Initial Environmental Examination Report ______
Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239
PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project
Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination Report for 8 Sub-Projects in District Bajaur i. Khar Kanal ii. Haji Lawang Kas iii. Hayatai Weir iv. Shukrata Weir v. Lara Dandokai Weir vi. Chepatra Weir vii. Kamar Ragha Dag viii. Katgala subproject
Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: May 2018
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.
This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit FATA Water Resources PMU Development Project FWRDP FATA Secretariat
FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
CONSOLIDATED INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) REPORT FOR EIGHT (08) IRRIGATION SUB PROJECTS UNDER FWRDP (BAJAUR AGENCY)
May, 2018
JOINT VENTURE: FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS
House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected] FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Description Page No.
INTRODUCTION...... 1 General ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Project Consultants ...... 2 Purpose of the Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ...... 2 IEE Methodology ...... 3 Study Area ...... 3 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 6 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 7 Report Format ...... 7 Project Categorization ...... 9 IEE Team ...... 9
POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 10 General ...... 10 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 10 Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 10 Regulatory Clearances, EPA ...... 11 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 11 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000)…...... 11 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 11 Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards ...... 12 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ...... 14 Subprojects Categorization ...... 15 Other Environment Related Legislations ...... 16
SUBPROJECTS DESCRIPTION ...... 19 General ...... 19 Subprojects Features ...... 19 Subprojects Location ...... 19 Description of the subprojects ...... 20 C.4.1 Khar Canal ...... 22 C.4.2 Haji Lawang Kas ...... 24 C.4.3 Hayatai Weir ...... 26 C.4.4 Shukrata Weir ...... 28 C.4.5 Lara Dandokai Weir...... 30 C.4.6 Chepatra weir ...... 32 C.4.7 Kamar Ragha Dag Subproject ...... 34 C.4.8 Kat Gala Subproject ...... 36
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Construction Planning of the Weir ...... 38 Stage-I ...... 38 Stage- II ...... 38 Construction Planning Sub-Surface Infiltration Gallery and Lift Irrigation ...... 41 Geotechnical Investigation ...... 41 Foundation preparation ...... 41 Perforated Pipe Network ...... 41 Collector Pipe ...... 43 Filter Envelop ...... 43 Storage Sump ...... 44 Banks protection ...... 47 Solar System Installation ...... 47 Commissioning of Storage Sump ...... 47 On Farm Water Management Works ...... 47 Subprojects Implementation Period ...... 52 Executing Agency ...... 52 Design Consultant ...... 53 FATA Development Working Party ...... 53 Terms of Partnership ...... 53 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ...... 54
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 55 General ...... 55 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 55 Study Area ...... 57 Physical Environment ...... 59 Topography ...... 59 Climate ...... 59 Hydrology ...... 60 Regional Geology ...... 61 Geology of the Subprojects Area ...... 62 Soil ...... 62 Land use and Land Cover ...... 63 Seismology ...... 65 Ambient Air Quality and Noise ...... 67 Water Resources ...... 69 Water Quality ...... 72 Biological Environment ...... 75 Flora ...... 75 Fauna ...... 78 Avifauna ...... 79 Fisheries ...... 80 Protected areas / National sanctuaries ...... 81 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 82
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Administrative Set Up ...... 82 Demographic Profile ...... 83 Population ...... 84 Family Size ...... 84 Dwelling ...... 84 Language ...... 85 The Family System...... 85 Livestock ...... 85 Conflicts Resolution Mechanism ...... 86 Religious Beliefs ...... 87 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 87 Poverty ...... 88 Health facilities ...... 89 Social Organization ...... 89 Agriculture ...... 90 Education ...... 90 Occupation ...... 91 Food ...... 91 Dress and Ornaments ...... 91 Mining ...... 91 Economic Features ...... 92 Roads ...... 92 Telephone Facilities ...... 92 Sites of Historical Significance ...... 92 Gender Issues ...... 92
SUBPROJECTS ALTERNATIVES ...... 94 No Subprojects Option ...... 94 Subprojects Siting Alternatives ...... 95 Technological Alternatives...... 96
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 98 Impact Assessment - Overview ...... 98 Impact Area ...... 99 Impacts on Land Resources ...... 100 Excavation and Blasting ...... 100 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 101 Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads ...... 102 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery ...... 102 Agriculture Land Damage ...... 104 Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site ...... 104 Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards ...... 105 Construction material left overs and Site Restoration ...... 105 Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 105
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Contamination of surface water due to washing ...... 105 Drinking water supply for Contractor’s Crew ...... 106 Municipal waste Impacts on the stream Water ...... 106 Water quality and sedimentation load ...... 106 Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution ...... 107 Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment ...... 107 Smoke from burning of waste and firewood ...... 107 Noise from use of old/and or out-dated machinery ...... 107 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation ...... 108 Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) ...... 108 Impact on Aquatic Life ...... 109 Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues ...... 113 Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 113 Impact on Civic Infrastructure ...... 114 Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 114 Health and safety of labour at construction site ...... 115 Change in visual character and soil erosion ...... 115 Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers ...... 116 Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops ...... 116
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 118 General ...... 118 Mitigation Measures ...... 118 Residual Impact ...... 119 Institutional Arrangements ...... 119 Management Responsibilities ...... 119 Monitoring Activities ...... 140 Performance Indicators ...... 140 Subprojects Enhancement Plans...... 141 Restoration Plan ...... 141 Reports ...... 141 Training Schedule ...... 142 Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 142 Third Party Monitoring ...... 143
PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 145 General ...... 145 Identification of Stakeholders ...... 146 Methodology ...... 147 Agenda of Consultative Session ...... 148 Local Farmer Views...... 148 Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response ...... 149
GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 155 General ...... 155
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Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 155 Awareness of GRM ...... 156 Implementation of GRM ...... 157
CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 160 Findings and Recommendations ...... 160 Conclusion ...... 160
List of Annexures
ANNEX – I Environmental Testing ...... 163
ANNEX-II – Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklists ...... 208
ANNEX-III National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)...... 225
ANNEX – IV Governor Notifications on Wetlands and Wild Fauna in FATA ...... 231
ANNEX-V Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 235
ANNEX-VI Photo Log ...... 237
ANNEX-VII WHO Standards ...... 243
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List of Tables & Figures
Figure 1.1: The Subprojects Location Map ...... 5 Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards ...... 13 Table 2.2 Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq ...... 14 Table 2.3 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 16 Figure 3.1: Subprojects Location Map ...... 21 Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of Khar Canal ...... 23 Figure 3.3: Satellite Image of Haji Lawang Kas ...... 25 Figure 3.4: Satellite Image of Hayatai ...... 27 Figure 3.5: Satellite Image of Shukrata ...... 29 Figure 3.6: Satellite Image of Lara Dandokai ...... 31 Figure 3.7: Satellite Image of Chepatra ...... 33 Figure 3.8: Satellite Image of Kamar Ragha Dag ...... 35 Figure 3.9: Satellite Image of Kat Gala ...... 37 Figure 3.10: Typical Plan of Diversion Arrangement (Weir) ...... 40 Figure 3.11: Details of Perforated Pipe ...... 42 Figure 3.15: Typical Plan of Diversion Arrangement (Infiltration Gallery) ...... 46 Figure 3.16: Detail of Solar Pump Arrangement ...... 48 Table 3.11: Personnel Requirement ...... 52 Table 3.12: Equipment Requirements ...... 52 Figure 4.1: Map of Bajaur Agency ...... 58 Figure 4.2: Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 60 Table 4.1 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur Agency ...... 63 Figure 4.3: Land use Map of the Subprojects Area ...... 64 Figure 4.4: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 66 Table 4.2: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of the subprojects area ...... 68 Table 4.3: Noise Quality of Subprojects Area ...... 68 Figure 4.5: Surface Water Resources in Subprojects Area ...... 70 Table 4.5: Drinking Water Quality analysis result of Subprojects Area ...... 73 Table 4.6: Irrigation Water Quality analysis result of Subprojects Area ...... 74 Table 4.7: Common Trees Species in Subprojects Area ...... 76 Table 4.8: Common Grasses Species in the Area ...... 77 Table 4.9: Common Shrub Species in the Subprojects Area ...... 78 Table 4.10: Fauna of the Subprojects Area ...... 79 Table 4.11: Avifauna of the Subprojects Area ...... 79 Table 4.11: List of Wild Fish found in Bajaur Agency (FATA) ...... 81 Table 4.12: Population Details of Bajaur Agency ...... 84 Table 4.13: Veterinary Service available in Bajaur Agency ...... 86 Table 4.14: Education Statistics of Bajaur Agency ...... 91 Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages ...... 99 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 122 Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring ...... 140 Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports ...... 142 Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 143 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 147 Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems ...... 149 Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted ...... 150 Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants at Khar Canal ...... 151 Table 7.4: List of Community Consultation Participants at Haji Lawang Kas ...... 151 Table 7.5: List of Community Consultation Participants at Hayatai ...... 152 Table 7.6: List of Community Consultation Participants at Shukrata ...... 152 Table 7.7: List of Community Consultation Participants at Lara Dandokai ...... 152 Table 7.8: List of Community Consultation Participants at Chepatra ...... 153 Table 7.9: List of Community Consultation Participants at Kamar Ragha Dag ...... 153 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Bajaur Agency ...... 154 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... 159
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Units Conversion Tables Length Units
Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles mm cm m km in ft yd mi 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07 10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006 1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621 1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016 304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568 1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1
Area Units
Millimeter Centimeter Meter Inch Foot Yard square square square square square square 2 2 2 2 2 mm cm m2 in ft yd 1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001 100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012 1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599 645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772 92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111 836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1
Volume Units
Centimeter Meter Liter Inch Foo US Imperia US barrel (oil) cube cube cub t gallons l 3 3 3 cm m3 ltr in ft US gal Imp. gal US brl 1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006 1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29 1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629 16.4 0.000016 0.01638 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103 28317 0.028317 28.3168 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127 3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381 4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593 158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1 Mass Units
Grams Kilograms Metric tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces g kg Tonne shton Lton lb oz 1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273 1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337 1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37 907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000 1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74 453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16 28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1
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Volumetric Liquid Flow Units
Meter Foot Foot US barrels Liter/second Liter/minute US cube/hour cube/minute cube/hour gallons/minute (oil)/day L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min US brl/d 1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783 0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609 0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661 0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674 0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326 0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1 34.28804 0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1
Temperature Conversion Formulas
Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9 (K - 273.15) Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32 (1.8 x K) - 459.67 Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15) (°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8
Currency Exchange Table
US Dollar Pakistani Rupees 01 139.15 Exchange Rate as of February 15, 2019
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List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AoI Area of Influence AMSL Above Mean Sea Level APA Assistant Political Agent CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DG Director General EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussions FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GFP Grievance Focal Point GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSE Health, Safety and Environment IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure MMT Main Mantle Thrust NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate PA Political Agent PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRM Pakistan Resident Mission RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RE Resident Engineer RoW Right of Way SDS Safety Data Sheet SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
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Executive Summary 1. Introduction The environmental study is undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 and Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009, requirement and recommendations. The TOR requires: The TOR requires an assessment of the environmental impacts (IEE or EIA) of the subprojects, preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMPs & EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing EMP recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the FATA Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17 April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. Since these projects are categorized as a category B projects as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required for each sub-project.
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2. Project Location A total of eight subprojects under FWRDP in Bajaur Agency, envisages construction of weir, sub surface water collection pipes/sumps and lift irrigation on Charmang Khwar, Watalai Khwar, Babukara Khwar, Arang Khwar and Bajaur Khwar in Bajaur Agency. All these irrigation subprojects are located within 30 Km radius of Agency Headquarter Khar and accessible through paved roads. 3. Environmental Issues These Subprojects activities include construction of weir/irrigation sump and on average about 3.81 km irrigation network including channel and its distributaries will irrigate 524.8 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA). This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities on the RoW at site and the allied sites involving camp areas, material and machinery yard and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the Subprojects. 4. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report represents in accordance to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS 2009. Because the proposed subprojects covered this Consolidated IEE report falls in the jurisdiction of Federal EPA, therefore approval from the Federal EPA will be required. Because of same biophysical, socio-economic and climatological conditions, a Consolidated IEE has been prepared. 5. Project Description It is envisaged to construct low height weirs, sub surface water collection pipes/sumps and lift irrigation on Charmang Khwar, Watalai Khwar, Babukara Khwar and Bajaur Khwar in Bajaur Agency This Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report covers the following eight (08) subprojects of Bajaur Agency; i. Khar Kanal, ii. Haji Lawang Kas, iii. Hayatai Weir, iv. Shukrata Weir, v. Lara Dandokai Weir, vi. Chepatra weir, vii. Kamar Ragha Dag; and; viii. Katgala subproject.
