DOCSLIB.ORG

Role of Agricultural Education in the Development of Agriculture in Ethiopia Dean Alexander Elliott Iowa State College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Role of Agricultural Education in the Development of Agriculture in Ethiopia Dean Alexander Elliott Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1957 Role of agricultural education in the development of agriculture in Ethiopia Dean Alexander Elliott Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons, and the Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching Commons Recommended Citation Elliott, Dean Alexander, "Role of agricultural education in the development of agriculture in Ethiopia " (1957). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1348. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1348 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROLE OP AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN ETHIOPIA by Dean Alexander Elliott A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Vocational Education Approved Signature was redacted for privacy. Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Hea Ma^ctr^partrnent Signature was redacted for privacy. Dé ah of Graduate Iowa State College 1957 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 COUNTRY AND PEOPLE .... ..... 5 History 5 Geography 16 People 30 Government 38 Ethiopian Orthodox Church lj.6 Transportation and Communication pif. NATIVE AGRICULTURE 63 Soils 71 Crops 85 Grassland and Pasture 109 Livestock 117 Land Tenure 135? GENERAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION 162 Organization and Administration 165 Teacher Supply and Teacher Education 175 Schools and Colleges 181}. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS EXCLUSIVE OF THOSE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 211]. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration 211]. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation. 225 United States Technical Assistance 2lj.O AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 273 Community Schools 273 Harer Teacher Training School 276 Ambo Agricultural School 279 Jima Agricultural Technical School 285 Imperial Ethiopian College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts 3lJi Scholarship Program ^k-o RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT AND EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN ETHIOPIA 3^9 Schools of General Education 3£l Community Schools 3^2 Technical Assistance Activities Other than Those Involving Schools and Colleges. 355 Agricultural Secondary Schools 3^5 ill Page College of Agriculture 357 Research 358 Extension 359 Scholarships 360 SUMMARY 362 SELECTED REFERENCES 369 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 38l APPENDIX A 382 APPENDIX B 386 APPENDIX C 389 1 INTRODUCTION A number of American colleges and universities have assumed contractual responsibilities with the United States Government in providing technical assistance to underdevel­ oped areas since World War II. In most instances, the col­ lege or university has been called upon to organize, in a particular country, a program of agricultural education de­ signed to augment existing educational facilities sponsored by other agencies. The present study is a descriptive sur­ vey of the overall agricultural education program in Ethio­ pia, including activities carried on by the host Government, the United Nations, and the United States Government through a contract arrangement with the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical Arts College, There are three general parts to the study. The first is a description of certain factors which, in Ethiopia, are fundamentally associated with agricultural education. These include the country and people, the native agriculture, and the existing general education facilities. The second part consists of a description of the agricultural education which has been carried on to date in Ethiopia. The third part consists of recommendations for the expansion and im­ provement of agricultural education in Ethiopia. An effort has been made to present the information in 2 such a way that it may be of value In the United States as well as in Ethiopia. In the latter country, the study should be useful in outlining an expanded program of agricultural education. The recommendations which have been presented should be directly applicable. Beyond this, it is hoped that the study may be of some use as a reference for students in Ethiopia where there Is relatively little in the way of in­ digenous writing. An attempt has been made to make the material readable as well as informative. In the United States, the survey should be useful in bringing about a clearer understanding of problems which have been encountered in establishing a program of agricultural education in one underdeveloped country. Also, it should be useful in planning future technical assistance for Ethiopia and, to a limited extent, for certain other countries. Many sources were utilized in securing material