DOCSLIB.ORG

Past and Present Macau

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1 Macau Contributors: Wu Zhiliang Luís Filipe Barreto Macau James K. Chin Juan Gil Elsa Penalva Elisabetta Colla Noël Golvers Willy Vande Walle Ugo Baldini Mariagrazia Russo Isabel Murta Pina Lou Shenghua Zhang Xiaohua and Present Past Vicent Wai-Kit Ho Tereza Sena Alfredo Gomes Dias Li Changsen Past and Present Edited by Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, I.P. Ministério da Educação e Ciência Luís Filipe Barreto and Wu Zhiliang Macau 2015 Lisboa, Past and Present Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, I.P. Ministério da Educação e Ciência Title Macau: Past and Present Published by Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, I.P. Rua da Junqueira, 30 1300-343 Lisboa – Portugal www.cccm.pt [email protected] Tel. (+351) 21 361 75 70 Fundação Macau Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro, 61 – 75, Circle Square, 7.º – 9.º andares Macau www.fmac.org.mo [email protected] Tel. (+853) 289 667 77 Edited by Luís Filipe Barreto Wu Zhiliang Authors Luís Filipe Barreto Wu Zhiliang James K. Chin Juan Gil Elsa Penalva Elisabetta Colla Noël Golvers W.F. Vande Walle Ugo Baldini Mariagrazia Russo Isabel Murta Pina Lou Shenghua Zang Xiaohua Vincent Wai-kit Ho Tereza Sena Alfredo Gomes Dias Li Changsen Proofreading by Kennistranslations Graphic design João Machado (www.joaomachado.net) Printing Maiadouro Print run 800 Copies Lisboa, 2015 ISBN: 978-972-8586-43-0 Depósito legal: 397889/15 5 Foreword Luís Filipe Barreto / Wu Zhiliang p. 9 About the Authors p. 21 Portuguese Macau and Tokugawa Japan in the Early 17th Century as Seen from the Japanese Archival Record Tsuko Ichiran James K. Chin p. 25 Una minoría: los japoneses en Manila y en Macau Juan Gil p. 43 Mercadores, Jesuítas e Jurubaças em Macau (1600–1627) Elsa Penalva p. 93 The (In)Visibility Rhetoric and the Relationship Between Beijing, Macau and Qianshan in the Local Gazetteers of the Xiangshan District and in the Brief Monograph of Macau Elisabetta Colla p. 179 The Canton–Macau Area as a ‘lieux de savoir’: the Western Missionaries’ Detention in the Canton Jesuit Residence (1665–1671) and their Written and Editorial Output (22/3/2013) Noël Golvers p. 215 Dutch Perceptions of Macau W. F. Vande Walle p. 235 6 Scienza, missioni, destino: Wenceslas Pantaleon Kirwitzer Ugo Baldini p. 283 Jesuítas italianos em Macau Mariagrazia Russo p. 352 Macau in the Time and Work of Álvaro Semedo Isabel Murta Pina p. 385 Diversified Forms and Commonweal in Center: On the Development of Charity in Macau Lou Shenghua, Zang Xiaohua p. 395 The Arts of Integration and Recreation: a Culinary Study of Macau Vincent Wai-kit Ho p. 405 Archives of the Senado's Procuratura and the Codification and Translation of Chinese Documents Tereza Sena p. 429 Macau: Past and Present Migration – Issues, Sources and Methods Alfredo Gomes Dias p. 473 Teaching Portuguese in China and Macau’s Contribution Li Changsen p. 487 99 Foreword Luís Filipe Barreto / Wu Zhiliang In October 2012 the Macau Scientific and Cultural Centre, which is a public institute of Portugal’s Ministry of Education and Science, or- ganised the International Colloquium Macau: Past and Present in Lis- bon in conjunction with the Macau Foundation under the the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. Over three working days, more than a dozen researchers presented papers in English and Portuguese. They debated topics and problems, data and methods related to the city and region of Macau from the period of its international origins in the 16th and 17th centuries to the present day. Analyses of history and historical sociology were discussed and compared, as were specific case studies and panoramic typologies of the area and groups, some touching on international aspects and others on more internal facets of life in the City and Region. The scientific goal of this meeting was to further the development of research about the past and present of Macau, and to have more and better knowledge about the current “state of play” of what has been and is being achieved through research directed by universities and research centers in Europe and Asia and notably in Portugal, China and Macau. The organisers of the Colloquium, cccm/Macau Foundation, see this and other similar meetings as a fruitful investment, and as another step towards the development of studies and higher education on Macau, and in its multiple functions and cultural, social, political and economic dimensions. It was also intended as an incentive for archives, libraries and museums to be more and better organised, so that they publish and spread knowledge about the sources and collections of documents and objects about Macau. The over-riding goal of this colloquium, and of the other seven held since 2007, is to articulate the knowledge of the past and the present might be better prepared to seek out the centuries-old patterns and regular