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UBC Dissertation 2012 Vermot THE ROLE OF URBAN REAL ESTATE IN JESUIT FINANCES AND NETWORKS BETWEEN EUROPE AND CHINA, 1612-1778 by Frederik Vermote A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) January 2013 © Frederik Vermote, 2013 Abstract This dissertation examines the role of urban real estate in the finances and networks of the Jesuit missions in China. Starting in 1612, when Jesuit missionaries working in China envisioned for the first time a strategy for making the missions financially independent from Europe, I will investigate how and why it took until the second half of the eighteenth century for the Christian communities in China to become financially self-sustaining. The procurators and their subordinate treasurers, the Jesuits primarily in charge of the financial management of the missions, are the subject of this dissertation. How did they combine the resources and personnel extracted from Europe, India, and China to establish an autonomous financial foundation for the missions in China? This dissertation argues that their most reliable source of income was revenue from investments in urban real estate. The arc of this dissertation spans both the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries examining the Portuguese and the French Jesuit missions in China. Through a close analysis of Jesuit procurators’ activities and personal networks this dissertation will assert that while they realized the necessity of economic integration in the global missions early on, procurators encountered great problems in realizing this goal. As such, this dissertation recognizes the limitations of global networks by exploring the role of global contact and the circulation of missionaries, money, and mail and by looking at the Jesuit search for financial opportunities in the local and regional economy to become self-sustaining communities. Only by studying the Jesuit finances in China over a time-span of 166 years does the relationship between Longobardo’s strategic planning for financial independence in 1612 and the French Jesuits’ budget for their missions in Beijing in 1778 become fully clear. This dissertation’s most important contribution is in charting the growing importance of revenue from investments in urban real estate. Ironically, just as the missions in China had begun to galvanize local resource networks largely independent of the central organization of the Society, European monarchs expelled the Jesuits from their realms and Rome finally dissolved the Jesuits as a Society. ii Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. x Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. xi Dedication ............................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Economic History of Jesuits in China ................................................................................ 1 1.2 Jesuit Historiography: The Predominance of a Missiological Perspective in Primary and Secondary Literature ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Jesuit Historiography: The Material and Economic History of Jesuit Missions in China ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.4 Jesuit Historiography: World History and Jesuit History ............................................... 13 1.5 Jesuit Historiography: National Affinity, and the China Jesuits in the Eighteenth Century ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 1.6 Dissertation Overview ................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 2: The Forgotten Accountants of the Society of Jesus .............................. 36 2.1 Introduction: Fabulous Riches? ................................................................................................. 36 2.1.1 The Center: Initial Financial Structure of the Society of Jesus ....................... 40 2.2 Global Responsibilities of the Procurator: The Case of Nicolas Trigault ................. 41 2.2.1 The Unique Position of the Visitor-Procurator ..................................................... 42 2.2.2 Trigault’s Background and the China Missions’ State of Affairs in 1612 ... 46 2.2.3 Unofficial Status and Initiative from the Periphery ............................................ 47 2.2.4 Financial Goals .................................................................................................................... 48 2.2.5 Material Resources’ Goals: Books and Presents ................................................... 51 2.2.6 Propaganda Goals .............................................................................................................. 53 2.3 Trigault and Longobardo: Success or Failure? ................................................................... 56 2.3.1 Financial Success of a Visitor-Procurator ................................................................ 56 iii 2.3.2 Finances and Personnel: Costs of Personnel .......................................................... 65 2.3.3 The Portuguese Padroado .............................................................................................. 68 2.3.4 The Deadly Toll of Sea-Passage .................................................................................... 70 2.4 The Visitor-Procurator Evaluated, 1612 – 1693 ................................................................ 75 2.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 3: The Dynamics of Connected Networks between Europe and Asia . 82 3.1 Jesuit Networks during the 1690s ........................................................................................... 82 3.1.1 European and Asian Competitors for Global Networks .................................... 83 3.1.2 Trust and Procurators ...................................................................................................... 86 3.2 Trust and the Limitations of Sea Passage ............................................................................. 89 3.3 The European Jesuit Networks: The Overland Passage .................................................. 94 3.4 The French Start Investigating the Alternative Networks ............................................. 99 3.4.1 Negotiations between the French and Russian Networks ............................ 102 3.4.2 Verjus, Leibniz, and the Overland Passage ........................................................... 107 3.5 France versus Portugal: The Shifting of Patronage Networks .................................. 111 3.5.1 The Connection between the French Jesuits and the French Company .. 115 3.5.2 The Connection between the Portuguese Jesuits and the Portuguese State ............................................................................................................................................................ 116 3.5.3 The Connection between the French Jesuits and the Portuguese State .. 117 3.5.4 Requirements to enlarge the Portuguese Network .......................................... 119 3.6 Money Flows Rechanneled ....................................................................................................... 122 3.6.1 German Money Re-channeled .................................................................................... 123 3.6.2 Trust and Secrecy in Networks ................................................................................. 124 3.6.3 Distrust and Unraveling Networks .......................................................................... 127 3.6.4 Final Verdict of Verjus’ Network and Trust ......................................................... 129 3.7 Multiple Networks in the Wavering Middle: The Dutch and English Network . 131 3.7.1 The French, the Dutch, and the English ................................................................. 132 3.7.2 Continuing French-English Relationships after 1706 ..................................... 135 3.7.3 Final Verdict of French-German-English Networks in Asia .......................... 138 3.8 Further Personal Networks in the Wavering Middle: An Italian Missionary’s Assessment of the Best European Network at the End of the Seventeenth Century .....................................................................................................................................................................
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