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BIBLIOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES Archivio Storico Diplomatico, Rome Archivio Eritrea Ministero Africa Italiana Archives nationales d’outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence FM—Fonds Ministériels FT—Fonds Territoriaux—Côte Française des Somalis Centre des Archives diplomatiques, Nantes Aden Dire Dawa Djibouti Djeddah Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare, Florence Il Centro di documentazione inedita Eritrea Ethiopia National Records Office, Khartoum CIVSEC—the archive of the Civil Secretary © The Author(s) 2018 179 S. Serels, The Impoverishment of the African Red Sea Littoral, 1640–1945, Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94165-3 180 BIBLIOGRAPHY The National Archive, London ADM—Admiralty Records FO—Foreign Office Records WO—War Office British Library, London IOR—India Office Records NON-GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES Durham University The Wylde Family Papers Sudan Archive, Durham University Arbuthnot, Ernest Douglas Balfour, Francis Cecil Campbell Donald, J. C. N. Porter, W. A. Thomson, C. H. Wingate, Francis Reginald Duke University Wingate, Francis Reginald Africa News Service Archive PUBLISHED GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN Annual Report of the Director, Commercial intelligence Branch, Central Economic Board, 1914–1934. Memorandum by General Sir Reginald Wingate on the Finances, Administration and Condition of the Sudan, 1914, 1914. Reports on the Finances, Administrations and Conditions in the Sudan, 1902–1913. Sudan Gazette, 1899–1911; continued as Sudan Government Gazette, 1911–1955. BRITAIN Consular Reports, Jeddah, 1883–1897. Consular Reports, Suakin, 1886–1897. BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finances, Administration, and Conditions of Egypt and the Soudan, 1899–1919; continued as Reports by His Majesty’s High Commissioner on the Finances, Administration and Conditions of Egypt and the Sudan, 1920. Reports on the Finances, Administration and Conditions of the Sudan, 1921–1932; continued as Reports on the Administration, Finances of the Sudan, 1933–1938; continued as Reports on the Administration of the Sudan, 1939–1944; contin- ued as Reports by the Governor-General on the Administration, Finances and Conditions of the Sudan, 1945–1947; continued as Report on the Administration of the Sudan, 1948–1952. Reports on the Province of Dongola, 1897. Report on the Soudan by Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, 1883. BRITISH ADMINISTRATION OF ERITREA Annual Report, 1943–1950. EGYPTIAN ARMY Intelligence Report, Egypt, 1892–1898. Staff Diary and Intelligence Report, Eastern Sudan, 1891–1892. Staff Diary and Intelligence Report, Suakin, 1889–1891. Sudan Intelligence Report, 1898–1925. ETHIOPIA Provincial Government of Eritrea, Social and Economic Development of Eritrea Since 1962, 1966. ITALY Agordat: Note e Documenti, 1894. REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN Economic and Social Research Council, Ministry of the Interior. Social and Economic Survey of South Tokar District Eastern Region Sudan (with special ref- erence to refugees and self-reliance), 1989. 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY UNPUBLISHED THESES AND DISSERTATIONS Ausenda, Giorgio. ‘Leisurely Nomads; the Hadendowa (Beja) of the Gash Delta and Their Transition to Sedentary Village Life.’ PhD diss. University of Columbia, Department of Anthropology, 1987. Hargey, Taj. ‘The Suppression of Slavery in the Sudan, 1898–1939.’ PhD diss. Oxford University, Department of History, 1981. Hofheinz, Albrecht. ‘Internalizing Islam: Shaykh Muhammad Majdhub Scriptural Islam and Local Context in the Early Nineteenth-Century Sudan.’ PhD diss. University of Bergen, Department of History, 1996. Nurtaç, Duman. ‘Emirs of Mecca and the Ottoman Government of Hijaz, 1840–1908.’ MA thesis. Boğaziçi University. Department of History, 2005. Salih, Hassan Mohammed. ‘The Hadendowa: Pastoralism and the Problems of Sedentarisation.’ PhD diss. The University of Hull, Department of Anthropology, 1976. Vaughan, Sarah. ‘Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia.’ PhD diss. University of Edinburgh, Department of Political Science, 2003. Yasin, Yasin Mohammed. ‘Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in theH orn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti.’ PhD diss. Universität Hamburg, Department of Political Science, 2010. PUBLISHED MATERIAL Abbay, Alemseged. Identity Jilted or Re-imagining Identity?: The Divergent Paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan Nationalist Struggles. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1998. Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855). London: Longmans, 1968. Abu Sin, M. E. ‘Environmental Causes and Implications of Population Displacement in Sudan.’ War and Drought in Sudan: Essays on Population Displacement. Etligani E Eltigani, ed. Florida: University Press of Florida, 1995. 11–22. Africa Watch. Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991. Ahmad, Abd al-Hamid Muhammad. al-Sharif Zayn al-Abidin al-Hindi: al-Ṣu fi al-Muadhdhab, al-Siyasi al-Mutamarrid wa-al-Shair al-Thaiir. Khartoum: Dar Azzah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzi, 2012. Ahmed, Hassan al-Aziz. ‘Aspects of Sudan’s Foreign Trade During the 19th Century.’ Sudan Notes and Records 55 (1974) 16–32. al-‘Amri, Husayn ‘Abdullah. The Yemen in the 18th and 19th Centuries: A Political and Intellectual History. UK: Ithaca Press, 1985. BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 al-Enazy, Askar. The Creation of Saudi Arabia: Ibn Saud and British Imperial Policy, 1914–1927. London and New York: Routledge, 2010. al Rasheed, Madawi. Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidis of Saudi Arabia. London and New York: I B Tauris, 1991. al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi.Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. al-Sha’afi, Muhammad.The Foreign Trade of Jeddah during the Ottoman Period, 1840–1916. Saudi Arabia: King Saud University, 1985. Alin, S. R. and A. S. Cohen. ‘Lake-Level History of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, for the Past 2500 Years Based on Ostracode-Inferred Water Depth Reconstruction.’ Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 199 (2003) 31–49. Alkire, Sabina. Valuing Freedoms: Sen’s Capability Approach and Poverty Reduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Amri, Husayn. The Yemen in the 18th and 19th Centuries: A Political and Intellectual History. London: Ithaca Press, 1985. Ati, Hassan Ahmed Abdel. ‘The Process of Famine: Causes and Consequences in Sudan.’ Development and Change 19 (1988) 267–300. Ausenda, Giorgio. Leisurely Nomads: The Hadendowa (Beja) of the Gash Delta and Their Transition to Sedentary Village Life. Doctoral Dissertation. Columbia University (1987). Awalom, Haile. ‘Food Security: Problems, Policies and Programmes.’ Post-conflict Eritrea: Prospects for Reconstruction and Development. Martin Doornbos and Alemseged Tesfai, eds. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1999. 141–203. Ayoub, Ali Taha. ‘Extent, severity and causative factors of land degradation in the Sudan.’ Journal of Arid Environments 38:3 (1998) 397–409. Baker, Samuel. The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia and the Sword Hunters of the Hamran Arabs. 3rd edition. London: Macmillan and Co, 1868. Bakhit, A. H., and Omer Hayati. ‘The Hadendowa Salif: Successes and Failures of Indigenous Cultural Institutions in Managing the Food System.’ GeoJournal 36:1 (1995) 87–92. Baldrati, Isaia. Le Condizioni agricole della valle del Barca. Florence: Edizioni dell’istituto agricolo colonial italiano, 1911. Barnett, Tony. The Gezira Scheme: An Illusion of Development. London: Frank Cass, 1977. Bellucci, Stefano, and Massimo Zaccaria. ‘Wage Labour and Mobility in Colonial Eritrea, 1880s to 1920s.’ International Labor and Working-Class History 86 (Fall 2014) 89–106. Bereketeab, Redie. Eritrea: The Making of a Nation, 1890–1991. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 2007. Bjørkelo, Anders. Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821–1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 184 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bologna, Luigi Maria. ‘L’Avvaloramento in Eritrea.’ Italia in Africa: Serie Economica-agraria, Volume I: L’avvaloramento e la Colonizazione. Rome: Ministero degli Affari Esteri, 1970. 3–101. Bolsi, Ugo. ‘Note Economiche su la Dancalia Italiana Settentrionale.’ Rassegna delle Colonie 14:1–2 (January–February 1936) 1–25. Brown, Erik T., and Thomas C. Johnson. ‘Coherence Between Tropical East African and South American Records of the Little Ice Age.’ Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6:12 (December 2005). Burckhardt, John Lewis. Travels in Nubia. 2nd edition. London: J Murray, 1822. Caulk, R. A. ‘Soldiers and Peasants in Ethiopia c.1850–1935.’ The International Journal of African Historical Studies 11:3 (1978) 457–493. The Center for Food Security and Public Health and the Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics. Rinderpest. Iowa: Iowa State University, 2008. Chailley, Marcel. Notes sur les ’Afar de la Région de Tadjoura. Paris: Académie des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, 1980. Chaudhuri, K. N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Checchi, Michele. Movimento Commerciale della Colonia Eritrea. Rome: Istituto Coloniale Italiano, 1912. ———. La Palma Dum e l’Euphorbia candelabra nella colonia Eritrea. Rome: Istituto Coloniale Italiano, 1910. Cliffe, Lionel. The Long Struggle for Eritrean Independence and Constructive Peace. Nottingham: Spokesman, 1988. Cohen, Barney, and William J. House. ‘Labor Market Choices, Earnings, and Informal Networks
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  • The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1984

    The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1984

    THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION (1974 to 198 SUBMITTED BY ANDARGACHEW TIRUNEH FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS JUNE 1990 UMI Number: U044491 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U044491 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 fH£S»S F 6 8 0 O X *=3 HI ABSTRACT The thesis is concerned with the Ethiopian revolution between 1974, when an urban popular uprising broke out, and 1984, when the new regime established the Workers Party of Ethiopia. Chapter 1 discusses the background to the revolution and introduces the factors that became important in the causes and outcomes of the revolution. Part one (Chapters 2 and 3) is concerned with the collapse of the old-s£ate in 1974. Chapter 2 deals with the urban popular uprising of early 1974 which followed in the wake of the structural crisis. Chapter 3 deals with the capture of power by a group of junior officers and privates (the Derg) claiming to represent the security forces. 1974 to 1977 discusses under part two (chapters 4 6) can be taken as the formative years of the post­ revolutionary order.