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The above subprojects are proposed for irrigating the fertile agricultural land of Bajaur Agency. The water will be collected through sub surface pipes collection arrangement and sumps with lift irrigation through solar pumps. The Subprojects activities include construction of about 3.81 km per subproject irrigation network including channel and its distributaries will irrigate 524.8 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA). These subprojects will increase the cropping intensity and will make sure the availability of water to the currently rainfed and partially irrigated agricultural land. A total of 524.8 ha land will be irrigated through these subprojects. 6. Project Alternatives Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. Technically there is no any other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. Locations of the Weirs/ subsurface arrangements and infiltration galleries with solar lift irrigation have been fixed, by considering the natural conditions, command area and construction difficulties including topography and geology. The Subprojects Area is considered as poor from an economic perspective. Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. Therefore, no project option is not viable option. Weir is proposed in Chepatra and Lara Dandokai subproject as the site are suitable as khwar banks are close to the perennial flow. Whereas where the khwar is wide and construction of weir is not possible, subsurface infiltration gallery with gravity flow channel is proposed at Hayatai, Shukrata and Khar Canal subprojects. In subprojects of Haji Lawang and Kamar Ragha Daag the command area is elevated and its not possible to irrigate it with gravity channel so solar pumping is proposed to achieve the objective. Various technical alternatives were also considered like conventional weir at proposed location may be adopted for diversion of design discharge. However, it needs sediment removal arrangement deposited at upstream, which necessitates the flushing arrangements by means of providing bottom outlets or undersluice section. Of the available alternatives the best economic, environmental and the most viable options i.e. Tyrolean Weir, subsurface infiltration galleries and lift irrigation through solar pumps were adopted according to the topography and need of the area.
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7. Environmental and Social Baseline The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. 8. Physical Environment Bajaur Agency, Smallest of the agencies in FATA, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the Agency is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the agency is about 75,350 ha while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat, maize, vegetables and orchard. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m AMSL with varying slope. The agency has extreme climate. The winter season begins in November and lasts up to March. The winters are extremely chill and cold and sometimes temperature plunges below freezing point. December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in these months are in the range of 3 to 16 degree Celsius. The summer season lasts from May to October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in this period are in the range of 20 to 33 degree Celsius. The topography of the study area is rugged hilly terrain with low to moderate relief. Soil of the area is clay loam, non-calcareous, non-saline and non-sodic in nature. Soil pH is medium alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter and nitrogen contents, low to medium in phosphorous while medium in potassium contents. The ambient air and noise quality testing at sites were conducted, the result reveals that the air and noise quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS except at Khar canal subproject, the noise level was slightly exceeding the NEQS limit. The Water of the streams and drinking water of wells in the project area were collected and analyzed in the Laboratory. The results were compared with the NEQS and WHO drinking water standards which reveals that the water is fit for drinking purpose. The streams water is fit for irrigation. 9. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny
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evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). The main tree species are, Monotheca buxifolia (Gurgura), Zizyphus nummularia (Ber), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Olea cuspidate (wild olive), prosopis spp (mesquite), tamarix spp (Farash) and Dodonaea viscose (Sanatha). Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda) and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). Avifauna of the Bajaur Agency is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. The key avifauna species in the project area are Crested Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), which is near threatened, Red Crowned Eurasian (Grus japonensis) declared as endangered species and Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the 2017 Redlist of IUCN. These species are reported beyond the corridor of the subproject and; no habitat of these species were observed or reported in the corridor of the subprojects. Most of the fish available in the Agency have been introduced by the Fisheries Dept., in order to improve the livelihoods of the locals. Hence, making a distinction between cultural and wild fish extremely difficult in the area. As stated earlier, there are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. The nearest wetland Bajaur Khwar is at a distance of 01 Km from Hayati subproject. The source of Bajaur Khwar wetland is Bajaur Khwar. Six projects i.e Khar Canal, Haji Lawang Kas,Lara Dandokai , Chepatra , Kamar Ragha Daag and Hayatai sub projects are on the upstream of Bajaur Khwar wetland, while Shukrata subproject is on downstream. The total irrigation discharge required for the six subprojects upstream is 14.76 Cusecs, while the perennial flow of Bajaur khwar is 40-50 Cusecs. The nearest project on upstream is Hayatai which is sub surface arrangement and at a distance of 01 km. the irrigation discharge requirement for this project is 1.07 cusecs. which doesn't pose any threat to the degraded wetland. Furthermore, the channel lining is not envisaged for this project neither the area of wetland which is presently under cultivation by the locals except a small portion, which is highly saturated with water. The wetland is presently under cultivation by the locals and no protection and conservation measure have been taken by the forest dept. which is responsible for the management of these wetlands. Although it is presently cultivated by the locals yet protection measures have been adopted
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in detail design to avoid any further harm to the wetland and mitigation measures have been suggested in the EMP. 10. Socio-Economic Environment Bajaur Agency is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. The Political Agent is the over all in charge for the agency administration, assisted by Assistant Political Agents. The agency headquarter is located at Khar. Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are their main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman, Khel, Tarkalanri, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur. Total population of the Agency is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female population, with growth rate of 3.25%. The subprojects Khar Canal, Haji Lawang, Hayatai, Shukrata, Lara Dandokai, Kamar Ragha Daag, Chepatra and Kat Gala are located within 30 Km radius of Agency Heaquarter Khar and has the total population of about 27,243 persons. The people in the agency are not widely educated. The total number of schools in Bajaur Agency is 513 where 144,160 students are enrolled with total teaching staff of 1,209 where one teacher is available for every 48 students. Beside that the comparison of schools and enrollment of male and female students highly speaks of gender discrimination. The people of Bajaur Agency migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey are reported to be Muslim. Health indicators for FATA are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. There are 02 main hospitals with a capacity of 463 beds. Beside this, there 08 dispensaries, 19 Basic Health Units and 03 Rural Health Centre, 03 TB clinics and 11 community Health centers reported in 2016. Women headed households have not been identified in the subprojects area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed subprojects. There are no sites of physical, historical and cultural value. No resettlement issues, however, other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. 11. Public Consultation The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out three times for each subproject so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of
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Subprojects. A total of 79 people including District Forest Officer (DFO), XEN Irrigation Department and Agriculture officer were consulted for all the subprojects. The viewpoints of the stakeholders have been considered and their concerns and suggestions for possible improvements have been included where appropriate. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, government officials, shop owners, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to their professions. The people of the proposed subprojects appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subprojects for providing benefits to the public and uplifting the socioeconomic conditions of the area through irrigated agriculture. During discussion, farmers showed full willingness to grow all type of crops, vegetables and fruit trees. 12. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures This Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that the Subprojects is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the Subprojects, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the Subprojects but the construction-related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. Also, there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the project area. Women headed households have not been identified in the Subprojects areas and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed subprojects. The other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. On the other hand, these subprojects will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for uplift of Socio-economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e. development of 524.8 ha culturable lands. 13. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and as a free- standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall subproject design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project.
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The EMP defines responsibilities for the implementation mitigation, as well as defining a framework and responsibilities for the monitoring of each mitigation. The EMP shall be implemented following appointment of the contractor and implemented throughout the construction period. The EMP shall be supplemented by Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to be prepared by the contractor at mobilization. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the Contractor will submit the Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of the physical works. Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD) and assisted by the CSC. 14. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed weir/irrigation sump subprojects reveals that these projects will generate only minor to moderate environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency INTRODUCTION
General The environmental study is undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations.
It is envisaged to construct low height weirs, sub surface water collection pipes/sumps and lift irrigation on Charmang Khwar, Watalai Khwar, Babukara Khwar and Bajaur Khwar in Bajaur Agency. There are eight small irrigation schemes within 30 Km radius of Agency headquarter Khar i.e Khar Kanal, Haji Lawang Kas, Hayatai Weir, Shukrata Weir, Lara Dandokai Weir, Chepatra weir, Kamar Ragha Dag and Kat Gala subprojects, proposed for irrigating the fertile agricultural land of Bajur Agency. This report is a Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), prepared to submit to Federal EPA for all eight subprojects having same biophysical, socio-economic and climatological conditions. The TOR requires:
• An assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs.
Project Background The Tribal areas of Pakistan have scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture where possible. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing Small Dams/ diversion weirs to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities.
1 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA.
With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020.
The proposed subprojects are located in Bajaur Agency, a Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) in northwest Pakistan. These subprojects will be constructed on Charmang Khwar and Watalai Khwar which are perennial streams which after draining into Bajaur Khwar, eventually falls into River Swat.
Project Consultants The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, FATA Secretariat entered into a formal contract in Oct, 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants.
Purpose of the Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) The purpose of the Consolidated IEE is:
• To establish preconstruction environmental baseline of the eight subprojects for construction and operation phases impacts evaluation.
2 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency • To predict positive and adverse impacts. • To find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts. • To enhance positive effects. This Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study considers the natural environment (air, water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the reported eight Subproject’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and outlines planning, designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing or mitigating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout subproject implementation.
IEE Methodology In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders. The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making.
The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the subproject. A Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high-risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures.
The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the subproject’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine subproject alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the subproject and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people.
Study Area The study area related to the Consolidated IEE of the reported subprojects comprised the following areas and features / aspects:
i. Primary impacts zone where the proposed subprojects components, including “the area of weir axis, along the alignment of the proposed irrigation system, Contractor’s camp and construction material storage area. ii. The secondary impact zone is the command area of the reported subprojects where beneficial impacts are anticipated as with the
3 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency availability water, the cultivated area will be increased and cropping pattern will be changed as well as intensified.
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Figure 1.1: The Subprojects Location Map
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Baseline Survey Methodology A survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in December, 2017 and January, 2018. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below:
• Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. • Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. • Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. • Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. • Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. • Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. • Vegetation Survey • Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non-forest land cover was also delineated. • Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. • Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project hydrologists.
The regional geology and seismic-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites.
Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing.
Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated.
Rare and endangered species were identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017.
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In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized.
The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area.
The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex I.
Impact Assessment Methodology Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity.
The potential impacts at various stages of the subprojects were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under;
Negligible: No or minimum impact
Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific)
High: significant adverse environmental impacts that is irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented
The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly.
The impacts identified, in detail, were marked on the maps. Consultants utilized their own resources to carry out topographic survey of the project site. The Survey activities had been performed under the supervision and guidance of expert survey engineers.
The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study.
Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies.
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Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance, together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing the subproject axis and type including No Project Option. Different options were considered and evaluated on the basis of technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It also provides the justification of current axis and structure type. Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land-based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc. Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes
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required actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project. Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area. Project Categorization These subprojects fall under Schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometres require an IEE.
According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project are mitigative, temporary nature and localized, except few adverse impacts those are long term and will be manage/minimize through implementation of Environment Management Plan. The REA Checklists (Attached as Annex-II) define these in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization.
IEE Team The IEE team for these subprojects consists of the following.
Name Designation Qualification Experience
Mr. Shabir Ahmad Khan Environment M.Sc. Soil & 35+ Years Specialist Environment
Mr. Ihsan Afridi Environmentalist M.Phil. Environmental 7 years Sciences
Mr. Farhan Environmentalist BS (Hons) 9 years Environmental Sciences
Mr. Ibad Ullah Sociologist M.A Sociology 6 Years
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POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
General This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework The Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the federal cabinet in March 1992 is the principal policy document on environmental issues in the country (EUAD/IUCN, 1992). The NCS outlines the country's primary approach towards encouraging sustainable development, conserving natural resources, and improving efficiency in the use and management of resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core areas in which policy intervention is considered crucial for the preservation of Pakistan's natural and physical environment. The core areas, that are relevant in the context of the proposed sub-project, are pollution prevention and abatement and increasing energy efficiency while conserving biodiversity. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the subprojects are located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the
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concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No- Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. Regulatory Clearances, EPA In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act is to be submitted to Federal Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development subprojects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed subprojects are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;
• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also stringent with the International NEQs Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS are relevant to the proposed Subproject. • NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (9 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust. • NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters.
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• NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times. • NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea. • These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the subprojects. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex-III for NEQS). Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has been provided in Table 2.1. In general, the NEQS standards for air quality are most stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3). Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the proposed subprojects. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case of night time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will be used for the proposed subprojects.