features of Macau, ones that go deeper than just one or other event or situation in the 16th and 17th centuries or in the 20th and 21st 10 FOREWORD LUÍS FILIPE BARRETO / WU ZHILIANG 11 centuries. It aims to pursue this goal through typological comparison, a hub for combined resources of these two coastal provinces of south- the diversity of data, the multilingual plurality of the documenta- ern China for exchange, international finance, maritime trade and the tion and also the plurality of theoretical and methodological research free flow of people and information/knowledge within and outside of programes, and to discuss and come together on the different ways of China and its maritime sphere of Nanyang. moving forward on the research question of the past, present and fu- The farthest-reaching platform of this international trade of the ture of Macau on more solid ground and with greater assurance. coastal provinces of southern China was provided by the Portuguese. This volume gathers the essence of the key papers of late 2012. This contribution now brings the Indian and Atlantic oceans, their These pages almost entirely in English but in their original language routes, markets and products to the region. These are the same mar- (Portuguese, Spanish, Italian); the texts contain with very powerful kets and products that connect the junks and Chinese communities of documental components and information (such as those by Juan Gil, southern China to the islands and peninsulas of Southeast Asia. Elsa Penalva, Ugo Baldini and Mariagrazia Russo). They open up new In the Ming period, the maritime-commercial intermediation of the horizons with documents and manuscripts hitherto unseen. Transla- Portuguese and the consolidation of their established position in Macau tion would undermine the research described. In the case of Macau, came about largely due to the Japan factor: Japanese silver, Chinese and research is always multilingual, meaning a broad array of European Japanese capital that drove the Canton Fair on the Macau–Nagasaki and Asian languages that stimulate the comparative work of multilin- axis, silks, porcelain, Chinese currency and so on flowed between the gual teams. Indeed, this volume comprises articles in four languages: “sons of Heaven” and the “sons of the Rising Sun”. English (9), Portuguese (2), Spanish (1) and Italian (1). The documental The relevance of the Japanese dimension to the knowledge of Macau relevance of the papers in these languages, their importance as evidence comes to us here through the study by James K. Chin (University of and citations unpublished manuscripts fully justifies this increasingly Hong Kong) about the Tsuko- - Ichikan archive and Japanese documen- frequent multilingual format. tation on the relations between Macau and Tokugawa Japan in the Macau is a micro-island/peninsula with macro functions of global early 18th century. The Japanese markets were key not only to Macau’s connectivity and of the controllable opening up of cultural, economic imports and exports but also to its character as an international border and social groups and activities from the South China coast to the rest of city, and the intercultural relations between Europe and Japan. the world. This trend has been a constant over the many centuries from Macau’s increasing usefulness was also due to its connections to the start of the Ming period and throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Manila and the American Pacific. A Macau–Nagasaki–Manila axis It is a regular structural pattern that is repeated to varying degrees and spread from Canton and Guangdong province to Fujian, Vietnam and breadth both in relation to connectivity and types of controlled opening. the islands and ports of Southeast Asia. The study by Juan Gil (Real It was structural repetition throughout the Qing dynasty, in the periods Academia Espanhola) on the Japanese minority in Manila and Macau of the First Republic and the People’s Republic of China, and post-1999, continues to show us the importance of the Japanese factor in the orig- after the emergence of the Special Administrative Region. inal formation of Macau. Attracting diverse universes is the raison d’être and meaning of this Macau’s Luso–Chinese status attracts the most diverse of forces and micro city-region. Its original and fundamental purpose as the gateway people, institutions and interests. The numerous builders and decision- to Guangzhou and an international port serving multiple areas ranging makers of Macau, in Macau itself but also in Canton and Goa, Lisbon from trade, finance, culture and migration to technology make Macau and Beijing, Patane and Malacca, Hong Kong and Singapore, Japan a global hub, a micro-space of multiple and not infrequently contradic- and Fujian, etc. left a wealth of documentary sources in a wide range tory convergences and interests. of languages.
Recommended publications
  • Medicine and Culture Chinese-Western Medical Exchange