for this study. Officials of the Imperial Ethiopian Government were very cooperative in discussing matters pertinent to the study. The same was true of officials of the United States technical assistance mission in Ethiopia. Unclassified re­ ports from both agencies were utilized. All of the afore­ mentioned were primary sources. Ethiopian libraries In various parts of the country and the British Museum in London were visited. Both primary and secondary sources were re­ viewed at these centers. In addition, secondary sources of 3 information were obtained from various libraries in the United States including the Library of Congress. At the time the collection of data was begun in 1953» there arose a particularly perplexing problem regarding the spelling of geographical names in Ethiopia. This was due, in part, to the fact that there is no satisfactory system of transliteration between Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, and English. However, by the time writing was begun in September, 1956, the problem had been largely re­ solved as a result of research which has been carried on by the Imperial Ethiopian Geography and Mapping Institute in Addis Abeba. Under the direction of Dr. Gordon B. Shilz, the Institution has undertaken, among other activities, a standardization of the spelling of geographical names in Ethiopia. The spelling of names as proposed by the Insti­ tution has been used where possible throughout the study. Obviously, certain discrepancies have arisen in connection with quotations and names of publications, institutions, etc. In these instances spelling has been made to comply with the original, although the preferred spelling may have been included. Throughout the study, a special effort has been made to avoid comparing practices, methods, and facilities in Ethio­ pia with those in the United States or another highly indus­ trialized nation. This was done because it is considered h neither necessary nor even desirable that development in Ethiopia follow, exactly, the pattern set in highly indus trialized nations. 5 COUNTRY AND PEOPLE There are a number of factors associated with the coun­ try and the people that have a bearing upon the development of agricultural education in Ethiopia. These include the history of the country, the geography, the transportation facilities, the people, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and the present Government. The rough terrain, the lack of transportation facilities, and the diversity among groups of people have had a retarding effect upon agricultural educa­ tion. The Government, as is explained later in this manu­ script, has done a great deal in recent years to promote edu­ cation in agriculture. History A brief survey of the history of Ethiopia, formerly called Abyssinia, may be divided into five parts including the historical origin, the Axumite kingdom,^ the period of isolation, the growth of the present state, and the Italian ^Technically the country was not named "Ethiopia" until I9I4.I. It was first known as the "Axumite kingdom." Later it was known as "Abyssinia." At the close of the Italian conquest the present Emperor decreed that the country should be called "Ethiopia." 6 conquest.* Only the most important events in each period will be mentioned. The Historical Origin The history of the country is closely linked with a highland region known as the Central Plateau and the peoples who have occupied this mountain fortress. Here were begun the rudiments of government which (fere gradually expanded to encompass the remainder of the country. With few exceptions, kingship has descended among highlanders. A productive agriculture, plenty of water, and the availability of the basic necessities of life within the Central Plateau have enabled its inhabitants to survive wars even though isolated from the outside world. It is probable that the primitive inhabitants of the 2 highlands were of Hamitic stock. There is a twofold basis for this statement. First, early Egyptian stock was predom- 3 inantly Hamitic in origin. Second, the Gall a, Danakil, and ^•Confusion arises regarding terminology. The "Ethiopia" referred to in the Acts of Apostles, Chapter 8, can scarcely have been that which is known today. Historians point out that it must have been an earlier kingdom which existed on what is now the Nubian Desert in northern Sudan. ^Alega Taje of the Swedish Mission, Asmera, in his processed pamphlet, Abyssinian History, written in 1922, traced the historical connection
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 20210714 Access Snapshot- Tigray Region June 2021 V2