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Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards
USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 125 (Interim target-1) 24- 20 Annual 50 Annual Primary- hour 80 ug/m3 μg/m3 Mean (Interim Average 75 ppb mean 1 hr target-2) Secondary- SO2 20 0.5 ppm 3hrs (guideline) (1,300 10- 500 120 μg/m³) minute 24 hrs 3 ug/m3 mean μg/m 10 500 ug/m3 minutes Primary 35 1 hr ppm (40 mg/m³) 10 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 Primary 9 mg/m3 CO 8 hrs - - 8 hrs ppm (8.7 (10 mg/m³) ppm) 10 40 mg/m3 1 hr mg/m3 1 hr Primary & annual 40 Annual 40 40 ug/m3 Secondary- mean μg/m3 Average Annual Annual (guideline) NO2 0.053 ppm Mean Mean 200 (100 1-hour 200 3 (guideline) 24 hrs 80 ug/m μg/m³) mean μg/m3 Primary & Secondary- 0.12 ppm 1 hr (235
μg/m³) 130 O3 - - 1 hr ug/m3 Primary & 8 hrs 100 3 8 hrs Secondary- mean μg/m 0.070 ppm (140 μg/m³) Annual Annual 360 100 ug/m3 150-230 Mean Mean ug/m3 TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 500 24 hrs 500 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3
1 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 2 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 3 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.
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USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 70 (Interim Annual 120 target-1) Mean ug/m3 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) annual 1 year 20 20 mean 150 μg/m³ 3 (guideline) Primary μg/m PM10 24 hrs and 24- 50 150 (Interim 150 Secondary hour 24 24 hrs 3 3 target-1) ug/m mean μg/m hours 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) -Primary Annual 15 ug/m3 - 12 μg/m³ annual 10 Average 3 Annual Secondary mean μg/m 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 15 μg/m³ PM2.5 - - Annual 24- Primary & hour 25 1 hr 15 ug/m3 24 hrs Secondary mean μg/m3 35 μg/m³ Note: 1 ug/m3 = 0.002ppm
Table 2.2 Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq
NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO S.No Category of Day time Night time Receptor Day time Night time Area/Zone (7-00:22- (22:00-7:00) 00) 1 Residential Area (A) 55 55 Residential; 55 45 institutional; educational4 2 Commercial Area (B) 65 45 Industrial; 70 70 commercial 3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the subprojects workers as stated in SPS.
4 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).
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All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in subprojects area, and (ii) the potential for the subprojects to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Subprojects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI). As a result of the completion of the Involuntary Resettlement (IR) and Indigenous People (IP) Checklist the subprojects have been placed in Category “C” while in Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist, the subprojects have been placed in Category ‘‘B’’ thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP. Subprojects Categorization Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the subprojects are located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent
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will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. These subprojects falls under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.
IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required
Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic Yes meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers
Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares Yes
Other Environment Related Legislations The Exhibit provides a summary of all legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.
Table 2.3 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations
Legislation/Guideline Description National NEP is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing Environmental Policy environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, (2005) (NEP) conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross-sectorial guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to
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Legislation/Guideline Description prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or (1860) fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The West Pakistan The Fisheries Act requires protection of public waters as habitat of Fisheries Act 1961 fish and other aquatic life. This is helping the Fisheries Department to provide effective protection to the fish and other aquatic life in the game Sanctuary upstream the barrage and the public waters downstream the barrage. Fish is a food to a good number of migratory birds. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human (Emergency diseases, safeguarding the public health and providing and Provision) Act 1954 maintaining adequate medical services and other services read with West essential to the health of the communities in the project area. Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958 Explosives Act 1884 Under the Explosives Act 1884, the Project Contractors are bound by regulation on properly and securely handling, transporting and using explosive during quarrying, blasting and other purposes. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy Conservation (NCS) was considered as the Government’s primary policy Strategy document on national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas. Biodiversity Action The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and Plan assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental Conservation management in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non- governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to
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Legislation/Guideline Description and institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces. ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides Statement (SPS), 2009 guidelines for environmental assessments of development projects. These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid Conservation of endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" Migratory Species of refers to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of Wild Animals whose members cyclically and predictably cross one or more (1981.21) national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project. Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation International Trade in (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding Endangered Species trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become of Wild Fauna and so, in order not to endanger their survival further. Flora (1973) International Union Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats for Conservation of internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list Nature and Natural are also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Resources Red List (2000) Convention on This Convention enjoins upon signatory factions to provide and wetlands of protect the habitats of migratory waterfowl. international importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR 1971) Convention on This convention came up as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971 and took Conservation of care of the specifics Migratory species of Wild Animals (Bonn 1979), as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971
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SUBPROJECTS DESCRIPTION
General The main objective of these subprojects i.e Khar Kanal, Haji Lawang Kas, Hayatai Weir, Shukrata Weir, Lara Dandokai Weir, Chepatra weir, Kamar Ragha Dag and Katgala subprojects is to divert perennial runoff for assured irrigation supplies to Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 524.8 ha downstream. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of these subprojects will greatly increase cropping intensity and production in the currently un-irrigated command area. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agriculture production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the weirs, will transform the below subsistence level rain- fed farming lands into productive irrigated agriculture. Subprojects Features Typically, a weir or subsurface infiltration gallery will comprise of main diversion weir/ subsurface infiltration gallery arrangement, delivery pipe, sump and irrigation channel with minor distribution channels. Topography, geology and geological technical aspects are considered while designing the subprojects structures., while the weir height, its sizing, design capacity of the main canals and their alignment also have their own importance. These subprojects on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps. The total number of labourers will be approximately 10-15 for each subproject where most of the labour will be of the local origin. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of construction sites. Non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. All the land required for different subprojects components is community owned barren land which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the subprojects. The permanent land for subprojects components such as weir/irrigation sump, water channels, contractor’s construction site camp offices, etc. as well as temporary land will be taken on lease if required. The amount of lease is part of subprojects civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost. Subprojects Location These subprojects envisage construction of weir/irrigation sump on Watalai Khwar, Babukara Khwar, and Bajaur Khwar. The Khar Canal, Haji Lawang Kas, Hayatai and Shukrata weir/ irrigation sump are located on Bajaur Khwar. Chepatra
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will be constructed on Watalai Khwar while Katgala channel extension subproject will be executed on Arang Khwar. All these subprojects are within 30 Km radius of Agency Heaquarter Khar and accessible with all-weather paved roads. Description of the subprojects There are eight subprojects under study in this Consolidated IEE. These subprojects are Khar Kanal, Haji Lawang Kas, Hayatai Weir, Shukrata Weir, Lara Dandokai Weir, Chepatra weir, Kamar Ragha Dag and Katgala subprojects, Location of these subprojects are given in Fig 3.1, while detail of each subprojects is given below:
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Figure 3.1: Subprojects Location Map
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Khar Canal The Khar Canal subproject is located on Charmang Khwar Khar Canal site is located at a distance of 1.2 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation perennial flow of 0.95 cumec exists in the khwar. A network of subsurface pipe is proposed in the active flow channel of the khwar to collect the flow. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 154 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 133 % and design discharge of 116.5 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 7 km. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 49.179 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 31.76 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 27.36 % The salient features of the subprojects are given in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Khar Canal
Catchment Area 239 Km2
Diversion Type sub surface collection pipes
Culturable Command Area 154 ha
Irrigation Intensity 133 %
Irrigation Channel Type Rectangular Section
Irrigation Channel Discharge 116.5 lit./sec
Length of Channel 7 km
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 49.179 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 31.76 %
FIRR 27.36 %
The location of the subproject is shown in Google Image in Figure 3.2:
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Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of Khar Canal
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Haji Lawang Kas The Haji Lawang Kas subproject is located downstream of confluence of Watalai and Charmang Khwars. Haji Lawang site is located at a distance of 2.3 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation perennial flow of 2.16 cumec exists in the khwar. A network of subsurface pipe is proposed in the active flow channel of the khwar to collect the flow. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 39 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 133 % and design discharge of 78.3 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 1.95 km. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 23.207 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 15.14 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 12.79 %. The Salient Features of the subproject is given in the below Table 3.2. The location of the subproject is shown in Satellite Image in Figure 3.3. Table 3.2 Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Haji Lawang Kas
Catchment Area 568 Km2
Design Flood for weir 984 cumec
Diversion Type sub surface collection pipes
Lift 13 m
Culturable Command Area 39 ha
Irrigation Intensity 133 %
Irrigation Channel Type Precast Parabolic Section
Irrigation Channel Discharge 78.3 lit./sec
Length of Channel 1.95 km
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 23.207 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 15.14 %
FIRR 12.79 %
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Figure 3.3: Satellite Image of Haji Lawang Kas
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Hayatai Weir The Hayatai weir/diversion is proposed on Bajaur Khwar. Hayatai diversion site is located at a distance of 13 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation perennial flow of 1.56 cumec exists in the khwar. Sub-Surface Pipes arrangement is proposed to divert water to the channel. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 48 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 130 % and design discharge of 30.3 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 4.2 km. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 18.133 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 26.70 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 22.39 %. The Salient Features of the subproject is given in the below Table 3.3. Table 3.3 Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Hayatai Weir
Catchment Area 884.10 Km2
Design Flood for weir 1482 cumec
Diversion Type sub surface collection pipes
Culturable Command Area 48 ha
Irrigation Intensity 130 %
Irrigation Channel Type Unlined Section
Irrigation Channel Discharge 30.30 lit./sec
Length of Channel 4.2 km
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 18.133 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 26.70 %
FIRR 22.39 %
The location of the subproject is shown in Satellite Image in Figure 3.4.
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Figure 3.4: Satellite Image of Hayatai
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Shukrata Weir The Shukrata diversion arrangement is proposed on Bajaur Khwar. Shukrata weir site is located at a distance of 15 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation perennial flow of 1.56 cumec exist in the khwar. Sub-surface Infiltration Gallery is proposed to collect water from the khwar and convey it to the channel. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 65 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 132 % and design discharge of 40.7 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.80 km. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 20.155 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 33.11 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 27.84 %. The Salient Features of the subproject is given in the below Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Shukrata Weir
Catchment Area 903 Km2
Design Flood for weir 1532 cumec
Diversion Type sub surface collection pipes
Culturable Command Area 65 ha
Irrigation Intensity 132 %
Irrigation Channel Type Precast Parabolic Section
Irrigation Channel Discharge 40.7 lit./sec
Length of Channel 2.80 km
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 20.155 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 33.11 %
FIRR 27.84 %
The location of the subproject is shown in Satellite Image in Figure 3.5.
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Figure 3.5: Satellite Image of Shukrata
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Lara Dandokai Weir The Lara Dandokai weir is located on Babukara Khwar. Lara Dand weir site is located at a distance of 24 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation perennial flow of 0.21 cumec exists in the khwar. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 37.8 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 133 % and design discharge of 27.7 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.235 km. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 11.654 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 36.27 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 29.30 %. The Salient Features of the subproject is given in the below Table 3.5. Table 3.5 Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Lara Dandokai Weir
Catchment Area 40 Km2
Design Flood for weir 169 cumec
Culturable Command Area 37.8 ha
Irrigation Intensity 133 %
Irrigation Channel Type Precast Parabolic Section
Irrigation Channel Discharge 27.7 lit./sec
Length of Channel 2.235 km
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 11.654 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 36.27 %
FIRR 29.30 %
The location of the subproject is shown in Satellite Image in Figure 3.6.
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Figure 3.6: Satellite Image of Lara Dandokai
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Chepatra weir The Chepatra weir is proposed on Watalai Khwar. Chepatra weir site is located at a distance of 10 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation perennial flow of 250 lit./sec exist in the khwar. It is envisaged to construct a low height weir and crest length 25. A Tyrolean part of 2 m in length is provided for conveying of design discharge for canal/irrigation conduit. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 124 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 132 % and design discharge of 79.1 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 5.13 km. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 40.047 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 26.50 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 25.65 %. The Salient Features of the subproject is given in the below Table 3.6. Table 3.6 Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Chepatra Weir
Catchment Area 251.7 Km2
Design Flood for weir 607 cumec
Weir Crest Length 25 m
Tyrolean Part 2 m
Culturable Command Area 124 ha
Irrigation Intensity 132 %
Irrigation Channel Type Precast Parabolic Section
Irrigation Channel Discharge 79.1 lit./sec
Length of Channel 5.13 km
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 40.047 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 26.50 %
FIRR 25.65 %
The location of the subproject is shown in Satellite Image in Figure 3.7.
