, 252 century See also cemeteries; funerary practices; archaeological evidence, 377–8 tombs the savannah kingdoms, 378–9 Begho, 334 Tanzania/Uganda and the Congo, 377–80 Dogon, 356 Islamisation in, 376 eastern interior and central Africa, 377 slave and ivory trades in, 376 Hamdallahi, 357 trade routes in, 376 Igbo-Ukwu, 348 central Sudan, 263–313 Ingombe Ilede, 371–2 change in ethnicity, 279 inland Niger delta, 325 Dar al-Kuti, 305–9 Kanem-Borno, 279 early Islam, 269–78 Mali, 321 Bulala and Borno, 274–8 Nyamwezi, 384 Kanem and the Saifawa, 273–4 Burkina Faso, 316 Zaghawa and the Ibadis, 269–72 Burton studies, 47, 61, 148 geography of, 263 coastal–interior trade in eastern interior and Hausa kingdoms, 289–305 central Africa, 377 city-states, 295–7 missionaries of Harar (centre of Adal), 78–9 Fulani jihads, 302–5 Nyamwezi burial sites, 384 origin and early Islam, 289–93 Nyamwezi of western Tanzania, 382 traditional Hausa religion, 295 Byzantine Egyptian province, 105 warfare, 297–302 horses in, 299 cabbage, 322 Islamisation of, 288–9, 312–13 Cairata, Giovanni Battista,
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