    ETHIOPIA Tigray: Humanitarian Access Snapshot (July 2021) As of 31 July 2021 The conflict in Tigray continues despite the unilateral ceasefire announced by the Ethiopian Federal Government on 28 June, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Ethiopian National Overview of reported incidents July Since Nov July Since Nov Defense Forces (ENDF) and Eritrea’s Defense Forces (ErDF) from Tigray. In July, Tigray forces (TF) engaged in a military offensive in boundary areas of Amhara and Afar ERITREA 13 153 2 14 regions, displacing thousands of people and impacting access into the area. #Incidents impacting Aid workers killed Federal authorities announced the mobilization of armed forces from other regions. The Amhara region the security of aid Tahtay North workers Special Forces (ASF), backed by ENDF, maintain control of Western zone, with reports of a military Adiyabo Setit Humera Western build-up on both sides of the Tekezi river. ErDF are reportedly positioned in border areas of Eritrea and in SUDAN Kafta Humera Indasilassie % of incidents by type some kebeles in North-Western and Eastern zones. Thousands of people have been displaced from town Central Eastern these areas into Shire city, North-Western zone. In line with the Access Monitoring and Western Korarit https://bit.ly/3vcab7e May Reporting Framework: Electricity, telecommunications, and banking services continue to be disconnected throughout Tigray, Gaba Wukro Welkait TIGRAY 2% while commercial cargo and flights into the region remain suspended. This is having a major impact on Tselemti Abi Adi town May Tsebri relief operations. Partners are having to scale down operations and reduce movements due to the lack Dansha town town Mekelle AFAR 4% of fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Regreening of the Northern Ethiopian Mountains: Effects on Flooding and on Water Balance
    PATRICK VAN DAMME THE ROLE OF TREE DOMESTICATION IN GREEN MARKET PRODUCT VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA afrika focus — Volume 31, Nr. 2, 2018 — pp. 129-147 REGREENING OF THE NORTHERN ETHIOPIAN MOUNTAINS: EFFECTS ON FLOODING AND ON WATER BALANCE Tesfaalem G. Asfaha (1,2), Michiel De Meyere (2), Amaury Frankl (2), Mitiku Haile (3), Jan Nyssen (2) (1) Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Mekelle University, Ethiopia (2) Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium (3) Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Ethiopia The hydro-geomorphology of mountain catchments is mainly determined by vegetation cover. This study was carried out to analyse the impact of vegetation cover dynamics on flooding and water balance in 11 steep (0.27-0.65 m m-1) catchments of the western Rift Valley escarpment of Northern Ethiopia, an area that experienced severe deforestation and degradation until the first half of the 1980s and considerable reforestation thereafter. Land cover change analysis was carried out using aerial photos (1936,1965 and 1986) and Google Earth imaging (2005 and 2014). Peak discharge heights of 332 events and the median diameter of the 10 coarsest bedload particles (Max10) moved in each event in three rainy seasons (2012-2014) were monitored. The result indicates a strong re- duction in flooding (R2 = 0.85, P<0.01) and bedload sediment supply (R2 = 0.58, P<0.05) with increas- ing vegetation cover. Overall, this study demonstrates that in reforesting steep tropical mountain catchments, magnitude of flooding, water balance and bedload movement is strongly determined by vegetation cover dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Poor Rural Households to Microfinance and Markets in Ethiopia
    Linking Poor Rural Households to Microfinance and Markets in Ethiopia Baseline and Mid-term Assessment of the PSNP Plus Project in Raya Azebo November 2010 John Burns & Solomon Bogale Longitudinal Impact Study of the PSNP Plus Program Baseline Assessment in Raya Azebo Table of Contents SUMMARY 6 1. INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 PSNP PLUS PROJECT BACKGROUND 8 1.2 LINKING POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS TO MICROFINANCE AND MARKETS IN ETHIOPIA. 9 2 THE PSNP PLUS PROJECT 10 2.1 PSNP PLUS OVERVIEW 10 2.2 STUDY OVERVIEW 11 2.3 OVERVIEW OF PSNP PLUS PROJECT APPROACH IN RAYA AZEBO 12 2.3.1 STUDY AREA GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 12 2.3.2 MICROFINANCE LINKAGE COMPONENT 12 2.3.3 VILLAGE SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS 13 2.3.4 MARKET LINKAGE COMPONENT 14 2.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES 17 2.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 18 3. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 19 3.1 STUDY APPROACH 19 3.2 OVERVIEW OF METHODS AND INDICATORS 19 3.3 INDICATOR SELECTION 20 3.4 SAMPLING 20 3.4.1 METHOD AND SIZE 20 3.4.2 STUDY LOCATIONS 21 3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS 22 3.5.1 HOUSEHOLD INTERVIEWS 22 3.5.2 FOCUS GROUP METHODS 22 3.6 PRE-TESTING 23 3.7 TRIANGULATION AND VALIDATION 23 3.8 DATA ANALYSIS 23 4 RESULTS 25 4.1 CONTEXTUALIZING PSNP PLUS 25 4.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND STATUS AT THE TIME OF THE ASSESSMENT 26 4.3 IMPACT OF THE DROUGHT IN 2009 28 4.4 COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS 29 4.5 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 30 4.5.1 PROJECT DERIVED INCOME AND UTILIZATION 31 4.6 SAVINGS AND LOANS 33 4.6.1 PSNP PLUS VILLAGE SAVINGS GROUPS 34 4.7 ASSETS AND ASSET CHANGES 35 4.8.
