DOCSLIB.ORG

The Luwian Civilization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Luwian Civilization The Luwian Civilization “It turns out that the Luwians were a far greater people than the Hittites [...] It is becoming increasingly apparent that the culture of the Hatti kingdom had been established in all parts by the Luwians The Luwian Civilization and taken over by the Hittites.” The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age Emil Forrer in a letter to his PhD advisor Eduard Meyer, written on E B E R H A R D Z A N G G E R 20 August 1920. EBERHARD ZANGGER The Luwian Civilization The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age The Luwian Civilization The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age EGE YAYINLARI The Luwian Civilization The Missing Link in the Aegean Bronze Age Eberhard Zangger © 2016 Eberhard Zangger EBERHARD ZANGGER ISBN 978-605-9680-11-0 Publisher Certificate No: 14641 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Cover illustration: © Christoph Haußner Layout Design: Aydın Tibet Printing Oksijen Basım ve Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. 100. Yıl Mah. Matbaacılar Sit. 2. Cad. No: 202/A Bağcılar - İstanbul/ Türkiye Tel: +90 (212) 325 71 25 F ax: +90 (212) 325 61 99 Certificate No: 29487 Production and Distribution Zero Prodüksiyon Kitap-Yayın-Dağıtım San. Ltd. Şti. Abdullah Sokak, No: 17, Taksim, 34433 İstanbul/Türkiye Tel: +90 (212) 244 7521 Fax: +90 (212) 244 3209 E.mail: [email protected] www.zerobooksonline.com CONTENTS 1. Prologue 9 2. A New Perspective of the Aegean Bronze Age 13 3. The Luwians 19 3.1 Who Are the Luwians? 19 3.2 Habitat and Natural Resources 24 3.3 Late Bronze Age Archaeological Sites in Western Asia Minor 31 3.4 Petty States in Western Asia Minor 37 3.5 Luwian Scripts 42 3.6 Linear A Script 47 3.7 The Phaistos Disc 50 3.8 The Missing Link 56 3.9 Why are the Luwians Missing? 61 4. Bronze Age 69 4.1 Late Bronze Age Shipwrecks 69 4.2 The Mycenaean Culture on the Greek Mainland 73 4.3 Minoan Crete 79 4.4 Hatti – the Hittite Empire 85 4.5 The New Kingdom in Egypt 91 4.6 Petty Kingdoms in Syria and Palestine 96 5. Troy 103 9. Luwian Studies and its Goals 237 5.1 The History of Troy 103 9.1 Closing the Research Gap 237 5.2 The Investigation of Troy 108 9.2 Proposed Methods 242 5.3 The Lower Town 115 5.4 Hydro Engineering During the Bronze Age 120 10. Epilogue 247 5.5 Descriptions of Ancient Troy 131 11. Appendices 251 6. The Sea Peoples 137 Glossary 251 6.1 The Sea Peoples' Inscriptions and Excavation Results 137 Sources 283 6.2 Hypotheses Regarding the Sea Peoples’ Invasions 143 Bibliography 285 6.3 The Initial Sea Peoples’ Raids 147 Picture credits 293 6.4 The Trojan War as a Mycenaean Counterattack 154 6.5 Civil War on the Greek Mainland 160 7. Iron Age 167 7.1 Migrations at the Beginning of the Iron Age 167 7.2 Caria 171 7.3 Phrygia 176 7.4 Lydia 181 7.5 The Philistines in Canaan and Palestine 184 7.6 Phoenicians 186 7.7 The Etruscan Culture 189 8. Sources 195 8.1 The Homeric Epics 195 8.2 Non-Homeric Accounts of the Trojan War 200 8.3 Dio Chrysostom 203 8.4 Dictys Cretensis 206 8.5 Dares Phrygius 209 8.6 Quintus of Smyrna 213 8.7 Eusebius of Caesarea 216 8.8 John Malalas 219 8.9 Joseph of Exeter 223 8.10 Benoît de Sainte-Maure 226 8.11 Guido de Columnis 230 1. Prologue As far back as 1836, 180 years ago, the German scholar Johann Uschold published a 352-page compendium about the history of the Trojan War in which he concluded that the famous Carians, Lydians, Phrygians, Mysians, and Lycians in Asia Minor “had been considered in antiquity to be branches of one and the same nation.” He also pointed out that the predecessors of these people inhabited Greece in prehistoric times, and that “…so much information has been preserved by the best estab- lished writers in antiquity that we cannot understand why these people have been passed over in previous treatments.” The German linguist Paul Kretschmer argued along similar lines. In 1896, he wrote that many place names in Greece could be traced back to a wave of Indo-European people who came from Anatolia, long before Greek-speaking people had arrived. This argument was picked up and developed further by the Troy excavator Carl Blegen in 1928. From 1901 onward, the Berlin-based Assyriologist Hugo Winckler claimed that in addition to Mesopotamia and Egypt a third civiliza- tion – situated in Asia Minor – had existed, one that possessed its own writing system. He claimed that these Anatolian people adhered to an astral cult, of which much is preserved in today’s religions. Despite the resistance and fierce scholarly dispute this triggered, in 1906, when Winckler initiated excavations near Boğazkale in central Asia Minor and discovered Hattuša, the capital of the Hittite kingdom, he found documents containing lists of stars in the very first season of fieldwork. Many thousands of documents were retrieved from Hattuša. The first person to identify the eight different languages recorded in them was Emil Forrer, a Swiss Assyriologist and Hittitologist. In a letter to his PhD advisor, dated 20 August 1920, Forrer concluded that besides the Hittites another civilization had existed in Asia Minor, a “far greater 10 • THE LUWIAN CIVILIZATION PROLOGUE • 11 people than the Hittites.” He called them the Luwians. According to For me, as a natural scientist, a basic prerequisite of scientific him, “the culture of the Hatti Kingdom had been established in all parts advancement is the freedom to think along new lines. This is why by the Luwians.” almost all of the chapters of this book contain a section entitled “Sug- More scholars conducted research on the Luwians. In 1876, a local gestions.” This treatment of the Aegean Bronze Age differs from oth- peasant found a bronze tablet at Beyköy in the highlands of west- ers in that it offers rather little of a summary of existing knowledge, ern Turkey. It eventually made its way into the archives of the Otto- but above all new (or forgotten) ideas, hints, and arguments. Its main man Empire. From the late 1950s, Yale professor and Anatolia expert incentive is to provide food for thought and stimulate new research. Albrecht Goetze worked on the publication of these “Beyköy Texts.” They contained a collection of lists of Anatolian states, kings, and mili- Zurich, April 2016 tary actions from dim memories dating back to 3170 BCE all the way Eberhard Zangger until their compilation in 1170 BCE (with even some later addendums). But Goetze died before his manuscript was published, and by now both his manuscript and the original bronze tablets have been forgotten. James Mellaart, the discoverer and first excavator of Çatalhöyük and Beycesultan, argued in the 1950s that the term “Luwian” should be used for the people of western Asia Minor to distinguish them from those in central and eastern Anatolia, the regions controlled by the Great Kings of Hatti. He drew maps in which a majestic state called “Arzawa” covered virtually all of western Asia Minor. In the early 1960s, Leonard Palmer, a professor at Oxford University and president of the British Philological Society, published some books and articles in which he used the previous decipherment of Luwian hieroglyphic to draw further conclusions about Aegean prehistory – thereby triggering linguistic enquiries into the Luwians that are still vigorous today. So it turns out that the existence of a Luwian civilization has been known for centuries – and yet its story has never been told. While there has been an abundance of work on the Aegean Bronze Age (ca. 3000– 1200) in recent years, none has come close to answering fundamental questions such as: How did the Minoan, Mycenaean and Hittite civili- zations come into being, and what caused their demise? Who were the Sea Peoples? Was the Trojan War an historic event? What did the city of Troy look like, and why did it become so famous? There are count- less other open questions in connection with these major issues. As it turns out, answers to these questions begin to fall into place when the Luwian civilization is taken into account. 2. A New Perspective of the Aegean Bronze Age This book invites you on a journey into a distant past, when the so- called Sea Peoples raided the coasts of the Eastern Mediterranean and Greek heroes set off to conquer legendary Troy. It aims to trace back what might have actually happened shortly after 1200 BCE. At that time, the majority of civilizations around the Eastern Mediterranean collapsed within a few years. It is the time when the heroic societies of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean came to an end. To this day, we still don’t quite know what caused the rather abrupt change in this part of the world. Finding a plausible solution for the cultural demise ranks as one of the most puzzling questions in Mediterranean Archaeology. Since having started out as a geoarchaeologist, a specialist for the reconstruction of ancient landscapes, I keep coming back to a com- monly accepted paradox in archaeology that has to do with prehistoric Troy, the legendary Troy, located in western Anatolia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download PDF Version of Article
