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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses An investigation into the evolution of Maltese geopolitical thought: its heritage, renaissance and rejuvenation Baggett, Ian Robert How to cite: Baggett, Ian Robert (1998) An investigation into the evolution of Maltese geopolitical thought: its heritage, renaissance and rejuvenation, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4739/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EVOLUTION OF MALTESE GEOPOLITICAL THOUGHT: Its heritage, renaissance and rejuvenation ? The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Jan Robert Baggett Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography University of Durham December 1998 3 AU3 1999 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EVOLUTION OF MALTESE GEOPOLITICAL THOUGHT: Its heritage, renaissance and rejuvenation ? Ian Robert Baggett, December 1998 ABSTRACT: An increasing number of theorists are involving themselves in the historical evolution of geopolitical thought, although most are concerned only with the development of conventional western thinking* This thesis derives from the idea that il may be interesting and useful to investigate the evolution of geopolitical thought from a non- western or non-mainstream perspective. Given the current demands by the new generation of "critical" political geographers for alternative research and more viable historical perspectives on the evolution of geopolitics** ,it was intended that such an investigation would also prove to be a useful contribution to wider geopolitical knowledge and thinking. Malta was deemed to be the perfect case study from which to conduct such an investigation The thrust of the thesis can be explained in terms of three sub-aims It aims to conduct a thorough investigation into the heritage of geopolitical thought in Malta. It then aims to utilize this investigation to propose a viable and thorough historical perspective on the current modes of geopolitical thinking in Malta. Third, by keeping current thinking in its historical context, it then aims instead to generate a number of insights and ideas for future geopolitical thinking in Malta. The three sub-aims introduced above are contrived to satisfy the single overriding aim of the thesis, which is; to highlight and substantiate the insights that new and alternative research into the history of geopolitical thought can bring about, not at the conventional global level of the mainstream meta-theorists but instead at the less-grandiose and more practicable levels. It is in this respect that the thesis sets out to make a new and alternative contribution to wider geopolitical knowledge and thinking. * Most nolably Parker 1985, bul also sec Agnew and Corbridgc 1989. and O'Loughlin and Heske 1991. For more on the demands that this new generation of "critical" political geographers make with regard lo the fulurc nature of the discipline of geopolitics see the introduction to this thesis. Also see the literature on "critical geopolitics"; Dalby 1990, 1991, 1994, Dodds and Sidaway 1994, OTuathail 1994a, OTuathail 1994b, Luke and OTuathail 1994, and OTuathail 1997. Table of Contents Page List of Figures i Declaration and Statement of Copyright n Dedication UJ Acknowledgements IV INTRODUCTION I I Definitions: geopolitics, geopolitical change, geopolitical thought and geopolitical thinkers 4 II Investigating (he history1 of geopolitical thought: approaches and concepts 6 III The case study: Malta and geopolitical thought in Malta 14 IV Research 18 V Format 22 1 PHASE 1: MALTA AS A SUBORDINATE IN THE COLONIAL GEOPOLITICAL WORLD ORDER 3.1 1.1 The wider yvorld 1800-1914: colonial geopolitical world order 34 1.2 From protectorate to colony 1800-1914: Malta's fallible dependency on disorder 48 1.3 British imposed "perceptive realism'" 60 2 PHASE 2: MALTA AS AN ISLAND FORTRESS IN A WORLD REORDERING THROUGH ANARCHY 77 2.1 The wider world 1914-1945 re-ordering through anarchy 79 2.11 The First World War 80 2.22 The Second World War 8.1 2.2 From British Dyarchy to British Fortress: Malta in a world at arms 1914-1945 89 2.3 British imposed "fortress realism" 103 3 PHASE 3: CASHING IN ON BIPOLAR ORDER: MALTA 1945-1989 125 3.1 The wider world: balance and order through terror 128 