    Medicine and Culture Chinese-Western Medical Exchange

    Educating Minds and Hearts to Change the World NUMBER 43 ReportJULY • 2007 CENTER for the PACIFIC RIM Medicine and Culture THE CENTER FOR THE PACIFIC RIM PROMOTES Chinese-Western Medical Exchange (1644-ca.1950) understanding, communica- tion, and cooperation among the cultures and Keynote Lecture by Marta E. Hanson, Ph.D. economies of the Pacific Symposium Summation by Charlotte Furth, Ph.D. Rim and provides leader- ship in strengthening the The Ricci Institute at the USF Center for the Pacific Jesuits and Medicine in the position of the San Rim is pleased to publish two extracts from its March Francisco Bay Area as a 2007 symposium, “Medicine and Culture: Chinese- Kangxi Court (1662-1722) pre-eminent American Western Medical Exchange.” Marta Hanson's keynote gateway to the Pacific. It lecture on the Jesuits' introduction of Western medical Marta E. Hanson fulfills its mission through knowledge to China during the Qing dynasty drew a Johns Hopkins University interdisciplinary academic programs, research, print large crowd to the USF hilltop. Charlotte Furth's and online publications, summation synthesized the works of 10 leading scholars hat kind of healing took place in the early scholarly exchanges, and doctoral candidates who presented their research at Manchu court during the reign of the conferences, and other the Institute's day-long symposium on Chinese-Western WKangxi emperor (r. 1662-1722)? Chinese outreach activities. medical exchange held the following day. physicians offered acupuncture, moxibustion, massage, and medicinal tonics. Yet the Kangxi emperor disliked Chinese acupuncture, loathed the THE RICCI INSTITUTE IS smell of mugwort (Artemesia used for moxibustion), part of the Center for the would never get a massage, scoffed at Taoist longevity Pacific Rim.
  • The Jesuit Translation and Interpretation of the Yijing (Classic of Changes) in Historical and Cultural Perspective

    The Jesuit Translation and Interpretation of the Yijing (Classic of Changes) in Historical and Cultural Perspective

    International Forum of Teaching and Studies Vol. 16 No. 2 2020 The Jesuit Translation and Interpretation of the Yijing (Classic of Changes) in Historical and Cultural Perspective Yang Ping Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, China [Abstract] This article examines the Jesuit translation and interpretation of the Yijing (I Ching, or Classic of Changes) from the historical and cultural perspective. The Jesuits dissected Chinese characters for religious interpretation, equated the trigrams and hexagrams with Christian conceptions, and linked Chinese cultural heroes with biblical figures in order to establish compatibility between the Yijing and the Bible. Although the Jesuit hermeneutical strategy described as “Figurism” failed in the end, this interpretive approach was part of a long tradition of Yijing exegesis, textual transmission, and cultural transformations, which sheds new light on questions of cross-cultural exchanges and understanding. [Keywords] The Yijing, Jesuits, translation, interpretation, Figurism Introduction The Yijing (I Ching, or Classic of Changes, 易經) began as a divination manual about three thousand years ago in ancient China, but it evolved to become “the first of the [Chinese] classics.” With its philosophical sophistication, psychological potential, and encyclopedic comprehensiveness, it has had unrivalled prestige in China since ancient times. As Steve Moore puts it: “If the importance of books is measured by the numbers of their readers, the amount of commentary written on them, the quantity of editions and translations…then surely two would appear far ahead of the rest of the field. One, of course, is the Christian Bible. The other, though it may surprise readers brought up in Western traditions of literature and learning (and especially those who regard it as little more than a fortune-telling book), is the I Ching, or “Book of Changes” (Hacker et al., 2002, p.
  • A Study on University Education of Medieval European Mathematicians 1K