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Figure 3.7: Satellite Image of Chepatra
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Kamar Ragha Dag Subproject The Kamar Ragha Dag diversion arrangement is proposed on Bajaur Khwar. Kamar Ragha Dag subproject site is located at a distance of 7 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation perennial flow of 1.48 cumec exist in the khwar. Sub-surface Infiltration Gallery is proposed to collect water from the khwar and convey it to the sump. Solar pumps are proposed to lift water from the sump and deliver it to the command area. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 137.6 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 130 % and design discharge of 86.9 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 4.63 km. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 47.884 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 27.37 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 23.75 %. The Salient Features of the subproject is given in the below Table 3.7. Table 3.7 Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Kamar Ragha Dag
Catchment Area 650 Km2
Design Flood for weir 1262 cumec
Diversion Type Sub-Surface Infiltration Gallery
Lift for Pumps 31 m
Culturable Command Area 137.6 ha
Irrigation Intensity 130 %
Irrigation Channel Type Precast Parabolic Section
Irrigation Channel Discharge 86.9 lit./sec
Length of Channel 4.63 km
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 47.884 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 27.37 %
FIRR 23.75 %
The location of the subproject is shown in Satellite Image in Figure 3.8.
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Figure 3.8: Satellite Image of Kamar Ragha Dag
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Kat Gala Subproject Kat Gala subproject is proposed on Arang Khwar. Kat Gala subproject site is located at a distance of 30 km from Khar through paved road. As per site observation 0.3 cusec water is wasted at the tail end of existing channel. Extension of existing channel is proposed for Kat Gala subproject. It is anticipated that from the subproject, culturable command area of 11 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 126 % and design discharge of 6.5 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 650 m. The subproject cost is estimated Rs. 3.317 million and anticipated to take 5 months period to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the subproject is economically viable (EIRR 25.94 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 22.26 %. The Salient Features of the subproject is given in the below Table 3.8. Table 3.8 Salient Features of the Subproject
Subproject Features Kat Gala Subproject
Culturable Command Area 11 Ha
Irrigated Area 0 Ha
Barani (Rain fed) Area 11 Ha
Irrigation Intensity 126 %
Irrigation Channel Type PCC Rectangular Channel
Irrigation Channel Discharge Required 6.5 liter/sec
Length of Channel 650 m
Subproject Cost (Rs.) 3.317 Million
Construction Period 5 months
EIRR 25.94 %
FIRR 22.26 %
The location of the subproject is shown in Satellite Image in Figure 3.9.
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Figure 3.9: Satellite Image of Kat Gala
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Construction Planning of the Weir The main components of the weir irrigation subprojects include the: i. Geotechnical Investigation ii. Foundation preparation iii. Diversion Weir. iv. Stilling Basin at the downstream. v. Intake and Outlet structure vi. Irrigation system. vii. On Farm Management Works
These components are proposed to be constructed in two stages. The Geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil works will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for construction purposes is briefly described below: Stage-I
Preparation of Foundation for Main Weir
The foundation preparation will involve excavation in stream/khwar bed and abutments, which mostly constitute of shingle gravel and weathered rock formation. The detail of excavation involved has been shown in the cross section provided in Chapter 5 of Feasibility report.
Diversion weir
Construction of main weir is proposed to commence from right abutment towards the middle. The RCC Pipe Conduit will be laid through weir body and irrigation channel is to be temporarily re-aligned to RCC pipe conduit for maintaining irrigation flows. Construction of intake and outlet structure will be taken up at later stage. Stage- II
Main Weir Body
Construction of main weir embankment is proposed to commence from right abutment in layers and intake pipe would be placed near right abutment. Construction of Irrigation channel and outlet structure will be taken up as parallel activities of this stage.
Stilling Basin
Construction of stilling basin will be started after construction of outlet structures. The outlet may also work as diversion channel to release the inflows during
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construction. HDPV circular pipe is proposed at the end of embedded channel. The internal diameter of the pipe is 0.3 m.
Irrigation System
Commencement of activities for the construction of irrigation system will also take place after construction of intake and gate valve structure. This activity will run parallel to other activities onwards till final completion of weir body and other appurtenant structures. Once the main Irrigation channel has been completed, the beneficiaries will be provided with design and layout of field channels falling within the proposed Chack-Bandi of weir subproject. The activity would be mostly carried out by the beneficiaries as part of their Labour and Land contribution.
Commissioning of Weirs
The weirs and its associated structures will be commissioned on completion of Stage-II works and by starting the perennial flow diversion.
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Figure 3.10: Typical Plan of Diversion Arrangement (Weir)
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Construction Planning Sub-Surface Infiltration Gallery and Lift Irrigation The main components of the Sub surface irrigation subprojects include the: i. Geotechnical Investigation ii. Foundation preparation iii. Lateral Pipe Network iv. Collector Pipe v. Filter Envelop vi. Storage Sump vii. Banks protection viii. Solar System Installation Geotechnical Investigation Geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil works will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for construction purposes is briefly described below: Foundation preparation The foundation preparation will involve excavation in stream/khwar bed and abutments, which mostly constitute of shingle gravel and weathered rock formation. Perforated Pipe Network To divert the discharge for irrigation a network of buried perforated pipes has been provided at about 1.5 m depth, which comprises of perforated pipes. The diameter of the perforated pipes are 300 mm, proposed parallel to the khwar flow. These perforated pipes are generally placed 2.0 m apart from each other. All the perforated pipes discharge into the collector pipe provided across the khwar flow.
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Figure 3.11: Details of Perforated Pipe
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Collector Pipe The perforated pipes collect the flow from the khwar and discharge into the collector pipe connected at the downstream end. The alignment of the collector pipe is across the khwar and perpendicular to the flow direction. The collector pipe connects the perforated pipe to the storage sump. the collector pipe is placed at a slope of 1 in 1000 and designed for each sub project design discharge.
Figure 3.12: Lateral Pipe (Perforated Pipe) Network Filter Envelop The perforated pipe should be surrounded by sand and gravel filter, the purpose of which is to prevent fines from the in-situ alluvium from migrating into the perforated pipe. The grain-size distribution of the media surrounding the pipe should conform to specific requirements, and a procedure for designing such filters is articulated in Gradation Design of Sand and Gravel Filters, USDA-NRCS National Engineering Handbook, Part 633, Chapter 26. Two layers of fine and coarse filters are provided around the perforated pipes. The fine filter consists of layer of fine sand while the coarse filter contains uniformly graded coarse aggregate materials. These filters envelop are provided mainly to avoid the chocking of pipe perforations and ensure smooth entry of collected discharge into perforated pipes. The thickness of sand layer and crush aggregate filter is 200 mm each.
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At the top of the fine filter layer stone pitching is proposed. The stone pitching is provided over subsurface pipe. The stone pitching will protect the filter material and pipe installation from erosion during flood condition.
Figure 3.13: Details of Filter Envelop
Storage Sump The sump will be constructed along the bank of khwar by excavating the ground surface. The sump will be buried in the ground while top of the sump will be at ground level. For maintenance purpose a removable concrete slab is provided at its top. The inlet of the pipe consists of collector pipe while a gravity irrigation and submersible pumps arrangement is proposed to convey the flow for irrigation as per requirement of each sub project.
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Figure 3.14: Details of Storage Sump
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Figure 3.15: Typical Plan of Diversion Arrangement (Infiltration Gallery)
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Banks protection At the location of diversion arrangements, the abutments will be strengthened by providing stone apron along bank. The protection provided along bank of khwar will protect the clay abutments from erosion and will not permit the flow to bypass the diversion arrangements during floods. This has been done by keeping the elevation of stone pitching slightly lower than average bed level of khwar at some location. Solar System Installation The sump is equipped with delivery pipe and solar energy pump, electrical inverter and solar panels to lift the water. The size of solar system arrangement has been worked out by considering the required lift and discharge of Haji Lawang Kas and Kamar Ragha Daag lift irrigation subproject. A delivery pipe will outflow into a small pond provided at its end, from where the discharge will be conveyed to the fields by concrete channel for irrigation. Commissioning of Storage Sump The storage sump and its associated structures will be commissioned on completion of civil works. On Farm Water Management Works All irrigation projects are designed focusing the command area, targeting the community of that command and management of this water on farm level. OFWM also focusses on irrigation uniformity (equal distribution of water in entire field). The command area activities are mostly initiated when main structure (Weir/ subsurface infiltration gallery) is completed and work on main conveyance structure starts. However, the land development and land levelling can be started when work on main structure is near to completion.
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Figure 3.16: Detail of Solar Pump Arrangement
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Table 3.9 Subprojects Works and Quantities
Item # Description Unit Sub Project Quantity Haji Kamar Hayatai Shukrata Lara Chepatra Kat Gala Khar Canal Lawang Ragha Dandokai Kas Daag Excavation 780.49 301.64 164.36 259.31 1220.44 1 cu.m 3265.2
Backfilling 427.85 58.72 130.62 248.17 321.11 2 cu.m 48.98 Sand 23.55 67.33 14.36 34.73 Aggregate, to 3 be used as cu.m 45.94 filter around lateral pipes Crush 19.26 38.22 17.40 28.66 Existing Weir Existing Aggregate, to Weir Existing 4 be used as cu.m 37.24 filter around
lateral pipes. 11.76 41.98 8.75 10.26 353.23
Concrete 5 cu.m 14.05 work
Steel in 1.34 4.51 1.37 1.61 22.98 6 Tonne 1.12 concrete Stone 41.24 74.40 43.23 58.08 157.96 pitching over 7 cu.m 77.44 perforated pipes 118 55.00 840.3 22.00 70.00 Water 8 Rm 550 collector pipes
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Item # Description Unit Sub Project Quantity Haji Kamar Hayatai Shukrata Lara Chepatra Kat Gala Khar Canal Lawang Ragha Dandokai Kas Daag Perforated 45.00 90.00 30.00 60.00 9 pipes to filter Rm 64.00 water Stone Riprap 60.00 10 cu.m
G.I Wire 360.00 11 netting Sq.m
Table 3.10 Irrigation Channels Works and Quantities
Item # Description Unit Subproject Irrigation Channel Quantity Haji Lawang Kamar Hayatai Shukrata Lara Dandokai Chepatra Kat Khar Canal Kas Ragha Daag Gala Earth excavation in 1,351.46 7359.69 6,722.40 2,591.04 134.28 5,238.00 606.39 1 cu.m 7,621.88 irrigation channels Structural 850.69 4,465.37 2,797.43 582.29 1,157.68 23,247.11 245.29 2 cu.m 6,414.98 backfill. 3 Concrete Work cu.m 1665.07 69.93 55.69 644.21 2261.73 7.27 188.52 Erecting & removing formwork to 4 concrete in any sq.m 3,281.54 336.07 -- 198.26 369.68 168.04 -- 558.04 shape / position (Vertical) Steel in 3.31 -- 3.90 3.18 2.01 0.37 0.76 5 Tonne 16.97 Concrete Repairing work ------6 of Irrigation RS 1.00 Channel
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Item # Description Unit Subproject Irrigation Channel Quantity Haji Lawang Kamar Hayatai Shukrata Lara Dandokai Chepatra Kat Khar Canal Kas Ragha Daag Gala Providing and Laying Grouted stone pitching/filling, 7 cu.m 1.54 dry hand 3.08 2.20 3.39 189.04 -- 1.54 packed in pitching & aprons Dressing ------8,940.00 -- slopes of 2,925.00 8 sq.m -- banks or ground surface Providing and Laying pre- 1,950.00 3051 -- 2,774.40 cast segments 2235 9 in PCC linning Rm -- + 5,130.00 + 20.00 and or HDPE 480.00 Pipe 11.88
Supplying clean and screened river or pit sand 10 within 150m cu.m -- 29.25 45.77 -- 30.52 30.62 76.95 including removal of loose earth or overburden.
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Subprojects Implementation Period The subproject implementation would be carried out in accordance with subproject Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by ADB. These subproject constructions would be completed in Twelve (12) months. The Kat Gala channel extension will be completed in 05 months. The total number of labors to carry out the construction work will be around 10 to 15 for each subproject where all unskilled labor will be of local origin which doesn’t require any housing facility. The human resource and machinery required for one subproject are provided in table 3.11 and 3.12.