    [Show full text]
  • A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Bawd on the Collections of Mr
    416 Messrs. Sclater and Mackworth-Praed on [Ibis, XXII1.-A List of the Birds of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, bawd on the Collections of Mr. A. L. Butler, Mr. -4. Chapman and Capt. H. Lynes, R.N., and Mujor Cuthbcrt Christy, R.A.M.C. (T.F.). Part I. CORVIDX- FBINGILLIDB. By W. L. SCLATEB,M.B.O.U., and C. MACKWOBTH-PBAED, M.B.O.U. (Plate IX.) INTBODUCTION. UP to quite recently the great collection of Birds in the Natural History Museum’ has been singularly deficient in material from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This has recently been remedied by the donation of Mr. Butler of the large collection made by hini during a long residence in that country. Mr. Butler was appointed Superintendent of Game Pre- eervatiori to the Sudan Government iii 1901, and retained that post uiitil he retired in 1915. During those yearn he made good use of his opportunities of collecting birds throughout the Sudan, and the collection presented to the Museum consists of over 3100 beautifully prepared skim During his residence in the Sudau he published iu ‘ The Ibis ’ a series of four ‘‘ Contributions to the Ornithology of the Sudan ” between the years 1905 and 1909, in which he described the habits and in many cases unravelled the taxonomy of many of the species he had met with, and these papers are all referred to in the present list. We are much indebted to hiiir for help in drawing up this paper and for notes of the occurrence of several species in the Sudan not contained in the collection presented to the Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Overview of Islam in Eritrea 177 a HISTORICAL OVERVIEW of ISLAM in ERITREA* JONATHAN MIRAN the Study of Islam in Er
    a historical overview of islam in eritrea 177 A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ISLAM IN ERITREA* BY JONATHAN MIRAN Bellingham, Wash., U.S.A. The study of Islam in Eritrea—the faith of approximately half of the country’s population—is still in its infancy. Similar to other fields of scholarly inquiry regarding Eritrea, research on the his- tory of Islam in the region has become more feasible only since the early 1990s as the newly independent state became accessible to researchers, both locally-based and foreign. It is therefore pressing that new written sources and specific case studies on Eritrea’s Muslim societies and institutions see the light of day in order to add new layers to our understanding of the development of Islam in Eritrea and its role in Eritrean history.1 This survey sketches an * I would like to thank Haggai Erlich, Tricia Redeker-Hepner and Joseph Tubiana for providing comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this text. 1 The standard survey on Islam in the Ethio-Eritrean region, is J. S. Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia, London: Frank Cass, 1965 (1st ed. 1952). It provides valuable information even if altogether the book is outdated in its approach to the sub- ject. Recent efforts to map and catalogue Arabic and Islamic written sources in Eritrea are presented in Alessandro Gori, “Soggiorno di studi in Eritrea ed Etiopia. Brevi annotazioni bibliografiche,” Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, XXXIX (1995), Roma- Napoli, 1997, pp. 81-129 and Jonathan Miran & R. S. O’Fahey, “The Islamic and Related Writings of Eritrea,” edited by R.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Corno D'africa E Africa Meridionale Horn of Africa and Southern Africa
    CENTRO ALTI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PER LA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Il CentroCENTER Militare FOR di Studi HIGH Strategici (Ce.Mi.S.S.), costituito nel 1987 e situato presso PalazzoMILITARY Salviati CENTER a Ro- FOR ma, è direttoDEFENCE da un STUDIES Generale di Divisione (Direttore), o Ufficiale di grado equivalente, ed STRATEGICè strutturato su STUDIES due Dipartimenti (Monitoraggio Strategico - Ricerche) ed un Ufficio Relazioni Esterne. Le attività sono regolate dal Decreto del Ministro della Difesa del 21 dicembre 2012. Analisi Strategica del 2020 Corno d’Africa e Africa meridionale Year 2020, Strategic Analysis Horn of Africa and Southern Africa Il Centro Militare di Studi Strategici (Ce.Mi.S.S.), costituito nel 1987 e situato presso Palazzo Salviati a Ro- ma, è