    A Study on University Education of Medieval European Mathematicians 1K

    International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 22 2017, 265-273 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu A Study on University Education of Medieval European Mathematicians 1K. Rejikumar and 2C.M. Indukala 1Deptment of Mathematics, N.S.S. College, Pandalam, Kerala, India. [email protected] 2University of Kerala, Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. [email protected] Abstract Higher educational institutions in a country play an important role in the cultural transformation of people. Its role in the coordination and strengthening of new knowledge and its proper dissemination in the community is an important factor in the development of any country. In this paper we compare the importance of role played by higher educational institutions in the development of Kerala School of Mathematics and European School of Mathematics. Key Words:Kerala school of mathematics, european school of mathematics, institutions of higher learning. 265 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 1. Introduction The word university is originated from the Latin word “Universitas”, means the whole, the world or the universe. Before Universities were established, the main centers for education were monastic schools. Because of the increasing necessity for acquisition of knowledge, there happened the migration of cathedral schools to large cities. At the early stage Universities were consisted of a group of individuals assembled at some available spaces such as church or homes. Gradually Universities were established in secluded buildings and teachers were granted remuneration [1]. This paper deals with a cursory overview on the education details of eminent European scholars who made significant contributions in mathematics and other fields of interest during the period from 1300 to 1700.
  • The Point Mass As a Model for Epistemic Representation

    The Point Mass As a Model for Epistemic Representation

    Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate Corso di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze di Base e Applicazioni Ph.D. Thesis THE POINT MASS AS A MODEL FOR EPISTEMIC REPRESENTATION. A HISTORICAL & EPISTEMOLOGICAL APPROACH Tutor: Candidate: Chiar.mo Prof. Vincenzo Fano Dott.ssa Antonella Foligno Curriculum Scienze della Complessità Ciclo XXX – A. A. 2016/2017 Settore Scientifico Disciplinare: M-FIL/02 To Martina and Giada If our highly pointed Triangles of the Soldier class are formidable, it may be readily inferred that far more formidable are our Women. For, if a Soldier is a wedge, a Woman is a needle; being, so to speak, all point, at least at the two extremities. Add to this the power of making herself practically invisible at will, and you will perceive that a Female, in Flatland, is a creature by no means to be trifled with. But here, perhaps, some of my younger Readers may ask how a woman in Flatland can make herself invisible. This ought, I think, to be apparent without any explanation. However, a few words will make it clear to the most unreflecting. Place a needle on the table. Then, with your eye on the level of the table, look at it side-ways, and you see the whole length of it; but look at it end-ways, and you see nothing but a point, it has become practically invisible. Just so is it with one of our Women. When her side is turned towards us, we see her as a straight line; when the end containing her eye or mouth – for with us these two organs are identical – is the part that meets our eye, then we see nothing but a highly lustrous point; but when the back is presented to our view, then – being only sublustrous, and, indeed, almost as dim as an inanimate object – her hinder extremity serves her as a kind of Invisible Cap.
  • GALILEO CREATION and COSMOGONY a Study on the Interplay Between Galileo’S Science of Motion and the Creation Theme [M-STO/05, M-FIL/06]

    GALILEO CREATION and COSMOGONY a Study on the Interplay Between Galileo’S Science of Motion and the Creation Theme [M-STO/05, M-FIL/06]