Table 3.11: Personnel Requirement
Sr. No Position Nos 1 Project Manager / Project Engineer 01 2 Construction Supervisor 02 3 Site Engineer 01 4 Environmentalist 01 5 Health and Safety Officer 01 6 Surveyor 02 7 Quantity Surveyor 01 8 Site Inspector (Environment) 01 9 Skilled Labor 05
Table 3.12: Equipment Requirements
Sr. No Equipment/Machinery Type Nos 1 Front End Loader 01 2 Excavator 01 3 Dumper 02 4 Water Tanker 02 5 Mixer 01 6 Generator 02 7 Tractor along with Trolley 01
Executing Agency The FATA Secretariat will be the executing agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D
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Department) of the FATA Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The FATA Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed management component. Design Consultant The design and residency supervision of these subprojects would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the subprojects as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the subprojects fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed. FATA Development Working Party The FATA Development Working Party (FDWP) would approve the feasible subprojects of FWRDP. The FDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP Subprojects costing more than the threshold approval limit of FDWP. The subprojects will also be implemented in cooperation with local community organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key partners in the new subprojects. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the FATA Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all sub-projects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot subprojects, and are the model to be followed for subsequent sub-projects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed sub-projects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed Subprojects, the FATA Secretariat and the relevant Community Organization will have entered into a TOP setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such Subprojects (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such Subprojects) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such Subprojects, which such TOP will have been approved by the Political Administration. Terms of Partnership TOP for a Subprojects involving the construction of a weir or irrigation sump and channel will stipulate that the relevant Community Organization will be responsible for operation and maintenance of such weir or irrigation channel from such Community Organization’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the FATA Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department.
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Operation and Maintenance (O&M) The subprojects have been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum but the main channel can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate. The beneficiaries have signed TOP with the Political Administration of Bajaur Agency and Irrigation Directorate, FATA. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the O & M activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiary through Village Organization/CO.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
General The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of subprojects area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socio- economic environment of the subprojects area. b. To understand the current situation of the area comprehensively. c. To rationalize the decisions according to the ground realities. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP). ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan iii. GIS Database developed by the GIS Specialist iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to subprojects execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology A Survey was carried out in the subprojects area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment on December, 2017 and January 2018. The visit was made to the subprojects area to understand the terrain, environment and social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the preliminary interpreted data were tested and necessary
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corrections made after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features for accurate identification. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the proposed subprojects area and the areas in the vicinity. Critical areas with respect to environmental and social concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the subprojects on the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the subprojects area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of microenvironment of the proposed subprojects. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the subprojects area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the subprojects. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. viii. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources including Survey map of the subprojects and topographic sheets. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing.
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Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Ecological status of species was identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017 and other available literature. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at site has been carried out to establish the baseline conditions of the area. Study Area The studied area for this Consolidated IEE was broadly the Bajaur Agency (Figure 4.1), and more specifically sub-projects location including Khar Canal, Haji Lawang Kas, Hayatai, Shukrata, Kamar Ragha Dag, Lara Dandokai, Chepatra and Kat Gala settlements. The subprojects study area primarily includes of the springs and settlements in the immediate vicinity, which will be impacted directly or indirectly by the subprojects. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation, secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other published data related to the subprojects such as wildlife, livestock, fishery, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc. The subprojects Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the subprojects sites.
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Figure 4.1: Map of Bajaur Agency
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Physical Environment Topography Bajaur Agency, smallest of the agencies in FATA, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the Agency is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the agency is about 75,350 ha5, while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat, maize, vegetables and fruit orchid. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m asl with varying slope. The topography of the subprojects area is a rugged hilly terrain with low to moderate relief. Climate Bajaur Agency is located at the extreme end of the Himalayan Range which creates variations and uncertainty in the monsoon rains from month to month and year to year. Nevertheless, on account of the peculiar geographical position of the area, Bajaur does get its share of rains with winter and spring rains being more predictable than rains at other times of the year. Rabi crops have a good chance of reaching maturity, but variations in the timing and amount of precipitation create risks and lead to variable yields. The climate of the subprojects area varies from semi-arid sub-tropical to sub- humid temperate zones. Physiographic features, especially altitudes have major impact on local climatic conditions. This is well depicted by the soils and vegetation of the area. Rainfall in the Agency is maximum on high mountains in the north and decreases towards south, and is well distributed over the year. Snow also falls in the winters on the mountains, with valleys getting frosty. 10 watersheds of the Agency fall into the Sub-humid Sub-tropical Zone, 3 fall into the Sub-Humid Temperate Zone while 2 fall within the Semi-arid Sub- tropical Zone. The Subprojects area receives rainfalls in the range of 1007 mm whereas the Bajaur Agency receives rainfalls about 1000-1300 mm rainfall in the plain area. The agency has extreme climate. The winter season begins in November and lasts up to March. The winters are extremely chill and cold and sometimes temperature plunges below freezing point. December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in
5FATA Development Statistics 2012
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these months are in the range of 3 to 16 degree Celsius. The summer season lasts from May to October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in this period are in the range of 20 to 33 degree Celsius6. The nearest station to the subprojects area is Saidu Sharif. The graphical presentation of mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperature for Saidu Sharif is provided in figure 4.2 below.
Figure 4.2: Mean Monthly Temperature7
Primary survey revealed that droughts occur in the area, but are not very severe. The last significant drought was of four years duration, from 1999 to 2004. Nawagai area was most affected where the Nawagai Khwar dried as well. There was a drop of 30% in the agricultural yield and that was the only significant impact of drought. Hydrology The estimation of water availability has also been carried out indirectly by Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS) method. Perennial flow in low flow season September to February and high flow in March to August is added in estimated flow. Curve number of 51, 70 and 85 for AMC-I, AMC-II and AMC-III conditions are used. As Saidu Sharif rainfall data is representing
6 Hydrological studies Feasibility Report (Data Source: Met office Saidu Sharif) 7 Data Source: Met office Saidu Sharif Swat
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the subprojects area rainfall, water availability is estimated without any adjustment / correction factor. Surface flow was not gauged in the past therefore, no flow record exists within the watershed of proposed weir site. Substantial perennial flow exists at proposed weir sites. In Charmang Khwar perennial flow of 0.95 cumec (950 lit/sec) were observed during the measurement in October, 2017. In Watalai Khawar perennial flow of 0.25 to 0.50 cumec were observed during the last three months i.e. November, 2017 to January, 2018. In Babukara Khwar perennial flow of 0.21 cumec (210 lit/sec) were observed during the measurement in October, 2017 In Bajaur Khwar perennial flow of 1.56 cumec were observed during the measurement in November, 2017. As per local’s flood could be expected in rainy season during March-April and July-August. The source of Bajaur Khwar wetland is Bajaur Khwar. Six projects i.e Khar Canal, Haji Lawang Kas,Lara Dandokai , Chepatra , Kamar Ragha Daag and Hayatai sub projects are on the upstream of Bajaur Khwar wetland, while Shukrata sub project is on downstream. The total irrigation discharge required for the six-subprojects upstream is 14.76 Cusecs, while the perennial flow of Bajaur khwar is 40-50 Cusecs. The nearest project on upstream is Hayatai which is sub surface arrangement and at a distance of 01 km. The irrigation discharge requirement for this project is 1.07 cusecs. which doesn't pose any threat to the degraded wetland. Moreover, water seepage from the channel will also contribute to the wetland as the channel is proposed unlined. The perennial flow will be partially diverted and after some short distance from weir/ irrigation sump site the environmental flow will be available. Moreover, all these schemes are community-based construction, where the construction of channels were made according to the local community demand, considering their other water uses, if any, like water supply etc. So no lower riparian issues are anticipated. Regional Geology The Bajaur Agency in which these subprojects have been proposed lies in the region which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and Eurasian Plates; the collision process started in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a rate of about 4cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main
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Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). Geology of the Subprojects Area Bajaur area falls in the western tip of Kohistan with MMT running EW, following the course of Bajaur Khwar. The area is overlain by tectonic slices which moved from NW to SE during past diatropism. • The rocks exposed in the area belong to Igneous and metamorphic origin. • Nawagai Limestone of Silurian-Devonian age lies to the south-west. • The peletic sediments include amphibolites, epidote, chlorite schist, phyllitic schists, talc carbonate schists, graphitic schists and slates. • Extensive distribution of the garnet schist is observed in the Shamozai area, lying to the SE. • The Igneous masses comprise granites, diorites, ultrabasic and volcanic rocks. • The intrusion of diorites started sometimes in the Late Cretaceous, while the whole magnetism ended with the last phase of granitic stocks and dykes in Middle Eocene. • The Late Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Oligocene Ultrabasic phases of serpentine, peridotite and pyroxenite/ hornblendite lie “Interbedded” with the metasediments. • Eocene to Oligocene volcanic rocks of andesitic, rhyolitic and tuffaceous compositions are also present8.
Soil Medium textured soils are found in all parts of the central plains of Bajaur Agency. Water torrents erode the hilly soils which deposit coarse material at the foot of the mountain's slope. The upper and middle valleys of Bajaur Agency consist of silt clay loam which is generally drainable. The upper southwestern portion of the Agency comprises of gullied land, which has been severely eroded due to the excessive slope of the mountains towards the Bajaur Khwar. Although there is a wide range of soil types, over 60 percent of the area ranges from moderately coarse to medium fine in soil texture. All these soils are suitable for irrigation from a textural standpoint and can produce very good crop yields if managed properly. The command area lies along both banks of Khwar. The material existing in the command area is mostly fertile soil comprising sandy, silty clays overlaying clayey and sandy gravels. In low lying terraces adjacent to flood plains the soil is more gravelly, non-calcareous, non-saline and non-sodic in nature. Soil pH is slight to medium alkaline. The soils are low in organic
8 Geological Studies Section of Feasibility Report
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matter and nitrogen contents, low in phosphorous while low to medium in potassium contents. Judicious use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers is required to improve soil physical conditions, soil fertility and crop yields. Profile development of the soil is the result of the action of climate and vegetation upon the parent material over a period of time as conditioned by relief. The land use by human being changes the environment and modifies the above factors. Land use and Land Cover The data pertaining to land use is required to understand that how much area at present is put directly under different crops. Culturable area, cultivated and unculturable areas are also known to see the extent of increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of subprojects conditions. Similarly, culturable waste and forest, if any, are also taken into considerations. Supply of irrigation water would increase the cultivated areas. Some areas may be cultivated more than one time resulting in increased cropping intensity. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area are presented in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur Agency9
Bajaur Agency Area in Hectares Total Reported Area 129035 Cultivated Area 75945 (i) Net Sown 55108 (ii) Current Fallow 20837 Cropped Area 68776 Un-Cultivated Area 53090 (i) Culturable Waste 10590 (ii) Forest 23371 (iii) Not Available for Cultivation 19129
Land use and land cover of the subprojects area are depicted in figure below:
9 Source: Development Statistics of FATA (2012-13 to 2014-15)
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Figure 4.3: Land use Map of the Subprojects Area
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Seismology Figure 4.3 shows the tectonic map of the area. The area falls minor to moderate seismic zone. Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolites with limestone, schist and phyllites.
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Figure 4.4: Tectonic Map of Pakistan10
10 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department
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Ambient Air Quality and Noise Sources of air and noise pollution around the sub-projects area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups, apart from small scale marble cutting and polishing units. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. Particulate matter emissions from the small-scale marble setups are estimated to be below the maximum allowable level of 500 mg/Nm3 in the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Industrial Gaseous Emissions. Levels of smoke, metallic substances and oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the sub- subprojects area are also estimated to be below the maximum allowable levels in the NEQS. Air and acoustic environment of the subprojects at present is excellent. There is no industry located within the subprojects area. The only sources of noise within the area may be associated with traffic, but there are very limited vehicles. The ambient air quality and noise test at site was conducted at a 10 m distance from the main subproject axis as most of the construction activities will be done here while the residential area is at distance of more than 500 m where the impact of all the construction activities will be minimum. The sampling location were selected keeping in view; (a) the Sensitive Receptors and (b) magnitude of construction activities. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The locations of air and noise testing is given in figure 3.2 to figure 3.9 of Chapter C Project Description. The result reveals that the air quality and noise of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS except Khar Canal (Table 4.2) where the noise level was slightly exceeding the limits of NEQS.