diretto da un Generale di Divisione (Direttore), o Ufficiale di grado equivalente, ed è strutturato su due Dipartimenti (Monitoraggio Strategico - Ricerche) ed un Ufficio Relazioni Esterne. Le attività sono regolate dal Decreto del Ministro della Difesa del 21 dicembre 2012. Il Ce.Mi.S.S. svolge attività di studio e ricerca a carattere strategico-politico-militare, per le esigenze del Mi- nistero della Difesa, contribuendo allo sviluppo della cultura e della conoscenza, a favore della collettività nazionale. Le attività condotte dal Ce.Mi.S.S. sono dirette allo studio di fenomeni di natura politica, economica, sociale, culturale, militare e dell'effetto dell'introduzione di nuove tecnologie, ovvero dei fenomeni che determinano apprezzabili cambiamenti dello scenario di sicurezza. Il livello di analisi è prioritariamente quello strategico. Per lo svolgimento delle attività di studio e ricerca, il Ce.Mi.S.S.
    [Show full text]
  • FEWS NET Ethiopia Trip Report Summary
    FEWS NET Ethiopia Trip Report Summary Activity Name: Belg 2015 Mid-term WFP and FEWS NET Joint assessment Reported by: Zerihun Mekuria (FEWS NET) and Muluye Meresa (WFP_Mekelle), Dates of travel: 20 to 22 April 2015 Area Visited: Ofla, Raya Alamata and Raya Azebo Woredas in South Tigray zones Reporting date: 05 May 2015 Highlights of the findings: Despite very few shower rains in mid-January, the onset of February to May Belg 2015 rains delayed by more than six weeks in mid-March and most Belg receiving areas received four to five days rains with amount ranging low to heavy. It has remained drier and warmer since 3rd decade of March for more than one month. Most planting has been carried out in mid-March except in few pocket areas in the highlands that has planted in January. About 54% of the normal Belg area has been covered with Belg crops. Planted crops are at very vegetative stage with significant seeds remained aborted in the highlands. While in the lowlands nearly entire field planted with crop is dried up or wilted. Dryness in the Belg season has also affected the land preparation and planting for long cycle sorghum. Although the planting window for sorghum not yet over, prolonged dryness will likely lead farmers to opt for planting low yielding sorghum variety. Average Meher 2014 production has improved livestock feed availability. The crop residue reserve from the Meher harvest is not yet exhausted. Water availability for livestock is normal except in five to seven kebeles in Raya Azebo woreda that has faced some water shortages for livestock.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania State University
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Agricultural Sciences SEED AID, SMALLHOLDERS, AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATE: A MIXED METHODS ANALYSIS OF EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAMS IN ETHIOPIA A Dissertation in Rural Sociology & International Agriculture and Development by Christian R. Man © 2018 Christian R. Man Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 The dissertation of Christian R. Man was reviewed and approved* by the following: Leland Glenna Professor of Rural Sociology and Science, Technology, and Society Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Brian Thiede Assistant Professor of Rural Sociology, Sociology, and Demography Carolyn Sachs Professor Emerita of Rural Sociology Karl Zimmerer Professor of Environment and Society Department of Geography Kathryn J. Brasier Professor of Rural Sociology Director of Graduate Studies in Rural Sociology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii ABSTRACT In 2015, El Niño induced the worst drought Ethiopia had seen in fifty years. The resulting crop failures left as many as eighteen million people in need of aid, with one-third of the country’s woredas classified as facing dire food insecurity. Tens of millions of dollars in foreign aid poured into the country in response. A portion of this aid was given as seed to smallholders. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data collected with farmers in four regions of Ethiopia in 2016 following the aid distributions, this dissertation analyzes how the Ethiopian state and Ethiopian smallholders respectively utilize seed aid. I suggest these utilization strategies coincide, that they serve different ends, and that, together, they illustrate the complex effects of emergency response.