    DOCTORAL DISSERTATION GALILEO CREATION AND COSMOGONY A Study on the Interplay between Galileo’s Science of Motion and the Creation Theme [M-STO/05, M-FIL/06] Ph.D. Candidate Ph.D. Coordinator IVAN MALARA Prof. ANDREA PINOTTI Registration number: R11933 JOINT PH.D. SUPERVISORS Università degli Studi di Milano Prof. LUCA BIANCHI Doctoral course in Philosophy and Human Sciences – XXXIII Cycle Prof. ELIO NENCI (Dipartimento di Filosofia “Piero Martinetti”) Gent Universiteit Prof. MAARTEN VAN DYCK Academic Year 2019/2020 È chiaro che il pensiero dà fastidio anche se chi pensa è muto come un pesce anzi è un pesce e come pesce è difficile da bloccare perché lo protegge il mare Com’è profondo il mare LUCIO DALLA, Com’è profondo il mare (1977) Non ’mbrischiare a calia ca ’nzudda (Calabrian saying) Table of contents Abstract English .........................................................................................................VII Italian ..........................................................................................................VIII Dutch.............................................................................................................IX Introduction .............................................................................................................XI PART ONE: CREATION I. Anno 1607: Galileo and Castelli 1. Galileo in 1607..............................................................................................3 2. Castelli in 1607. The epistulae Cavenses.......................................................
  • Western Learning and the Ming–Qing Transition OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/11/2011, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/11/2011, Spi

    Western Learning and the Ming–Qing Transition OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/11/2011, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/11/2011, Spi

    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/11/2011, SPi part i Western learning and the Ming–Qing transition OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/11/2011, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/11/2011, SPi chapter 1 The Jesuits and mathematics in China, 1582–1644 The story of Western learning (xixue 西學) in China begins where Joseph Needham’s account of the mathematical sciences in Science and Civilisation in China closes, that is, when Jesuit missionaries entered China at the end of the sixteenth century.1 For the whole duration of their presence (1582–1773), they put their science in the service of evangelisation: the knowledge and know-how that they displayed enhanced the prestige of their religion and served to attract the patron- age of officials, as well as that of the imperial state. The Jesuits’ emphasis on science as a tool for proselytisation seems to be unique both among the missionary orders present in China in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,2 and indeed among Jesuit mis- sions around the world at the time.3 In fact it could be argued that the Jesuits’ science had a much more pervasive influence on China than their religion. Whereas Christianity remained a minority, and even marginal religion,4 Western learning was known to all Chinese scholars interested in the mathematical sciences by the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, whatever their attitude towards it might have been. On the other hand, most Jesuit missionaries devoted their time and effort solely to evangelisation,5 and only a few ‘specialists’ among them taught and practised the sciences.
  • First Section: Introduction

    First Section: Introduction

    First Section: Introduction Chapter 1: Historical Background 1. Long Genesis 3 2. Christian Allegory Versus Rational Reading 18 3. Cross-cultural Hermeneutics 24 Chapter 2: Choice for the Song, Ming and Qing Hermeneutics 1. Disguised Choice for Zhu Xi’s Canon 29 2. Disguised Choice for Zhu Xi as Commentator 32 3. Different Textual Layers 37 Chapter 3: Philosophical Approach of the Song 1. Chinese Philosophy and Learning 41 2. Metaphysical Framework 44 3. Intellectualist Epistemology 51 4. Intellectualist Anthropology and Morality 55 Chapter 4: Political and Historical Approaches of Ming-Qing 1. Teaching Addressed to the Rulers 61 2. Predicament of Government by Virtue 65 3. Historical Figure of Confucius and the Ancient 68 Kings 4. Historical Criticism 70 Conclusion 75 Prospero Intorcetta Detail - Oil on canvas - 1671 Biblioteca Comunale di Palermo - Sicily Chapter 1 Historical Background Even though our present study is based on the final text of the Sinarum Philosophus, the book was the product of a complex and lengthy historical development which covers one hundred years and spans from China to Europe. The Sinarum Philosophus fits inside the debate among Europeans about how to read the Chinese classics. The very nature of this debate, with deep philosophical and theological implications, made the Jesuits engage Chinese classics at a very rational level, instead of a more metaphorical approach. In this chapter, we shall propose a model of cross-cultural hermeneutics, identifying the different layers of the Western and Chinese traditions involved in the translation of the Confucian classics in the West. 1 Long Genesis What was to become the Sinarum Philosophus went through three different stages.
  • Undoing the Binaries, Rethinking Encounter