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Table 4.2: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of the subprojects area
Sr Sub- CO SO2 NO2 NO NOx PM10 PM2.5 SPM No. Project (NEQS- (NEQS- (NEQS- (NEQS - (NEQS- (NEQS- (NEQS- (NEQS- 5 120 80 40 120 150 35 500 mg/m3) ug/m3 ) ug/m3 ) ug/m3) ug/m3 ) ug/m3 ) ug/m3 ) ug/m3 )
1 Khar 0 0.4 0.4 0.52 0.52 2.0 4.0 12 Canal
2 Haji 0 0.35 0.12 0.5 0.62 3.0 6.0 20 Lawang
3 Shukrata 0 0.0 0.25 0.18 0.43 8.0 4.0 12
4 Kamar 0 0.0 0.30 0.21 0.51 5.0 2.5 12.5 Ragha Dag
5 Lara 0 5.0 0.7 0.5 1.2 4.0 8.0 28 Dandokai
6 Chepatra 0 0.0 0.45 0.32 0.77 10.0 5.0 15.2
7 Kat Gala 0 0.0 0.40 0.24 0.64 6.0 3.0 13.0
8 Hayatai 0 0.0 0.25 0.18 0.43 8.0 4.0 12
Table 4.3: Noise Quality of Subprojects Area
Sr No, Sub-Project Location Location NEQS (dB) (Entrance) (Central Point)
1 Khar kanal 50.2 56.7
2 Haji Lawang 51.2 54.3
3 Shukrata 52.8 53.1
4 Kamar Ragha Dag 48.4 51.6
55 5 Lara Dandokai 53.5 47.5
6 Chepatra 47.8 51.8
7 Kat Gala 45.7 47.3
8 Hayatai 52.8 53.1
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Water Resources A number of springs and streams of sweet water flow throughout the agency and serve as clean water sources for drinking and irrigation. Rud is the major stream, which drains the main Khar – Nawagai valley and flows from south west to north – east and discharges into Munda Khwar at a village called Kulala (Bajaur). Drainage pattern plays key role in the ground water system. The perennial Nullah on which these weirs are proposed are flowing near the command area of the Sub-Projects. The Nullah is flowing from West to Southeast. The Nullah originates in the Western Mountains. Finally, the Bajaur Khwar leaves the agency near village Bandagai.
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Figure 4.5: Surface Water Resources in Subprojects Area
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Surface Water
The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by FATA Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three agencies of FATA. According to the Study, there are a number of streams and their tributaries in the subprojects area of Bajaur Agency that have perennial flow from snow melt. Panjkora River is the only major river that flows through the subprojects area of Bajaur Agency. Panjkora River originates from the mountains between Dir district and Afghanistan, and flows as a boundary river between Dir and Bajaur for a short distance. Jandul Khwar or Jandul River is the other perennial stream that joins Panjkora in Dir. There are no active irrigation canals on Panjkora River, but a large irrigation scheme is under construction namely Balambat Irrigation Scheme. This scheme will divert 124 cusecs of water to irrigate 4,400 ha of agricultural land in and around the District Dir. There are 15 watersheds in Bajaur Agency, which amount for total surface water available in a given average year as approximately 291 MCM, where 87.5 MCM is already being utilized for irrigation purposes while approximately 204.3 MCM flows out of the Agency unutilized. 63% of this outflow water is from perennial sources, while the remaining 37% is generated from rainfall. Average net surface water available in 15 watershed ranges between 39 MCM in Charmang watershed to 0.3 MCM in the Chamarkand watershed. The distribution of watersheds and their salient features are given below: Table 4.4: Details of Watershed
Confining Coordinates S. No Watershed Area of Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Watershed Degree Degree (km2) 1. Chamarkand 71.17-71.23 34.65-34.80 17.42 2. Targao 71.63-71.77 34.65-34.75 94.39 3. Main Barang 71.55-71.67 34.70-34.75 91.23 4. Alizai 71.55-71.64 34.58-34.73 55.70 5. Hayatai Bandagai 71.61-71.79 34.74-34.80 43.67 6. Kamangara 71.23-71.33 34.67-34.79 51.36 7. Arang 71.61-71.81 34.54-34.70 90.10 8. Mandal Burthrus 71.46-71.57 34.51-34.64 55.87 9. Asil Targhao 71.53-71.65 34.66-34.77 76.02 10. Salarzai-III 71.47-71.69 34.66-34.75 194.07 11. Charmang 71.22-71.48 34.85-34.95 197.27 12. Loi Mamund 71.27-71.49 34.76-34.98 162.96 13. Wara Mamund 71.30-71.46 34.73-34.85 88.50 14. Salarzai-I 71.46-71.56 34.73-34.88 61.24 15. Salarzai-II 71.43-71.51 34.83-34.93 45.70
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Groundwater
Unregulated abstraction of groundwater through unplanned construction of tube-wells and dug-wells has considerably lowered the water table and groundwater aquifers are under extreme stress in most of the watersheds in the subprojects area. South of Bajaur consists of metamorphic rocks such as schist while the rest of the Agency has igneous rock formations of granodiorite and diorite. Major valleys have alluvial deposits and the lithological sequence consists of clayey top layer, underlain by gravel and sand, and a clayey bottom layer. Ground waters are an important source of irrigation and water supply. They usually require no treatment. The water temperature is uniform throughout the year. The amount of available water will be more certain as compared to the impounding water. Groundwater is usually found at a depth of 10-30 meters. Rainfall is the only source of recharge in the command area. The command area of the subproject areas is situated on the recharge boundary of the Sub watersheds. Water Quality The ground Water sample of the subprojects area was collected from the nearest settlements to the subprojects sites to know the baseline condition of drinking water before project construction. The sample were collected and analyzed in the Laboratory by using standard operating procedures. The result shows (Table 4.5) that the drinking water quality is fit for drinking purposes as far as the chemicals concentrations are concerned. Other analytical results are within the NEQs limits. The surface water samples (Fig 3.2 to Fig 3.9) were collected upstream of axis of proposed subprojects to know the suitability of water for irrigation. The analysis of surface water (Table 4.6) sample collected from the weir site reveals that the water is fit for irrigation.
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Table 4.5: Drinking Water Quality analysis result of Subprojects Area
Sr. No Parameters Unit NEQS Khar Haji Hayatai Shukrata Kamar Lara Chapatara Kat Gala Canal Lawang Ragha Dandokai Dag 1 Color TCU Colorless Colorless Colorless colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless 2 Odor N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O 3 Taste N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O 4 E.C uS/cm 440 440 398 360 415 340 384 400 5 pH 6.5-8.5 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.4 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.0 6 Turbidity NTU <5 NTU 2.6 2.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 2.4 0.3 0.55 7 Alkalinity mg/l <500 3.58 4.58 3.98 3.78 4.38 2.99 3.98 3.78 8 Bicarbonate mg/l 179.6 229.32 199.8 189.43 219.35 149.55 199.40 189.43 10 Calcium mg/l 35.93 51.84 39.88 39.88 47.85 27.91 47.85 35.89 11 Carbonate mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 12 Chloride mg/l <250 29.94 52.34 16.94 11.96 16.94 29.91 14.95 14.95 13 Hardness mg/l <500 209.62 279.17 239.29 229.32 239.29 189.43 239.29 219.35 14 Magnesium mg/l 28.94 35.89 33.89 31.90 29.91 28.91 31.90 31.90 15 Potassium mg/l 0.909 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.69 0 0.49 0.99 16 Sodium mg/l <200 13.97 19.94 14.95 11.96 11.96 7.97 7.97 15.95 17 Sulphate mg/l <250 24.95 34.89 12.96 21.93 23.92 19.94 16.94 16.94 18 TDS mg/l <1000 257.53 350.96 252.25 245.27 293.13 217.35 264.21 243.27 19 Nitrate mg/l <50 3.69 4.38 2.99 2.99 3.98 3.09 3.98 2.99 20 Total CFU/100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Coliform ml CFU/100ml 21 E.Coli CFU100 -Ve -Ve -Ve -Ve -Ve -Ve -Ve -Ve -Ve ml N-O: Non-objectionable
BDL: Below Detection Limit
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Table 4.6: Irrigation Water Quality analysis result of Subprojects Area
Sr Parameters Unit NEQS Khar Haji Hayatai Shukrata Kamar Lara Chapatara Kat Gala No. Canal Lawang Ragha Dandokai Dag 1 Color TCU Colorless Colorless Colorless colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless 2 Odor N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O 3 Taste N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O N-O 4 E.C uS/cm 400 410 398 376 415 240 384 660 5 pH 6.5-8.5 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.1 8.1 8.2 7.9 6 Turbidity NTU <5 NTU 3.2 3.1 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.38 0.3 5 7 Alkalinity mg/l <500 2.99 2.59 3.78 3.78 4.38 1.59 3.98 4.98 8 Bicarbonate mg/l 149.55 129.61 189.4 189.43 219.35 7.76 199.40 249.26 10 Calcium mg/l 39.88 31.9 43.87 39.88 47.85 19.94 47.85 55.83 11 Carbonate mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 12 Chloride mg/l <250 21.93 36.89 19.94 16.94 16.94 29.91 14.95 83.75 13 Hardness mg/l <500 189.43 179.46 239.29 229.32 239.29 119.64 239.29 319.05 14 Magnesium mg/l 20.93 23.92 31.90 30.90 29.91 16.94 31.90 42.87 15 Potassium mg/l 0.909 1.99 0.99 0.79 0.69 0.99 0.49 15.95 16 Sodium mg/l <200 9.97 11.96 11.96 11.96 11.96 4.98 7.97 37.88 17 Sulphate mg/l <250 27.91 48.85 22.93 22.93 23.92 19.94 16.94 29.91 18 TDS mg/l <1000 233.33 234.30 258.23 251.25 293.13 143.57 264.21 427.73 19 Nitrate mg/l <50 4.28 4.58 3.98 2.99 3.98 2.97 3.98 2.69 N-O: Non-objectionable
BDL: Below Detection Limit
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Biological Environment The natural environment of the Subprojects area has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees11. The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the Subprojects area will restore the lost eco-systems. Flora Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad- leaved Forest 12 . The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). The main tree species are, Monotheca buxifolia (Gurgura), Zizyphus nummularia (Ber), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Olea cuspidate (wild olive), prosopis spp(mesquite) ,tamarix spp (Farash) and Dodonaea viscose (Sanatha). Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak) ,Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda), and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham, and popular. No endangered species have been reported in the subprojects area by the locals. Subprojects site area are free of forest cover. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the subprojects area:
11 PC-I Proforma for Fata Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) 12 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)
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Table 4.7: Common Trees Species in Subprojects Area
Local Name Botanical Name Local Status IUCN Staus Picture
Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Common NE
Karkana Zizypus Rare NE
Pepal Ficus religiosa Rare NE
Safaida Eucalyptus Common LC
Zeeton (wild Olea cuspidate Rare DD olive)
Phulai Acacia modesta Common NE
Ber Ziziphus Rare NE nummularia
Farash Tamarix spp Rare LC
Mesquite prosopis spp Rare NE
Sufidar Populus Common LC (hybrid poplar)
Kikar Acacia nilotica Common LC
Toot Morus Common LC (Mulberry)
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Local Name Botanical Name Local Status IUCN Staus Picture
Arjun Terminalia arjuna Rare NE
Bakain Melia azedarach Common LC (dhraik)
Palosa Acacia Modesta Rare NE
NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern DD: Data Deficient as per IUCN RedList, 2017.
Table 4.8: Common Grasses Species in the Area
Common Botanical Name IUCN Status Picture Name
baruwa grass Saccharum NE (munja) clumps
Suryalla ghass Heteropogon NE contortus
lemon grass Cymbopogon LC
NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN RedList,2017.