    [Show full text]
  • Syncrisis: the Dynamics of Health: Volume VIII, Ethiopia Britanak, RA
    AGENCY FOR INTRNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON. ). C. 20623 BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A. PRIMARY I.SUBJECT Pbic ealt CLASSI- SECONDARY FICATION 8. Planning &Evaluation 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Syncrisis: the dynamics of health: Volume VIII, Ethiopia 3. AUTHOR(S) Britanak, R. A.; Davis, J. H.; Daly, J.A. 4. DOCUMENT DATE NUMBER OF PAGES 6. ARC NUMBER 1974 IARC pARC*. 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Office of International Health, Division of Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponaoring Organization, Publlehers#Availability) (InDHEW publication No. (OS) 74-50004) 9. ABSTRACT Ethiopia isa poor country; economic, physical and trained human resources are exceedingly scarce. Nonetheless the Ethiopian government has been implementing a health program which first will develop a number of instruments to improve health and then integrate them into a single, coherent health agency. A national service to combat malaria and other prevalent communicable diseases is probably the most cost-effective action available to the Ethiopian. Lack of adequate environmental sanitation and frequent malnutrition represent the most important areas in which new program initiatives would exert the greatest impact on Ethiopia's health status. The development of teams of health officers, sanitarians, and community nurses isa key element in the provincial health system. Encouraging as these programs are, they are growing only very slowly, and their administration and management are particularly weak. And although these programs are important, priority might well be given to more active programs to reduce population growth, to extend health services to the rural areas and to improve environmental sanitation and nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • SITUATION ANALYSIS of CHILDREN and WOMEN: Tigray Region
    SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN: Tigray Region SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN: Tigray Region This briefing note covers several issues related to child well-being in Tigray Regional State. It builds on existing research and the inputs of UNICEF Ethiopia sections and partners.1 It follows the structure of the Template Outline for Regional Situation Analyses. 1Most of the data included in this briefing note comes from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HCES), Education Statistics Annual Abstract (ESAA) and Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS) so that a valid comparison can be made with the other regions of Ethiopia. SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN: TIGRAY REGION 4 1 THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT The northern and mountainous region of Tigray has an estimated population of 5.4 million people, of which approximately 13 per cent are under 5 years old and 43 per cent is under 18 years of age. This makes Tigray the fifth most populous region of Ethiopia. Tigray has a relatively high percentage of female-headed households, at 34 per cent in 2018 versus a national rate of 25 per cent in 2016. Three out of four Tigrayans live in rural areas, and most depend on agriculture (mainly subsistence crop farming).4 Urbanization is an emerging priority, as many new towns are created, and existing towns expand. Urbanization in Tigray is referred to as ‘aggressive’, with an annual rate of 4.6 per cent in the Tigray Socio-Economic Baseline Survey Report (2018).5 The annual urban growth
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia: Access