    STUDIA ORIENTALIA PUBLISHED BY THE FINNISH ORIENTAL SOCIETY 106 OF GOD(S), TREES, KINGS, AND SCHOLARS Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola Edited by Mikko Luukko, Saana Svärd and Raija Mattila HELSINKI 2009 OF GOD(S), TREES, KINGS AND SCHOLARS clay or on a writing board and the other probably in Aramaic onleather in andtheotherprobably clay oronawritingboard ME FRONTISPIECE 118882. Assyrian officialandtwoscribes;oneiswritingincuneiformo . n COURTESY TRUSTEES OF T H E BRITIS H MUSEUM STUDIA ORIENTALIA PUBLISHED BY THE FINNISH ORIENTAL SOCIETY Vol. 106 OF GOD(S), TREES, KINGS, AND SCHOLARS Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola Edited by Mikko Luukko, Saana Svärd and Raija Mattila Helsinki 2009 Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars: Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola Studia Orientalia, Vol. 106. 2009. Copyright © 2009 by the Finnish Oriental Society, Societas Orientalis Fennica, c/o Institute for Asian and African Studies P.O.Box 59 (Unioninkatu 38 B) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki F i n l a n d Editorial Board Lotta Aunio (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Librarian of the Society) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Secretary of the Society)
    [Show full text]
  • Greek-Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia
    CHRISTINA SKELTON Greek-Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia The Ancient Greek dialect of Pamphylia shows extensive influence from the nearby Anatolian languages. Evidence from the linguistics of Greek and Anatolian, sociolinguistics, and the histor- ical and archaeological record suggest that this influence is due to Anatolian speakers learning Greek as a second language as adults in such large numbers that aspects of their L2 Greek became fixed as a part of the main Pamphylian dialect. For this linguistic development to occur and persist, Pamphylia must initially have been settled by a small number of Greeks, and remained isolated from the broader Greek-speaking community while prevailing cultural atti- tudes favored a combined Greek-Anatolian culture. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The Greek-speaking world of the Archaic and Classical periods (ca. ninth through third centuries BC) was covered by a patchwork of different dialects of Ancient Greek, some of them quite different from the Attic and Ionic familiar to Classicists. Even among these varied dialects, the dialect of Pamphylia, located on the southern coast of Asia Minor, stands out as something unusual. For example, consider the following section from the famous Pamphylian inscription from Sillyon: συ Διϝι̣ α̣ ̣ και hιιαροισι Μανεˉ[ς .]υαν̣ hελε ΣελυW[ι]ιυ̣ ς̣ ̣ [..? hι†ια[ρ]α ϝιλ̣ σιι̣ ọς ̣ υπαρ και ανιιας̣ οσα περ(̣ ι)ι[στα]τυ ̣ Wοικ[. .] The author would like to thank Sally Thomason, Craig Melchert, Leonard Neidorf and the anonymous reviewer for their valuable input, as well as Greg Nagy and everyone at the Center for Hellenic Studies for allowing me to use their library and for their wonderful hospitality during the early stages of pre- paring this manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • The Carian Language HANDBOOK of ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE the NEAR and MIDDLE EAST
    The Carian Language HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-SIX The Carian Language by Ignacio J. Adiego with an appendix by Koray Konuk BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adiego Lajara, Ignacio-Javier. The Carian language / by Ignacio J. Adiego ; with an appendix by Koray Konuk. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 86). Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13 : 978-90-04-15281-6 (hardback) ISBN-10 : 90-04-15281-4 (hardback) 1. Carian language. 2. Carian language—Writing. 3. Inscriptions, Carian—Egypt. 4. Inscriptions, Carian—Turkey—Caria. I. Title. II. P946.A35 2006 491’.998—dc22 2006051655 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 15281 4 ISBN-13 978 90 04 15281 6 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Hotei Publishers, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortem Et Gloriam Army Lists Use the Army Lists to Create Your Own Customised Armies Using the Mortem Et Gloriam Army Builder