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Table 4.9: Common Shrub Species in the Subprojects Area
Local / Botanical IUCN Status Picture Common Name Name
Bahker Adhatoda NE vasica Justicia adhatoda
Ak Calotropis spp NE
Vena Rhazya spp NE
Khatumaal Rumex NE hastatus
Granda Carrisa spp NE
Karir Capparis spp NE
Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Nummularia
NE: Not Evaluated as per IUCN RedList,2017. Fauna No baselines on wild mammals, birds and fish species are available for FATA. No comprehensive survey has ever been conducted in the territories by any line department or NGO. For the purpose of this IEE, a primary survey was conducted by subprojects environmentalist during 2018 to ascertain the distribution of species, and to collect evidence of any sightings in consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:
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Table 4.10: Fauna of the Subprojects Area
S. No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals i) Jackals Canis aureus (LC) ii) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC) iii) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC) iv) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC) v) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC) vi) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC) vii) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC) 2 Reptiles i) Cobra snake Naja (LC) ii) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE) iii) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) 3 Amphibians i) Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC) 4 Others i) Scorpions Scorpiones (NE) ii) Spiders Araneae (NE) *LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated NT: Near Threatened as per IUCN Red list, 2017. Avifauna Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11: Avifauna of the Subprojects Area
Common Name Scientific Name S# Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC) 1 Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC) 2 Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC) 3 Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus 4 (LC) Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC) 5 Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps 6 (LC) Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC) 7 Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC) 8 Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides 9 (LC) White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC) 10 Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus 11 (LC) Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana 12 (LC) Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 13 (LC) Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC) 14 Common Babbler Turdoides caudata 15 (LC)
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Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC) 16 Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC) 17 Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC) 18 White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis 19 (LC) Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC) 20 See See Partridge Ammoperdix 21 griseogularis (LC) Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC) 22 Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC) 23 Pintail Anas acuta (LC) 24 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 25 (LC) Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC) 26 Black Winged Stilt Himantopus 27 himantopus (LC) Great Egret Ardea alba (LC) 28 Flamingo Phoenicopterus 29 roseus (LC) Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus 30 (LC) Curlew Numenius phaeopus 31 (LC) Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC) 32 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 33 (LC) Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC) 34 Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 35 (LC) Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC) 36 White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis 37 (LC) *LC-Least Concern: VU-Vulnerable: EN-Endangered, NT: Near Threatened as per IUCN Redlist,2017. Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks13. Fisheries Data on fisheries reported here in the table below, is based on secondary sources since there were no pictorial tools available such as charts and posters to be used for the primary research exercise. Moreover, most of the fish available in the Agency have been introduced by the Fisheries Dept, in order to improve the livelihoods of the locals thus, making a distinction between cultural and wild fish extremely difficult in the area.
13 Wild Life Section, Directorate of Forestry Sector FATA Secretariat
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Table 4.11: List of Wild Fish found in Bajaur Agency (FATA) 14
IUCN Status S.No. Local Name Common Name Scientific Name 1 Pattay Mahay Chalwa Barilius Pakistanicus NE 2 Katch Paptale Rosybarb Puntious Conconchonicus NE 3 Kattay Daoly Machlee Channa Gachua LC 4 Kategy Dady Machlee Channa Punctatus LC 5 Spena Deqa Dogra Crossochelius NE 6 Paplate Gold Fish Carssius Aurantus NE 7 Marmahee Bam Machlee Mestasembalus Armatus NE 8 Gulabay/Sulemanay Punjabi Pahari Glypotothorax NE 9 Hindu Mahay Sundali Schistura Alepidota NE 10 Shermahi Shermahi Clupisoma Naziri NE 11 Gulfam China Cyprinus Carpio VU 12 Mahaseer Mahaser Tor Putitora EN 13 Torkai Torki Cirrihinus Mrigala NE 14 Soul Katasare Channa Punctatus LC 15 Swati Khauki Schizothorax Plajiostomus NE 16 Chadu Chadu Barilious Wagra NE Protected areas / National sanctuaries As stated earlier, there are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. As per Governor KP notification there are about 5 wetlands in Bajaur Agency and Bajuar Khwar wetland is the nearest wetland which is about 01 Km distance from Hayatai subproject. The wetland has been under cultivation by the locals where possible except some portion where the land is highly saturated with water and cultivation is not possible. Currently rainfed agriculture is practiced in the area where maize and wheat are grown in summer and winter seasons respectively. The crop yields are extremely poor as compared to normal crop yields obtained in agriculturally developed areas. No sufficient protection and conservation measures been taken by the FATA forestry Sector which is responsible for its management. The land is owned by the local community. The District Forest Officer (DFO) was consulted and he showed his willingness for the subproject. Out of eight 06 subproject sites i.e Khar Canal, Haji Lawang Kas,Lara Dandokai , Chepatra , Kamar Ragha Daag are located upstream of the wetland. Hayatai subproject is upstream of the wetland at a distance of 01 km. The total irrigation discharge required for the six subprojects upstream is 14.76 Cusecs, while the perennial flow of Bajaur khwar is 40-50 Cusecs. The irrigation discharge requirement for the nearest upstream project, i-e, Hayatai projects is 1.07 cusecs, which doesn't pose any threat to the degraded
14 Z Hasan et al 2014. Comparative abundance of fish fauna of different streams of Bajaur Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Biologia 60(1):159-163
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wetland. Furthermore, the channel lining is not envisaged for this project neither the area of wetland which is presently under cultivation by the locals. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these notifications are attached as Annex IV. Socio-Economic Environment Bajaur Agency is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. Bajaur is about 45 miles (72 km) long by 20 miles (32 km) broad, and lies at a high level to the east of the Kunar Valley, from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged frontier hills, forming a barrier easily passable at one or two points. Across this barrier, the old road from Kabul to Pakistan ran before the Khyber Pass was adopted as the main route. To the south of Bajaur is the wild mountain district of the Mohmands. To the east, beyond the Panjkora River, are the hills of Swat, dominated by another Pashtun group. To the north is an intervening watershed between Bajaur and the small tehsil of Dir. It is over this watershed and through the valley of Dir, there is the new road from Malakand runs to Chitral. The drainage of Bajour flows eastwards, starting from the eastern slopes of the dividing ridge, which overlooks the Kunar and terminating in the Panjkora River, so that the district lies on a slope tilting gradually downwards from the Kunar ridge to the Panjkora. Nawagai is the chief town of Bajaur, and the Khan of Nawagai was previously under British protection for the purpose of safeguarding of the Chitral road15. Administrative Set Up The Political Agent is the over all in charge for the agency administration, assisted by Assistant Political Agents. The agency headquarter is located at Khar. Administratively, Bajaur Agency comprises of two sub-divisions,
15 Holdich, Thomas Hungerford. "Bajour". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226.
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namely, Khar sub-division and Nawagai sub-division under two Assistant Political Agents. Khar sub-division has further been divided into three Tehsil, namely Khar, Salarzai, and Uthman khel, while Nawagai sub-division consists of four tehsils, namely Chamar kand, Nawagai, Mamund and Barang. Tehsils in the agency are under the charge of three Political Tehsildars and Political Naib Tehsildars. Demographic Profile Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are three main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman Khel, Tarkalani, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur16. FATA has a unique governance status, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. The Malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at Malik’s disposal, and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings.
16 Historical and administrative profile of the Bajaur Agency (fata.gov.pk)
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Population Total population of the Agency according to 2017 census is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female population17, with growth rate of 3.25%. The subprojects Khar Canal, Haji Lawang, Hayatai, Shukrata, Lara Dandokai, Kamar Ragha Daag, Chepatra and Kat Gala are located within 30 Km radius of Agency Heaquarter Khar and has the total population of about 27243 persons. The main tribes living in the area are Tarkani, Salarzai, Mamund and Utman Khel.
Table 4.12: Population Details of Bajaur Agency
Households Population Male Female Sex Population 1998-2017 2017 Ratio 1998 Average Annual Growth Rate 120,457 1,093,684 557,160 536,520 103.85 595,227 3.25 Family Size The average household consists of 9.077 individuals in the above mentioned three selected tehsils of the Agency. The male and female ratio is 103.85 males to 100 females17. The analysis of the available data shows that 22% out of male population is below 18 years old while 29% of female population is below 18 years indicating a female dominated youth population bulge. The data further reveals that one (01) out of 500 persons lives with disabilities in Bajaur Agency. The large number of youths, mostly females and significant number of physically challenged persons will further escalate the population vulnerabilities in the coming years which need to be addressed through appropriate measures18. Dwelling Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the agency. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the agency. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter- national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for
17http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS _2017.pdf 18 FATA-Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP)
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themselves music programmes or dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal gust-room. Majority of the houses (91%) of the study area have ordinary construction (Katcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry-stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 2% and 7% respectively. Language Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. The Family System The area has a predominant tradition of joint families with male siblings residing in one household even after marriage. New life style has motivated people towards a nuclear family system, but economic compromises and cultural values restrain them from adopting this type of family system. The family ties are still good and relatively less materialistic. As a social institution, the family is still very strong. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives. Livestock Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. The FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families accrues from Livestock. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in FATA established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is not up to the
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required level. See Exhibit below for the status of veterinary services in Bajaur Agency.
Table 4.13: Veterinary Service available in Bajaur Agency
Conflicts Resolution Mechanism FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of FATA have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in FATA is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the political administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects 19 working in the tribal agencies have invested in forming local community based groups and
19 For example the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.
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indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs. Religious Beliefs A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly. Water Supply and Sanitation Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain- water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use surface sources20. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of FATA is between 300 and 500 feet (91.44 and 152.4 m). Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical
20 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat.
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properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Recent figures on sanitation coverage in FATA are not available. Results from the census show that 36.86 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 6.99 per cent have access to shared latrines and 56.15 per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Poverty The FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. The militancy crisis in KP and FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly
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outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Health facilities Health indicators for FATA are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Infant mortality is estimated to be as high as 87 deaths per 1,000 live births, while maternal mortality is thought to exceed 600 deaths per 100,000 live births. Access to health services is severely limited. According to Agency wise socioeconomic indicators of FATA 2016 there are 02 main hospitals with a capacity of 463 beds. Beside this there 08 dispensaries, 19 Basic Health Units (BHU21) and 03 Rural Health Centre (RHCs22), 03 TB clinics and 11 community Health centers reported in the year 2106 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas. Social Organization Society is structured on kinship basis in the Subprojects area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people
21 A BHU is a first level health care facility, located at the village level. It is supposed to have a medical practitioner to provide first aid and refer cases to higher level facilities 22 RHCs function primarily at tehsil level to offer services for population ranging from 60,000 to 100,000. They are supposed to be equipped with x-ray equipment and laboratory facilities and to include some in-patient care with approximately 10 beds per center
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are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture The FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependent on rainfall. The subprojects area is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs. Only 7 percent of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated, with another one percent recorded as fallow, accounting for roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 40 percent of the cultivated area in FATA is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal canals. Crops are categorized under two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The Rabi crops include wheat (major), fodder and few vegetables. Kharif crops include maize (major), fodder and few vegetables. Education The people in the agency are not widely educated. The total number of schools in Bajaur Agency is 513 where 144160 students are enrolled with total teaching staff of 1209 where one teacher is available for every 48 students. Beside that the comparison of schools and enrollment of male and female students highly speaks of gender discrimination. The following table shows the education statistics of Bajaur Agency.
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Table 4.14: Education Statistics of Bajaur Agency23
Schools Enrollment Teaching Staff Students/Teacher
Male 338 99299 847 117
Female 175 44861 362 123.93
Occupation The people in the agency are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Agricultural farming, small scale business and working on daily wages basis are also major providers of job and sources employment in the agency. About 24.4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf countries while just less than 30% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan.24 Food Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of Bajaur. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners25. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer. Dress and Ornaments People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head- wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). Historically, and particularly during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan beginning in 1979, the region was a major center for opium production and trafficking. Today, the transit trade with Afghanistan is a major source of employment for the local population. The economy operates on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the regulation of economic activity have been extended to the tribal areas. Mining Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Bajaur Agency. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks in the malange zone. The marble is processed in different green and black colors. The marble is
23 Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016
24 MICS 2007, FATA Secretariat 25 https://www.facebook.com/The-Bajaurians-Society-132388113479230/
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processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country. Economic Features According to Primary Social Survey of the subprojects area, 90% percent households were found to be involved in farming activities, 03 percent as daily wage laborers. About 2% of the population reported to be small traders or vendors engaged in small scale business (shops, stores, auto workshops, hotel etc.), while 3 percent were found to be employed in public sector. 02% percent earnings were coming from abroad and other cities of Pakistan. Roads According Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)-FATA Secretariat, total coverage extends to 3,390 kilometers of blacktop and another 2,000 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 2006. Land acquisition laws in force in the rest of the country do not apply to FATA. If a proposed road or bridge is to pass through qaumi (tribal) land, a ‘tribal commission’ amounting to 6.2526 per cent of the total project cost is handed over to the political agent, to be distributed among local clans and tribes according to ownership. Where roads or bridges are to pass through private land, the political administration meets with the local Malik and a settlement is reached through jirga negotiations. Telephone Facilities Landline telephone facilities and Cellular networks are available in the area. Sites of Historical Significance Sikandaro is the area historically known for arrival of the Alexander the Great to this area in pursuance of his conquests. A few shrines in the agency are also historically known. These are Ghazi Baba, Sakhi Baba, Shiekh Baba and Mir Ali Baba. Besides, the tomb of sakhi Arab Khan, Governor of this area under Mughals at Naway Dhand on outskirts of Khar is also of some historical importance. No sites have been reported around the subprojects of any cultural and social significance. The distance of these historical sites from project are more than 10 kms. Gender Issues Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from
26 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat
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decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency SUBPROJECTS ALTERNATIVES
No Subprojects Option Subprojects alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. With an increased awareness of the scarcity of water as a resource, short-term supplies may be achieved through demand management strategies water use efficiency, combined with research and development programmes that reduce consumption. Agricultural demand has the potential to be met through the take up of currently unutilized, or under-utilized, water resources. Groundwater supply within the area is limited to primarily stock and domestic purposes and supplies to small towns and is not considered to be a feasible alternative supply to the subprojects. Inability to support the Subprojects increases inherent risk of supply from a single source. The primary objective of the subprojects is to increase the agricultural production. The ‘no subprojects’ option has the potential to inhibit to increase the crop production. Limiting agricultural production in particular has the potential to adversely impact on the area economy with large scale agricultural development potentially seeking alternative locations interstate due to this water supply constraint. With the implementation of subprojects with the Increase in agricultural yields and production, the additional generating benefits are: • Additional revenues directly from the subprojects output. • Crop diversification. The introduction of irrigation enables farmers to diversify their crops based on local markets demand and export. • Employment opportunities: during the construction phase there will be improved employment opportunities for local people and new comers. • The subprojects will provide water for cultivation of crop, irrigated fodder development, domestic purpose, livestock etc. • Food security further improved. In this case, the proposed small scale diversion weir irrigation will have a paramount importance in further improving the overall living conditions of the people residing in and around the subprojects environment and will plays its own role in alleviating food shortage. • Improved forage varieties provided and increase • Animal productivity and production.