    ETHIOPIA Access Map - Tigray Region As of 31 May 2021 ERITREA Ethiopia Adi Hageray Seyemti Egela Zala Ambesa Dawuhan Adi Hageray Adyabo Gerhu Sernay Gulo Mekeda Erob Adi Nebried Sheraro Rama Ahsea Tahtay Fatsi Eastern Tahtay Adiyabo Chila Rama Adi Daero Koraro Aheferom Saesie Humera Chila Bzet Adigrat Laelay Adiabo Inticho Tahtay Selekleka Laelay Ganta SUDAN Adwa Edaga Hamus Koraro Maychew Feresmay Afeshum Kafta Humera North Western Wukro Adwa Hahayle Selekleka Akxum Nebelat Tsaeda Emba Shire Embaseneyti Frewoyni Asgede Tahtay Edaga Arbi Mayechew Endabaguna Central Hawzen Atsbi May Kadra Zana Mayknetal Korarit TIGRAY Naeder Endafelasi Hawzen Kelete Western Zana Semema Awelallo Tsimbla Atsibi Adet Adi Remets Keyhe tekli Geraleta Welkait Wukro May Gaba Dima Degua Tsegede Temben Dima Kola Temben Agulae Awra Tselemti Abi Adi Hagere May Tsebri Selam Dansha Tanqua Dansha Melashe Mekelle Tsegede Ketema Nigus Abergele AFAR Saharti Enderta Gijet AMHARA Mearay South Eastern Adi Gudom Hintalo Samre Hiwane Samre Wajirat Selewa Town Accessible areas Emba Alaje Regional Capital Bora Partially accessible areas Maychew Zonal Capital Mokoni Neqsege Endamehoni Raya Azebo Woreda Capital Hard to reach areas Boundary Accessible roads Southern Chercher International Zata Oa Partially accessible roads Korem N Chercher Region Hard to reach roads Alamata Zone Raya Alamata Displacement trends 50 Km Woreda The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Creation date: 31 May 2021 Sources: OCHA, Tigray Statistical Agency, humanitarian partners Feedback: [email protected] http://www.humanitarianresponse.info/operations/ethiopia www.reliefweb.int.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Big Push Infrastructure Unlock Development? Evidence
    Can Big Push Infrastructure Unlock Development? Evidence from Ethiopia Niclas Moneke∗ LSE Job Market Paper November 2019 [click here for latest version] Abstract Roads are instrumental to market access. Electricity is a key technology for mod- ern production. Both have been widely studied in isolation. In reality, infrastructure investments are commonly bundled. How such big push infrastructure investments interact in causing economic development, however, is not well understood. To this end, I first develop a spatial general equilibrium model to understand how big push infrastructure investments may differ from isolated investments. Second, I track the large-scale road and electricity network expansions in Ethiopia over the last two decades and present causal reduced-form evidence confirming markedly different patterns: access to an all-weather road alone increases services employment, at the expense of manufacturing. In contrast, additionally electrified locations see large reversals in the manufacturing employment shares. Third, I leverage the model to structurally estimate the implied welfare effects of big push infrastructure in- vestments. I find welfare in Ethiopia increased by at least 11% compared to no investments, while isolated counterfactual road (electrification) investments would have increased welfare by only 2% (0.7%). JEL classification: F15, J24, L16, O13, O14, O18, Q41, R1 ∗I am indebted to Oriana Bandiera, Gharad Bryan, Robin Burgess and Daniel Sturm for their con- tinuous support throughout this project. I thank Karun Adusumilli, Jan David Bakker, Tim Besley, Francesco Caselli, Simon Franklin, Doug Gollin, Michael Greenstone, Vernon Henderson, Felix K¨onig, David Lagakos, Rocco Machiavello, Ted Miguel, Bart Minten, David Nagy, Shan Aman Rana, Imran Rasul, Claudio Schilter, Fabian Waldinger, Torsten Figueiredo Walter and participants at Bonn, CEPR- ILO Geneva, CURE, InsTED, OxDEV, ONS, SERC, SMYE Brussels and UEA Philadelphia for helpful comments.
    [Show full text]