3.2 Practical idealism in the face of global realism: Malta's place in the wider bipolar geopolitical world order 1945-1989 140 3.3 "Practical idealism" 150 4 PHASE 4: GEOPOLITICAL DISARRAY: MALTA AND THE WIDER WORLD 1989-2000 169 4.1 The wider world 1989-2(100: dissolution of bipolar order 172 4.2 Retrieving a function for Malta in the aftermath of bipolar order: 1989-2000 178 4.21 The Nationalist's policy response: security through the EU 179 4.211 Partnership for Peace (PIP) 181 4.22 The MLP viewpoint: security through non-alignment and neutrality 183 4.3 Malta 1989-2000: willing a new world order out of geopolitical disarray 186 4.31 Three models of new world order 188 4.311 The model of US global hegemony 189 4.312 The model of US global policing 191 4.313 The model of international capitalism 193 4.32 Malta's three post-Cold War policy frameworks 196 4.321 "Imperccpiive colonial realism" 197 4.322 "Neo-lbrtrcss realism" 2(H) 4.323 "Impractical idealism" 202 4.31 Conclusion 205 .1 PHASE 5. BACK TO THE FUTURE 2000-.' 232 5.1 Rejuvenating Maltese geopolitical thought 234 5 2 Malta's new inacropoljlical agenda 243 1 1 * Vf-tcc r\nr»! 1! • «11 r\rt nirtr.Ti.iutc _-r-r 5.22 International terrorism 256 5.2.3 Maritime boundar> delimitation 265 5.24 Transnational crime 277 5.3 Conclusion 2X6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS The Evolution or Maltese Geopolitical Thought 3ll I Conclusions 312 II Wider implications of study 318 List of Figures Page Figure 1: (map) Malta's geopolitical central ity in the Mediterranean basin 15 Figure 2. (map) The colonial geopolitical world order (c. 190(1) 44 Figure v (chart) The expansion of European empires Europe and colonies as a percentage of world surface area and population (1860-1914) 46 Figure 4: (map) Europe in a world rc-ordcring through anarchy: The occupation /ones of Germany and Austria. 1945 8X Figure 5: (map) The bipolar geopolitical world order, balance and order ihrough tenor The Sovic( and .American blocs < 1947-1989) 1.19 Figure 6: (diagram) The downward spiral of geopolitical thinking in Malta 211 Figure 7: (map) Immigration flows lo the EU from the Mediterranean region (1990) 246 Figure 8: (table) Population growth in the EEC and North Africa (in millions) 248 Figure 9: (map) Population trends in the Mediterranean region 249 Figure 10: (map) Incidents of international terrorism in and around the Mediterranean (196()s-90s) 257 Figure 12: (map) Potential maritime boundary disputes in the Mediterranean Sea 268 Figure 13: (map) Delimitation of Malta's maritime boundaries {as of August 1998) 271 i H O**'"'! >P »*il i • 11 r> I confirm that no part of the material offered has previously been submitted by me for a degree in this or in any other University. Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ii Dedication: I dedicate this thesis to my Grandad Bob who sailed in the merchant convoys to Malta Boh Slaffurd of Durham Cilv 1915 J997 Long may his dilt's of bravery be re-spun. iii Acknowledgements: Tiieie are a great many people i need to thank lor helping with my research I must start with my friends in Malta. From Emanuel at the Kingsgate Arms to the Prime Minister Edward Sant, the Maltese I met were only too willing to help me with my learning. .After the welcome 1 received. I soon understood why Malta seems to be one of the most researched places on earth. f would also like to mention a number of my commanding officers in the Royal Navy (RN). I am particularly grateful to my Divisional Officer at Britannia Royal Naval College. Captain de Corvette Choissy, who, through a genuine interest in my work and development as an RN Officer, did everything in his power to ensure I was not forced to drop my studies Also, I thank my 'appointer', Lieutenant Commander Pearce, for recommending that I be appointed on deployment to my area of study, the Mediterranean Finally, I am especially grateful to Rear Admiral Wilkinson for hosting me at the Joint Services Defence College in Greenwich and allowing me to use the excellent library there for a number of weeks before its closure. Although I have decided not to resume my commission, it is through working alongside men such as these that the Royal Navy has gained my life-long respect and gratitude.
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