1 EDUCATION FOR AN AUSTRALIAN CHORAL TRADITION: EVALUATING THE PHILOSOPHIES OF STEPHEN LEEK. Submitted by Annette Stephens B.Mus, B.Mus Ed A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music School of Music Faculty of Arts and Sciences Australian Catholic University Research Services Locked Bag 4115, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia December, 2004 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Patricia Shaw, for her wonderful guidance and support; Stephen Leek, for his generosity and openness in our discussions; And my husband Justin, and children Ebony, Ashleigh and Dylan. I have greatly appreciated your support and patience. 3 STATEMENT OF SOURCES This thesis contains no material published elsewhere, or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. All research procedures reported in the thesis received the approval of the relevant Ethics/Safety Committees. 4 ABSTRACT Aims The thesis aimed to assess the philosophies of Stephen Leek, in regard to the education for an Australian choral tradition. Scope In order to address Stephen Leek's philosophies, a study of Australia's existing choral tradition and its history was conducted. This was followed by a general overview of music education in Australia post 1960. In light of these findings, Leek's educational philosophies were discussed, with specific influences, including biographical information. Leek's educational work Voiceworks was found to encapsulate his ideas. The program is creative-based, and aims to facilitate the discovery of new artistic concepts, and foster acceptance and interest in contemporary Australian choral music. Using the voice as the sole instrument, students can perform the pieces from Voiceworks, or use the ideas for further creativity in their own compositions. The program is based on experimentation, discovery, structuring, formulating, rehearsal, performance and discussion. Leek advocates that these stages are the quickest and most effective way of facilitating the learning of contemporary music techniques. In the evaluation of Leek's philosophies, case studies using a lesson from Voiceworks, were conducted with two Year 7 music classes in two different government coeducational schools. Conclusions The findings revealed that Voiceworks can be a successful resource in the education for an Australian choral tradition. However, it was also found that excitement, enthusiasm and enjoyment are the key to its success, and hence excellent teaching is required in its presentation. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER ONE: THE TRADITION OF AUSTRALIAN CHORAL MUSIC................................................9 CHAPTER TWO: AUSTRALIAN MUSIC EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 1960S TO THE PRESENT ............................................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER THREE: STEPHEN LEEK AND HIS PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION FOR AN AUSTRALIAN CHORAL TRADITION .......................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER FOUR: CASE STUDY DESIGN................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA................................................................. 68 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................. 101 APPENDIX 1: TRANSCRIPT OF TEACHER INTERVIEW: SCHOOL A ............................................. 106 APPENDIX 2: TRANSCRIPT OF TEACHER INTERVIEW: SCHOOL B.............................................. 114 APPENDIX 3: LIST OF CHORAL WORKS BY STEPHEN LEEK.......................................................... 128 APPENDIX 4: ETHICS APPROVAL DOCUMENTATION ...................................................................... 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................. 150 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS Fig 1.1 Government arts funding, 1997 and 1998 ........................................................ 16 Fig. 2.1 Webster's creative thinking process................................................................ 31 Fig 3.1 Excerpts from Leek's Voiceworks..................................................................... 47 Fig 4.1 Case study lesson plan ...................................................................................... 58 Fig 4.2 'The Last Journey Four' from Leek's Voiceworks........................................... 59 Fig 4.3a Listening task, excerpt one ............................................................................. 62 Fig 4.3b Listening task, excerpt two............................................................................. 64 Fig 4.4 Listening task one questions ............................................................................. 65 Fig 4.5 Listening task two questions............................................................................. 66 Fig. 5.1 Intended lesson plan compared to actual lessons............................................ 75 Fig. 5.2 School B assignment sheet ............................................................................... 79 Fig. 5.3 School B notated student compositions ........................................................... 80 Fig 5.4 Researcher's summary of student group work and compositions................... 90 Fig. 5.5 School A results of listening tasks.................................................................... 93 Fig 5.6 School B results of listening tasks..................................................................... 95 7 INTRODUCTION Stephen Leek (b. 1959) is an Australian composer who is fervent about raising the profile of Australian choral music by the creation of a choral tradition with its own distinctive voice, a subject on which he has written and spoken often. In the establishment of such a tradition he advocates innovative choral techniques that are designed to “stimulate or challenge audiences or choristers into new and more thought provoking concepts” (Leek 1988, p. 11). He qualifies that these innovations need not necessarily be new techniques, but rather composers’ individual manipulations of musical elements. Leek believes that composers’ experiences as Australians are necessarily reflected in their compositions, and when this is combined with his concept of innovation, a distinctive Australian voice can be formulated (Leek 1999). The idea of “Australianess”, which many composers have attempted to define, has historically proved elusive. Leek’s ideology and claims, his own particular brand of “Australianess”, is but one notion of what is a distinctive Australian voice. Leek is not alone in these ambitions and beliefs. Since 1970, other composers and various organisations have expressed similar opinions about creating a specifically Australian choral tradition. For example, the Commonwealth Government, the Australia Council’s Music Board and the Australian National Choral Association have proposed plans to lift the profile of choral composition and performance in Australia at various times (Wilmott 1997, p. 19). Composers such as Peter Sculthorpe and Sarah Hopkins have attempted to portray Australian characteristics in their music. Leek has attempted to generate and contribute to the formation of an Australian choral tradition through his output of choral miniatures and works written specifically for children in particular. The aim of the present study is to evaluate Leek’s educational philosophies in relation to his educational work Voiceworks (1988), using case studies of the work in the classroom. Previous writings dealing with Leek’s music and philosophies include concert program notes, performance reviews, biographical studies from the Australian Music Centre, ‘The Australian Voices’ website and a radio interview with the composer. Leek has also published educational resource kits, which include detailed descriptions of his educational theories. Scores and recordings are available from the Australian Music Centre, Morton Music, Print 8 Music Works and Stephen Leek Publishing. Articles relating to Leek’s philosophies and music, and those concerning Australian choral music in general, have appeared in Australian Society, Studies in Music, Perform, Opus, Music Forum, Sounds Australian, The Oxford Companion to Australian Music and Sing Out. Articles regarding Australian music education post-1960 have appeared in International Journal of Music Education, Australian Journal of Music Education, Counterpoint and Victorian Journal of Music Education. The Board of Studies in each Australian State has produced curriculum documents. Methodology texts used in this research have included those written by Yin, Swanwick, Fowler, Ely, and the Masters and PhD theses of McMillan. The specific questions to be addressed are outlined as follows: 1. What choral tradition exists in Australia, and