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Addis Ababa University College of Social Sciences Department of History ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY DISSERTATION A HISTORY OF MINING IN WALLAGGA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA, 1899-1991. By ALEMSEGED DEBELE JULY 2020 A HISTORY OF MINING IN WALLAGGA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA, 1899-1991. BY ALEMSEGED DEBELE A Dissertation submitted to College of Social Sciences of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Advisor: Professor Tesema Ta’a Addis Ababa July 2020 Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………….……....…..v Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………….....vi Key to Transliteration…………………………………………………………………….......vii Acronyms..………………………………………………………………………………….....ix List of Tables………………………………………………………………………….….........x List of Graphs and Charts …………………………………………..………………..……….xii List of Maps………………………………………………………..………………….……...xiii CHAPTER ONE Introduction…………………………………...………………………………….…………......1 1.1 Framing the Dissertation……………………………………..……………………...............1 1.2 The Study Area and Some Aspects of the Geological Features of Its Mining Sites….......…6 1.3 Historical Setting: Mining Activities in Wallagga and Beni Shangul ca. 1820s-1890s........13 1.4 Concepts, Sources and Methodology………………………………………………………..23 1.5 Organization of the Chapters……………………………………………………………...,..41 CHAPTER TWO Concessions, Local Miners and the State (1899-1910)……………………………………….44 2.1 Competition Among the Concessionaires, Gold Miners and the Outflow of Gold from Wallagga (1899-1910)……………………………………………………………..….45 i CHAPTER THREE Development in Mining Industry of Wallagga in Post-Mines d’Or du Wallaga Company (1910-1924)……………………………………………………………………………….…....90 3.1 The Requisition for Mining Concession and Gold in Wallagga (1910-1918)……….…..…91 3.2 Resurgence of Competition Among the Concessionaires and the Continuity in Outflow of Gold from Wallagga (1918-1924)……………………………………………….…….…....99 CHAPTER FOUR Platinum Mines, Foreign Companies and the Quest for Gold (1924-1936)……….….....121 4.1 Prospecting for Warqee Sabbu and Neocolonial Interests …..…………………………...122 4.2.The Extraction of Platinum in Yubdo Under Foreign Companies and the Quest for Gold in Wallagga…………………………………………………………………………...130 CHAPTER FIVE Mining Economy and Mine Laborers During the Italian Occupation (1936-1941)…….164 5.1 Evacuation and the Occupation of Wallagga……………………………………….….…165 5.2 The Pursuit of Gold and Platinum in Wallagga by the Italians and Some Aspects of Mine Labor (1936-1941)……………………………………………………………….…172 CHAPTER SIX The Mining Industry in Wallagga During the Post-Liberation Period (1941-1974)……196 6.1 Revitalization in Concession, Local Inhabitants and State Mining in Wallagga (1941-1974)………………………………………………………………………..…..….197 ii CHAPTER SEVEN Gold and Platinum Workings During the Därg Period (1974-1991)………………...….237 Conclusion and Findings……………………………………………………….…….….…..271 Glossary………………………………………………………………………………….......275 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….………...278 List of Informants…………………………………………………………………….……...295 Appendices……………………………………………………………………….…….…....301 iii Dedication For those who became a tower of strength to my success iv Acknowledgments The writing up of this dissertation has been completed with the support I obtained from other parties who deserve deep gratitude. In this case, first, I would like to pay great tribute to my advisor Professor Tesema Ta’a for his unreserved and immense scholarly contribution to this dissertation. It would have been difficult to improve and present this dissertation in its current form as well as shorten its writing up time had it not been for Professor Tesema’s critical reading of all the chapters of the dissertation and providing me constructive comments on time. Second, my gratitude also goes to Doctor Dereje Hinaw, Professor Brett Shadle and my colleagues who in one way or another influenced this dissertation positively. Particularly, my gratitude is deep to Doctor Dereje for he made me to establish decent contacts with some individuals whom he knew them in different districts of Wallagga who assisted me very well while I was collecting written and oral sources from there. Third, I express my gratitude to these and other individuals who made me to obtain these sources in Wallagga, Addis Ababa and elsewhere. Among these individuals, I would like to thank Asamänäch Minishu, Kiflu Däbäle, Zägäyye Kumaraa, Magarsaa Suuranaa, Margaa, Amantii Gammachiis and Täsfaye Wälde. Similarly, I would like to thank archivists and librarians in Naqamtee, Assosa and Addis Ababa who politely provided me the services I needed in their archival centers and libraries. I am also indebted to all my informants for sharing their experiences and achievements