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Responding to the transport crisis in Karachi Appendices The Urban Resource Centre, Karachi with Arif Hasan and Mansoor Raza Working Paper Urban Keywords: July 2015 Urban development, urban planning, transport About the authors Produced by IIED’s Human Settlements The Urban Resource Centre, Karachi is a Karachi-based Group NGO founded by teachers, professionals, students, activists The Human Settlements Group works to reduce poverty and and community organizations from low income settlements. improve health and housing conditions in the urban centres of It was set up in response to the recognition that the planning Africa, Asia and Latin America. It seeks to combine this with process for Karachi did not serve the interests of low- and promoting good governance and more ecologically sustainable lower-middle-income groups, small businesses and informal patterns of urban development and rural-urban linkages. sector operators and was also creating adverse environmental and socioeconomic impacts. The Urban Resource Centre has sought to change this through creating an information Acknowledgements base about Karachi’s development on which everyone can draw; also through research and analysis of government This study was initiated, designed and supervised by Arif plans (and their implications for Karachi’s citizens), advocacy, Hasan. The interviews with government officials, transporters, mobilization of communities, and drawing key government staff and community members in the low income settlements, into discussions. This has created a network of professionals were carried out by Zahid Farooq and Rizwan-ul-Haq (Social and activists from civil society and government agencies Organiser and Manager of Documentation respectively of URC, who understand planning issues from the perspective of Karachi). These interviews were transcribed from Urdu into these communities and other less powerful interest groups. English by Dr Qamar-uz-Zaman Yousefzai (Faculty member This network has successfully challenged many government at Benazir University, Karachi), Saima Shivejee and Ravina plans that are ineffective, over-expensive and anti-poor and Anthony (students of the Social Science Department, ZABIST has promoted alternatives. It shows how the questioning of University, Karachi), and by Rizwan-ul-Haq. The interviews with government plans in an informed manner by a large number of women commuters were carried out and transcribed from Urdu interest groups, community organizations, NGOs, academics, into English by Anadil Iftekhar (a school teacher who interned political parties and the media can force the government to with URC). Anadil also located and identified the respondents. listen and to make modifications to its plans, projects and The questionnaire survey was supervised by Mansoor Raza and investments. Comparable urban resource centres have also Humayoon Waqar (a freelance researcher). Survey participants been set up in other cities in Pakistan and also in other nations. were URC staff members, Zahid Farooq, Adnan Farooqui, Arif Hasan is an architect/planner in private practice in Mukhtar Yousuf, Shakeel Gill, Rao Nasir Ali, Seema Liaquat, Karachi, dealing with urban planning and development issues Muhammad, Jamil and Shazia Perween. Others who assisted in general and in Asia and Pakistan in particular. He has been in the survey were RanaSadiq and Shakeel (both community involved with the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) since 1981. He is activists). The data feeding of the survey through SPSS was also a founding member of the Urban Resource Centre (URC) carried out by Rozina Imtiaz, and the analysis was carried out in Karachi and has been its chair since its inception in 1989. by Engr. Mansoor Raza, who also helped Arif Hasan in putting He has written widely on housing and urban issues in Asia, the document together. The URC Director, Younus Baloch, including several books published by Oxford University Press monitored the URC part of the work. and several papers published in Environment and Urbanization. He has been a consultant and advisor to many local and foreign community based organizations, national and international Published by IIED, July 2015 NGOs, and bilateral and multilateral donor agencies. These Appendices are available online only at E-mail: [email protected] http://pubs.iied.org/10746IIED Mansoor Raza is a freelance researcher and a visiting faculty member at Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST). He is an electrical engineer turned They accompany the full working paper: environmentalist, and has been involved with civil Society and NGOs since 1995. He worked as disaster manager in The Urban Resource Centre, Karachi with Arif Hasan and Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Pakistan