    Army Lists Syria and Asia Minor Contents Asiatic Greek 670 to 129 BCE Lycian 525 to 300 BCE Bithynian 434 to 74 BCE Armenian 330 BCE to 627 CE Asiatic Successor 323 to 280 BCE Cappadocian 300 BCE to 17 CE Attalid Pergamene 282 to 129 BCE Galatian 280 to 62 BCE Early Seleucid 279 to 167 BCE Seleucid 166 to 129 BCE Commagene 163 BCE to 72 CE Late Seleucid 128 to 56 BCE Pontic 110 to 47 BCE Palmyran 258 CE to 273 CE Version 2020.02: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled.
    [Show full text]
  • Homer's Iliad Via the Movie Troy (2004)
    23 November 2017 Homer’s Iliad via the Movie Troy (2004) PROFESSOR EDITH HALL One of the most successful movies of 2004 was Troy, directed by Wolfgang Petersen and starring Brad Pitt as Achilles. Troy made more than $497 million worldwide and was the 8th- highest-grossing film of 2004. The rolling credits proudly claim that the movie is inspired by the ancient Greek Homeric epic, the Iliad. This was, for classical scholars, an exciting claim. There have been blockbuster movies telling the story of Troy before, notably the 1956 glamorous blockbuster Helen of Troy starring Rossana Podestà, and a television two-episode miniseries which came out in 2003, directed by John Kent Harrison. But there has never been a feature film announcing such a close relationship to the Iliad, the greatest classical heroic action epic. The movie eagerly anticipated by those of us who teach Homer for a living because Petersen is a respected director. He has made some serious and important films. These range from Die Konsequenz (The Consequence), a radical story of homosexual love (1977), to In the Line of Fire (1993) and Air Force One (1997), political thrillers starring Clint Eastwood and Harrison Ford respectively. The Perfect Storm (2000) showed that cataclysmic natural disaster and special effects spectacle were also part of Petersen’s repertoire. His most celebrated film has probably been Das Boot (The Boat) of 1981, the story of the crew of a German U- boat during the Battle of the Atlantic in 1941. The finely judged and politically impartial portrayal of ordinary men, caught up in the terror and tedium of war, suggested that Petersen, if anyone, might be able to do some justice to the Homeric depiction of the Trojan War in the Iliad.
    [Show full text]
  • Monuments, Materiality, and Meaning in the Classical Archaeology of Anatolia
    MONUMENTS, MATERIALITY, AND MEANING IN THE CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANATOLIA by Daniel David Shoup A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Art and Archaeology) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Professor Elaine K. Gazda, Co-Chair Professor John F. Cherry, Co-Chair, Brown University Professor Fatma Müge Göçek Professor Christopher John Ratté Professor Norman Yoffee Acknowledgments Athena may have sprung from Zeus’ brow alone, but dissertations never have a solitary birth: especially this one, which is largely made up of the voices of others. I have been fortunate to have the support of many friends, colleagues, and mentors, whose ideas and suggestions have fundamentally shaped this work. I would also like to thank the dozens of people who agreed to be interviewed, whose ideas and voices animate this text and the sites where they work. I offer this dissertation in hope that it contributes, in some small way, to a bright future for archaeology in Turkey. My committee members have been unstinting in their support of what has proved to be an unconventional project. John Cherry’s able teaching and broad perspective on archaeology formed the matrix in which the ideas for this dissertation grew; Elaine Gazda’s support, guidance, and advocacy of the project was indispensible to its completion. Norman Yoffee provided ideas and support from the first draft of a very different prospectus – including very necessary encouragement to go out on a limb. Chris Ratté has been a generous host at the site of Aphrodisias and helpful commentator during the writing process.