    Undoing the Binaries, Rethinking Encounter

    Undoing the Binaries, Rethinking “Encounter”: Translation Works of Seventeenth-Century Jesuit Missionaries in China A Senior Honors Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with distinction in Comparative Studies in the undergraduate college of The Ohio State University by Erin M. Odor The Ohio State University December 2006 Project Advisors: Professor Patricia A. Sieber, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures Professor Daniel T. Reff, Department of Comparative Studies Odor 1 I. INTRODUCTION “Translation is the performative nature of cultural communication.” Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture It has been a common conception that there exists a fundamental difference between the “East” and the “West.” Certain postcolonial writings, such as Edward W. Said’s influential Orientalism (1978), have reshaped our understanding of encounters between Europeans and non- Westerners as one in which the European Self speaks for and creates its Other, always in a hierarchical, binary relationship. One may well imagine that only recently have we become aware of these power imbalances and begun to engage in productive, cross-cultural dialogue. However, such an understanding limits not only our conception of history, but also reduces the two participants in the interaction to singular, static entities. The encounter between European Jesuit missionaries and Chinese elites during the mid- sixteenth through late-eighteenth centuries challenges such claims on several counts. First, the Jesuits acknowledged ideological diversity among the Chinese; indeed, religious pluralism was a primary obstacle to their proselytizing efforts. In addition, they often collaborated with Chinese literati, both converts and non-Christians, when producing their texts. Finally, they engaged in such a degree of culture dialogue that it may seem to us that they were ahead of their time.
  • CHINESE MATTERS in the HISTORIA DA IGREJA DO JAPÃO by JOÃO RODRIGUES TÇUZU SJ Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, Vol

    CHINESE MATTERS in the HISTORIA DA IGREJA DO JAPÃO by JOÃO RODRIGUES TÇUZU SJ Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, Vol

    Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies ISSN: 0874-8438 [email protected] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal Roque de Oliveira, Francisco A TREATISE INSIDE A TREATISE: CHINESE MATTERS IN THE HISTORIA DA IGREJA DO JAPÃO BY JOÃO RODRIGUES TÇUZU SJ Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, vol. 18-19, junio-diciembre, 2009, pp. 135-173 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36129851005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative BPJS, 2009, 18/19, 135-173 A TREATISE INSIDE A TREATISE: CHINESE MATTERS IN THE HISTORIA DA IGREJA DO JAPÃO BY JOÃO RODRIGUES TÇUZU SJ * Francisco Roque de Oliveira University of Lisbon Abstract In the first chapters of the unfinished manuscript of the Historia da Igreja do Japão (c. 1627) the Portuguese Jesuit João Rodrigues Tçuzu articulates the general description of Japan and of its religions with a vast series of geographical and anthropological data on China. Within the context of the Jesuit prose of that time it is a unique methodological option, resulting from the author’s correct perception as pertains to the decisive influence that Chinese culture had in East Asia. Despite the numerous problems related with the textual systemization of those Chinese matters, it results in a brief descriptive treaty about China. It is also the first relevant synthesis on the subject written in China itself after the work left by Matteo Ricci in 1610.
  • Knowledge, Freedom, and Brotherly Love: Homosociality and the Accademia Dei Lincei Mario Biagioli Special Cluster: Gender and Early-Modern Science

    Knowledge, Freedom, and Brotherly Love: Homosociality and the Accademia Dei Lincei Mario Biagioli Special Cluster: Gender and Early-Modern Science