which I found them very valuable to write up this dissertation. Finally, I am also very glad to thank the Department of History and Addis Ababa University as well as the French Center for Ethiopian Studies for providing me some of the funds required for this dissertation. v ABSTRACT A HISTORY OF MINING IN WALLAGGA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA, 1899-1991. In the 19th century the local people of Wallagga were engaged in the extraction of gold as well as iron and brought the items to some local markets in western Ethiopia. In the 20th century the local miners of Wallagga, however, began to see the coming of more organized and consolidated foreign and domestic mining agents which controlled and extracted gold and platinum ores found in Wallagga. The dissertation explores the engagements and the activities of these mining agents including the local miners in gold and platinum mining industry in Wallagga and the benefits they had obtained from these activities in the 20th century. To this end, it has relied on archival sources, British foreign office documents, travelers’ accounts, oral sources, newspapers and secondary materials. I have analyzed the sources using qualitative and quantitative historical methods. I argue that gold and platinum mining industry in Wallagga in the 20th century were shaped maintaining continuity because of the engagements and the activities of both the disorganized and the consolidated mining agents which distributed the benefits of gold and platinum extraction among themselves. It reveals that the undertakings of gold and platinum prospecting, exploration and extraction activities by these mining agents in Wallagga were for their own benefits and that it was the traditional mining industry with its methods and tools of extracting these precious metals which was maintained in Wallagga in the 20th century. It also unravels that the foreign concessionaires and their companies like A.Ilg and the Mines d’Or du Wallaga, A.Prasso and the Societiè Minière des Concessions Prasso en Abyssinie, the Western Abyssinian Mining Syndicate, the Italian intruders and the S.A.P.I.E. and the central government of Ethiopia distributed the benefits of gold and platinum extraction in Wallagga disproportionately among themselves in which the local miners became less beneficiaries. But such distribution had made the central government of Ethiopia to win much of the gold extracted in Wallagga between 1899-1936 and the Mines d’Or du Wallaga, S.A.P.I.E. and S.M.I.T. to obtain thousands of grams of gold extracted there in the period before 1941. In the case of platinum, among the consolidated mining agents when Prasso and the Societiè Minière des Concessions Prasso en Abyssinie emerged as platinum tycoon in Wallagga and Ethiopia in the 1920s, the platinum miners in Yubdo and the Ethiopian government had remained spectators of the platinum capitalists. However, during the study period the local miners had limited access to their earlier goldfields and became the victims of cheap labor. Between 1941-1991, although the government of Ethiopia had controlled the goldfields and their output in Wallagga, because of various factors, it had received reduced amount of gold as compared to the output of gold it received in pre-1936 period. During that time, the Ethiopian government, however, monopolized the Yubdo platinum mine and received all the platinum extracted in Yubdo. However, the efforts which the government of Ethiopia had made to solve some problems of the miners and the mining industry in Wallagga did not basically change the poor living standard which was noticed among the local miners in Wallagga. It also did not alter the slow change which the gold and the platinum mining industry in Wallagga had undergone particularly in the second half of the 20th century. vi Key to Transliteration The non-English words, names or phrases of Afaan Oromo and Amharic languages in this dissertation are written and read according to the phonetic systems of Afaan Oromo and Amharic languages. I. Afaan Oromo 1. Vowels in Afaan Oromo Short Long Long vowels English equivalent a aa a -add e ee e -egg i ii i -it o oo o -odd u uu u -blue Short sound is formed by any of the five single vowels. For example as in: qoro, laga, harka and others. Long sound is formed by doubling the vowels. For example as in: Leeqaa, raafuu, diimaa, Dhaabaa (personal name) and others. 2. Gemmination is indicated by doubling the consonant. For example as in: Wallagga, Obbo (Mr) and others. 3. Phonemes of double consonant letters that are used in the dissertation include ch, dh, ny and sh. For example as in: cirracha (sand), dhagaa (stone), nyaachu (to eat) and Shawa (place vii name). Phonemes of single consonant ejective letters that are used in the dissertation include c, q, x as in: Cawwaaqaa
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