    [Show full text]
  • Hittites and Etruscans
    136 HITTITES AND ETRUSCANS. (though better scholars may modify many of my renderings) is also a very strong argument. I now desire to state the points which seem safe. I. That the Hittites were an Ugro-Altaic people whose language was earest to those of the Finnic group. 2. That their language was agglutinative. 3. That "packets" occur on the texts. 4. That the ideographic values are the same in some case~ as in gyptian. 1 5. That certain comparisons are possible with the earliest known ;cuneiform. ;! 6. That the inscriptions are possibly Talismans in several cases if not in all. What is now needful is the verification of the roots by careful comparative study, which will require some time and labour to accomplish. To this I hope to devote spare time in the future. C. R. CONDER. HITTITES AND ETRUSCANS. THE work which Dr. I~aac Taylor published in 1874, called "Etruscan Researches," was the foundation of a true knowledge of Etruscan lan­ guage. He found that, like the Akkadian-which has been called the Sanskrit of the Turanian languages-Etruscan was an Ugro-Altaic language, closely akin to the Finnic dialects. It is therefore clear that it will assist us in studying what is popularly called Hittite. The Etrus­ cans were akin to the Pelasgi, the Lydians, Lycians and Carians, and the syllabaries of Lycia and Caria are closely related to the Cypriote, which preserves for us the sounds of the Hittite language. The following notes I have put down in reading Dr. Isaac Taylor's book. Page 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology and History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8Th Century B.C.-6Th Century A.D.)
    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses IX Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey ABSTRACTS Edited by Ergün Laflı Gülseren Kan Şahin Last Update: 21/04/2017. Izmir, May 2017 Websites: https://independent.academia.edu/TheLydiaSymposium https://www.researchgate.net/profile/The_Lydia_Symposium 1 This symposium has been dedicated to Roberto Gusmani (1935-2009) and Peter Herrmann (1927-2002) due to their pioneering works on the archaeology and history of ancient Lydia. Fig. 1: Map of Lydia and neighbouring areas in western Asia Minor (S. Patacı, 2017). 2 Table of contents Ergün Laflı, An introduction to Lydian studies: Editorial remarks to the abstract booklet of the Lydia Symposium....................................................................................................................................................8-9. Nihal Akıllı, Protohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar………………………………10. Sedat Akkurnaz, New examples of Archaic architectural terracottas from Lydia………………………..11. Gülseren Alkış Yazıcı, Some remarks on the ancient religions of Lydia……………………………….12. Elif Alten, Revolt of Achaeus against Antiochus III the Great and the siege of Sardis, based on classical textual, epigraphic and numismatic evidence………………………………………………………………....13. Gaetano Arena, Heleis: A chief doctor in Roman Lydia…….……………………………………....14. Ilias N. Arnaoutoglou, Κοινὸν, συμβίωσις: Associations in Hellenistic and Roman Lydia……….……..15. Eirini Artemi, The role of Ephesus in the late antiquity from the period of Diocletian to A.D. 449, the “Robber Synod”.……………………………………………………………………….………...16. Natalia S. Astashova, Anatolian pottery from Panticapaeum…………………………………….17-18. Ayşegül Aykurt, Minoan presence in western Anatolia……………………………………………...19.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxford Handbooks Online
    The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean Oxford Handbooks Online The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean Trevor Bryce The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE) Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman Print Publication Date: Sep 2011 Subject: Archaeology, Archaeology of the Near East Online Publication Date: Nov DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0015 2012 Abstract and Keywords This article presents data on western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, wherein it was the homeland of a wide range of states and population groups. The most important and most powerful of these was a group of kingdoms that are attested in Hittite texts as the Arzawa Lands. Most scholars associate the development of these kingdoms with Luwian-speaking populations who had occupied large parts of Anatolia from (at least) the early second millennium BCE. The most enduring link between Anatolia's Late Bronze Age civilizations and their first- millennium-BCE successors is provided by the Lukka people, one of the Luwian-speaking population groups of southwestern Anatolia. They were almost certainly among