    Copyright © 1995, The Johns Hopkins University Press and the Society for Literature and Science. All rights reserved. Configurations 3.2 (1995) 139-166 ../toc Knowledge, Freedom, and Brotherly Love: Homosociality and the Accademia dei Lincei Mario Biagioli Special Cluster: Gender and Early-Modern Science The Accademia dei Lincei, often considered the earliest of scientific organizations, was established in 1603 by Federico Cesi, a young Roman aristocrat who was soon to become prince of San Polo and Sant'Angelo, duke of Aquasparta, and marquis of Monticelli. 1 After a period of very limited activity, which lasted until 1609, the academy quickly revived its membership and visibility, and by 1611 it included prestigious figures like Galileo and Giovanbattista della Porta. Its ranks continued to increase until 1625, when it listed thirty-two members, most of them located in Rome, Naples, and Florence. 2 The Lincei became an important reference point in the fledgling Italian philosophical community and played a relevant role in Galileo's later career, but it collapsed shortly after the prince's death in 1630. Cesi left behind a vast, elaborate, and well-documented academic project that usually bore little more than a family resemblance to the [End Page 139] actual academy. This essay analyzes the gender dimensions of Cesi's project and traces them into some aspects of the academy's historical record. Unlike all other seventeenth-century scientific academies that excluded women from their membership without making that ban explicit or providing reasons for their policies, the Lincei's oath stated that the academy was a "philosophical army" whose recruits were exclusively male.
  • UBC Dissertation 2012 Vermot

    UBC Dissertation 2012 Vermot

    THE ROLE OF URBAN REAL ESTATE IN JESUIT FINANCES AND NETWORKS BETWEEN EUROPE AND CHINA, 1612-1778 by Frederik Vermote A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) January 2013 © Frederik Vermote, 2013 Abstract This dissertation examines the role of urban real estate in the finances and networks of the Jesuit missions in China. Starting in 1612, when Jesuit missionaries working in China envisioned for the first time a strategy for making the missions financially independent from Europe, I will investigate how and why it took until the second half of the eighteenth century for the Christian communities in China to become financially self-sustaining. The procurators and their subordinate treasurers, the Jesuits primarily in charge of the financial management of the missions, are the subject of this dissertation. How did they combine the resources and personnel extracted from Europe, India, and China to establish an autonomous financial foundation for the missions in China? This dissertation argues that their most reliable source of income was revenue from investments in urban real estate. The arc of this dissertation spans both the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries examining the Portuguese and the French Jesuit missions in China. Through a close analysis of Jesuit procurators’ activities and personal networks this dissertation will assert that while they realized the necessity of economic integration in the global missions early on, procurators encountered great problems in realizing this goal. As such, this dissertation recognizes the limitations of global networks by exploring the role of global contact and the circulation of missionaries, money, and mail and by looking at the Jesuit search for financial opportunities in the local and regional economy to become self-sustaining communities.
  • How a Dangerous Mathematical Theory Shaped the Modern World

    How a Dangerous Mathematical Theory Shaped the Modern World

    it. As Clavius points out in the “Prolegomena,” it was the sturdiest edifice in the kingdom of knowledge. For a taste of the Euclidean method, consider Euclid’s proof of proposition 32 in book 1: that the sum of the angles of any triangle is equal to two right angles—or, as we would say, 180 degrees. Euclid, at this point, has already proven that when a straight line falls on two parallel lines, it creates the same angles with one parallel line as with the other (book 1, proposition 29). He makes good use of this theorem here: Proposition 32: In any triangle, if one of the sides be produced, the exterior angle is equal to the two interior and opposite angles, and the three interior angles of the triangle are equal to two right angles. Proof: Let ABC be a triangle and let one side of it be produced to D. I say that the exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior and opposite angles CAB, ABC, and the three interior angles of the triangle, ABC, BCA, CAB, are equal to two right angles. Figure 2.1. The sum of the angles in a triangle. 92 This was Salviati’s (Galileo’s) theory of matter, and as he himself admitted, it was a difficult one. “What a sea we are slipping into without knowing it!” Salviati exclaims at one point. “With vacua, and infinities, and indivisibles … shall we ever be able, even by means of a thousand discussions, to reach dry land?” Indeed, can a finite amount of material be composed of an infinite number of atoms and an infinite number of empty spaces? To prove his point that it could, he turned to mathematics.