in Afghanistan Emergency Mansoor Raza. 2015. Responding to the transport crisis in 2002, Tsunami 2004, Kashmir Earthquake -2005 and IDP Karachi. IIED Working Paper. IIED, London. crisis in 2009. Mansoor also works as a researcher with Arif http://pubs.iied.org/10733IIED Hasan and Associates since 1998 on diverse urban issues. He has researched and published widely and has a special interest ISBN 978-1-78431-195-7 in the amendment and repeal of discriminatory laws and their misuse in Pakistan. Mansoor blogs at https://mansooraza. wordpress.com International Institute for Environment and Development 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 email: [email protected] www.iied.org @iied www.facebook.com/theIIED Download more publications at www.iied.org/pubs IIED WORKING PAPER Transport-related problems in Karachi have increased considerably in recent decades. Traffic congestion contributes to increased air and noise pollution, leading to health problems, high accident rates, and environmental degradation. It has also meant declining living standards, as to avoid long commutes, people’s livelihood choices have become more limited and this has determined where they live. This has resulted in a drop in income and a decrease in personal security, which has affected the most vulnerable, in particular women. This paper presents a historical perspective on the causes of the current crisis, and its repercussions on transporters, fuel suppliers, and the public; outlining current government plans and making recommendations. Contents Appendix 1: Literature consulted 4 Appendix 4: Stakeholders in the transport Acts 5 sector in Karachi 19 Selected important press clippings (2007–2013) 5 1. Government institutions 19 2. Transporter’s associations 19 Appendix 2: List of interviewees 7 3. The commuting public 19 A. Interviews with government officials: 7 B. Interviews with transporters 8 Appendix 5: Transcripts of full interviews 20 D. Interviews with the public 8 A. Interviews with government officials 20 B. Interviews with transporters 36 Appendix 3: Questionnaires and analysis 9 C. Interviews with women 50 Analysis of Questionnaires for Transport D. Interviews with the public 58 Research (March 2014) 13 Gender analysis – Transport Study, 2014 15 www.iied.org 3 RESPONDING TO THE TRANSPORT CRISIS IN KARACHI | APPENDICES Appendix 1: Literature consulted MPGO; Karachi Master Plan 1975-85; KDA, 1973. Arif Hasan; Understanding Karachi; City Press, Karachi, 2000. Ministry of Communication; Feasibility Study for the Introduction of Rapid Transit System as a part of An Aquila Ismail; Transport (URC Karachi Series); City Integrated Mass Transportation Plan for Karachi and Press, Karachi 2002. Lahore; Government of Pakistan, December 1975. Person Trip Study of Karachi City; prepared by Report of the Committee on Proposed Metropolitan Exponent Engineers / Japan International Corporation Transport Authority by the Transport Commission Agency (JICA) for the CDGK; December 2005. Working Group which was looking into the shortages Detailed study on a Private-Public Partnership based of transport and making recommendations included Environmental Friendly Public Transport System for improved bus designs, prevention of road accidents, Karachi; prepared by the Karachi Mass Transit Cell public transport discipline, mass transit fares and acts, of the City Government for the Karachi Strategic rules and regulations relevant to them; 1982. Development Plan-2020, February 2006. MPGO; Karachi Development Plan 2000; KDA, 1989. MPGO; Karachi Strategic Development Plan 2020; Mass Transit Study 1990: Final Report on the CDGK, 2007. Evaluation of Alternatives; prepared by the Karachi Report on the Transport Sector: Karachi Strategic Development Authority and Maunsell Consultants Development Plan-2020; prepared by the Master Plan Limited, London and Parsons Brinckerhoff International Group of Offices, City District Government Karachi Incorporated, New York and Llyassons and Associates, (CDGK); February 2007. Karachi; 1990. Revival of Karachi Circular Railway; prepared for the Arif Hasan, et al.; Karachi Master Plan: Report of the Karachi Urban Transport Corporation by Environmental Evaluation Mission for the UNDP; Islamabad, July 1991. Management Consultants; 2009. Karachi City Transport Shortages, Causes, Accidents Government of Pakistan Census reports. and Suggestions; prepared by the Karachi Bus Owners’ Association at the request of the Transport Minister, URC compiled transport related press clipping and Government of Sindh; 1993. articles; 2009 to 2014. Karachi Development Authority; Environmental Impact JICA Study Team; Karachi Transport Improvement Assessment of Corridor-1; Government of Sindh, 1994. Project:
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