the most important agents for the continuity and spread of Luwian culture in southern Anatolia throughout the first millennium BCE. Keywords: western Anatolia, Arzawa Lands, Lukka people, Luwian culture In this chapter, the phrase “western Anatolia” encompasses the regions extending along Anatolia’s western and southwestern coasts, from the Troad in the north to Lukka in the south, and inland to the regions stretching north and south of the (Classical) Hermus and Maeander Rivers. During the Late Bronze Age, these regions were occupied by an array of states and population groups known to us from numerous references to them in the tablet archives of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008: 137-8, Pl. 32), Who Assigned Gateway XII to the First Building
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 29 November 2019 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Osborne, J. and Harrison, T. and Batiuk, S. and Welton, L. and Dessel, J.P. and Denel, E. and Demirci, O.¤ (2019) 'Urban built environments of the early 1st millennium BCE : results of the Tayinat Archaeological Project, 2004-2012.', Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research., 382 . pp. 261-312. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1086/705728 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2019 by the American Schools of Oriental Research. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Manuscript Click here to access/download;Manuscript;BASOR_Master_revised.docx URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM BCE: RESULTS OF THE TAYINAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT, 2004-2012 ABSTRACT The archaeological site of Tell Tayinat in the province of Hatay in southern Turkey was the principal regional center in the Amuq Plain and North Orontes Valley during the Early Bronze and Iron Ages.
    [Show full text]
  • Trojan War - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Trojan War from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia for the 1997 Film, See Trojan War (Film)
    5/14/2014 Trojan War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Trojan War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the 1997 film, see Trojan War (film). In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen Trojan War from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; its sequel, the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid. The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who (Attic red-figure kylix, c. 500 BC) took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean The war troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' Setting: Troy (modern Hisarlik, Turkey) insult.
    [Show full text]
  • 4-T RECENT BIBLICAL RESEARCH in P .ALESTTNE, SYRIA, and ASIA
    4-t RECENT BIBLICAL RESEARCH IN fultil all the conditions of the incident. From it the ground swells back and upwards in every direction, so that a vast host of people might have been assembled around, and witnessed whatever was transpiring here ; a ten minutes' walk would have taken Elijah's servant to the top of the hill on which stands the Khurbet Duweibeh, from which the sea is plainly visible. Water in any quantity, even at that time of drought, could have been supplied from the tanks at Khurbet Ali-eddin, also only ten minutes' distant, a plan of which I have already given; and we are told that twelve barrels of water were used. Within a hundred yards of this pile the present path passes down the Wil.dy el J ennadyeh, and at the bottom of it is Tell el Kussis (" The Hill of the Priests "), the traditional site of the massacre. Again, this must have been in the centre of the most populous part of the mountain. Indeed, it is difficult to realise now the extent of the population which must in those days have inhabited the south-eastern angle of Carmel. The best idea of it can be formed from the fact that within a radius of two miles and a half from this pile of stones there are, including Esfia, which is doubtless an ancient site, no fewer than twelve Khurbets or ruins of ancient towns and villages on the. various hill-tops and mountain spurs which surround it. Here, then, are all the conditions required to satisfy the Biblical narrative, and to support the hypothesis that the events recorded-which certainly could not have taken place at the site generally assigned to them without involving contradiction-occurred rather on the plateau a mile distant, which is surrounded by so many of the villages of the mountain to which "all Israel" was summoned, rather than to the more limited space half-way down the mountain on the other side, where water was scarce, and the opportunity of witnessing the scene that was transpiring was less favourable.
    [Show full text]