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• Increase the opportunities to nursery site • establishment, and forest seedling production and • Forest tree plantation. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed subprojects will contribute positively to the subprojects area. The no subprojects option is not viable option. Subprojects Siting Alternatives Technically there were no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. Locations of the Weirs/ subsurface arrangements and infiltration galleries with solar lift irrigation have been fixed, by considering the natural conditions, command area and construction difficulties including topography and geology. The detailed considerations for the selection of subproject site are as follows. • Suitability of the structure type • Geological and Topographic conditions • Technically most suitable site to command the irrigable area • Minimum Environmental Degradation Based on Topography, command area, available flow and sites visits alternative arrangements for subprojects formulation have been done for a simple, sustainable and suitable subprojects layout. Three alternative layout options have been developed which are detailed discussed in the proceeding section. These includes, • Construction of weir. • To irrigate the existing command through gravity channel with subsurface pipes. • Infiltration Gallery with lift irrigation. Alternative-1: Construction of Weir As discussed earlier, there is perennial discharge available in these khwars. Therefore, it is a primary option to divert the discharge and convey it to the command area along the bank through gravity channel by providing weir across the khwar. An appropriate alternative at Chepatra subproject is to construct new weir at upstream of existing intake so as to fed it. Alternative-2: Subsurface Irrigation During the planning phase of the subprojects, option of subsurface irrigation has been considered in which the khwar flow will be utilized to irrigate command area. There is perennial flow in khwar at these locations of existing
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intake, which may be utilized to irrigate available command area along its bank. Providing a subsurface irrigation system at upstream may irrigate the entire command. This option was adopted for Hayatai, Shukrata and Khar canal subproject where the Khwar is wide enough and this was the most viable option. Alternative-3: Infiltration Gallery with Lift Irrigation In this option, a network of subsurface pipe is proposed in the active flow channel of the khwar to collect the flow. But in case of providing gravity channel the high level area cannot become under command, also due to the alignment of channel very close to the khwar will be vulnerable due to flood damages. Therefore, lateral perforated pipes parallel to the flow are proposed to collect the discharge from the khwar. At end of lateral pipes, a collector pipe is provided which has been positioned across the khwar to convey the collected discharge to a concrete sump. The sump will be constructed away from the flow area form where discharge will be lifted through a solar pump. The pump will be operated through solar panels. With this arrangement rain fed elevated area of Kamar Ragha Daad and Haji Lawang Kas as well as the lower area will be irrigated through a lined channel provided at the end. Technological Alternatives A conventional weir at proposed location may be adopted for diversion of design discharge. However, it needs sediment removal arrangement deposited at upstream, which necessitates the flushing arrangements by means of providing Bottom outlets or undersluice section. The diversion weir comprises an overflow sections for flood routing and a Tyrolean section to divert the flow for irrigation. Various coefficients used for weir design have been taken from design criteria provided by GTZ. A Tyrolean section consists of trash rack at khwar bed and embedded channel beneath. Bars of the rack are laid parallel to flow and inclined in the direction of flow. The water, passing over the rack, is collected in the embedded channel. Due to low height of the weir, concrete apron and riprap has been proposed at downstream for energy dissipation. Selection of the Tyrolean type has been accomplished on following basis: • Self-operated system; • Insured diversion of water during minimum flow season. • Self-creation of upstream channelization and minimize silt deposition at upstream of intake; • Ease in construction; and
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• Cost effectiveness; Perforated pipes are commonly used in under-drain systems such as infiltration galleries, French drains, porous pavement drainage, and bio- retention ponds. The results produced from the research for the saturated condition can be applied to galleries or under-drains where the aggregate is completely saturated or where the inflow is normal to the pipe and the resulting water surface is parallel to the pipe. In the saturated flow condition, the water surface is parallel to the pipe and the predominant flow direction occurs in the vertical direction. As such, as long as the water surface is parallel to the pipe and the outlet is flowing full it can be considered ‘saturated’ even when the water surface is contained within the aggregate. The concept of subsurface drainage system has been adopted to withdraw the irrigation flow from Khwar for the subprojects channel. A subsurface perforated pipe system is proposed in active flow creek of the khwar to divert the discharge for irrigation. Infiltration galleries can probably be made to work at almost any location on any watercourse, but practically, their application is normally limited to locations on streams where velocities can be expected to generally be greater than about 0.3 m/s, which are typically sand and gravel-bed streams with relatively high gradients. Infiltration galleries provided in riffle-type reach on meandering khwar, since such locations are more likely to provide conditions conducive to the use of infiltration galleries (higher stream velocities; coarser bed material). The infiltration gallery is provided in a relatively stable reach of a stream that is not going to be subject to aggradation or degradation of the bed, and is also not likely to migrate laterally. The primary geologic considerations affecting infiltration galleries are the nature of the alluvial sediments that the gallery will be installed in, and the depth to bedrock. The subsurface pipe arrangement has been located at the smooth flow reach of the khwar. The invert level of the collector pipe is fixed by considering the invert level of irrigation intake. The width of khwar flood plain at proposed diversion location is more, while active creek is only 15m wide and 0.5m deep, therefore subsurface has been proposed in active khwar creek. For the diversion of irrigation discharge subsurface pipe network is adopted at these locations. The arrangement comprises a network of perforated lateral and collector pipe, a collection sump and lift arrangements to divert the flow to irrigation channel.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Impact Assessment - Overview The Environment Assessment study has disclosed that the subprojects is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the project will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant social indicators of the project benefits are mentioned below: . Construction of irrigation system in virgin lands tends to change water and land use patterns that might have potential of severe, long term permanent impacts on the environmental settings of that area. . Construction activities in general could lead to interference with local community life. . Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved canal condition, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature. . After completion of the construction works, the improved canal water supplies will contribute to increased cropping intensity resulting into increased use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides which may cause limited adverse impacts and need to be addressed. . The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area. . The project will also help to recharge the groundwater and neutralized the lowering trend . The project will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment.
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Impact Area The project impact area mainly comprises of weir site, water channel, irrigation command area, query areas and labor camps. The weir/ irrigation sump will be constructed and the command area will be developed by providing water for irrigation. The area as can be observed is vegetated, the weir sites are however located in and around shrub lands, hence no felling of trees is involved. Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligible: No or minimum impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific) High: significant adverse environmental impacts those are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.
Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages
Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization N=Negligent M=Moderate H=High 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation Construction M 1.2 Blasting Construction M 1.3 Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.4 Labor camps, storage, approach roads Construction M 1.5 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage Construction M (related to construction machinery) 1.6 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.7 Earth Borrow Site Construction M 1.8 Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.9 changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour Construction N camps, and machinery yards 1.10 Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil Post Construction N characteristics 1.11 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Post Construction M fertilizers and pesticides 2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due to washing Construction M (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply Construction M 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the stream Construction M 2.4 Water quality & sedimentation load Post Construction M 2.7 Excessive use of irrigation water for cultivating Post Construction M high delta crops
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2.8 Contamination of water due to farm runoff Post Construction N 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust and smoke and other Construction M pollutants from plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or firewood Construction M 3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or outdated Construction M Machinery 3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Construction M transportation 4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N 4.2 Habitat fragmentation Post Construction N 4.3 Aquatic Life, especially fish Construction and M post construction 4.4 Protected Area (Wetland Management) Construction and N post construction 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure (education, Construction N health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Community safety risks due to both accidental Construction and M and natural hazards Post Construction 5.4 Health and safety of labor and employees at Construction H construction site 5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Post Construction N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N
Negligible: No adverse impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, High: Definite impact but can be mitigated Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation and Blasting Being located in a hilly terrain, these subprojects will require excavation for alignment of abutments and land leveling. Blasting may be done where it is absolutely necessary and is likely to be done only in Lara Dandokai subproject. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to cutting of trees and/or leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. There are no settlements or sensitive receptors in the nearby vicinity of Lara Dandokai. Settlements are at higher elevation from the khwar and at a distance of approximately more than one Km Moreover, use of dynamite also poses risks to the safety of the workers as well as general public as a whole. In case of these subprojects, the sites do not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. It is expected that minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction
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activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable sandstone therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. The duration of the risk is expected to be short and the spatial scale of risk is small because the excavation effects are not likely to affect areas further than 200 meters from the Subprojects facilities. Mitigation
Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. Top six inches soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. Blasting may be done where it is absolutely necessary, use safety measures in handling explosives, prepare blasting schedules along with warning sirens, and ensure minimum damage to the landscape. In compliance to the IFC standards, the Contractor will be strictly advised for controlled blasting like use of explosives for relatively hard rock in order to shatter and break the rock. These blasting activities are for a short time period and anticipated are
disturbing the ambient air level in particular the Emissions of NO2, CO, and NO are generated during the explosions. However; the Contractor will be strictly advised to implement the following pollution prevention and control techniques: • Alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods will be preferred wherever applicable; • The correct burning of the explosive, • A consistent blasting schedule by Contractor, minimizing blast-time changes; specific warning to alert all workers and third parties in the surrounding areas (e.g. local communities). • Trained personnel shall be handling explosives and safety management has been considered; • Blasting-permit procedures shall be followed; and, • Blasting sites should be checked post-blast by qualified personnel of Contractor for malfunctions and unexploded blasting agents, prior to resumption of work.
Waste Generation and Disposal
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During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones and blasting, residual RCC material, domestic waste and other associated waste. Mitigation
To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the subprojects will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area. Solid waste generation should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. This is a significant Impact but can be mitigated. Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads Because of availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. So, this is a matter of moderate significance and can be easily mitigated and managed through proper mitigation measure. Mitigation
The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location of these facilities will be at least 500 m away. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery At places, it may be inevitable and may exceed to the maximum permissible limit. In case it is allowed to be as per rule rather than an exception, the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association27 are as follows: - Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of
27 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/
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contaminated soil is less than 10 sq. ft. and 3 inches (0.92903 and 0.00193548 sq.m) respectively is to scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation
Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labours to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. Specific mitigation measures to be part of Contractors site specific environmental management plan are: • Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, as far as possible. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained.
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• Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams.
Agriculture Land Damage Land leveling, construction of access road, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of these subproject there will be some minor agricultural land damage as cultivated area is near the channel. Mitigation
Contractor’s obligation not to cause such damage and strictly follow design to avoid such loss. If such damage occurs to crops and agricultural land compensation will be paid to the affected person, top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Avoid use of heavy machinery within agricultural land as far as possible. Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site There is likelihood for obtaining the earth fill material for On-Farm Water Management works. Excavation and cutting activities could cause adverse environmental impacts including sliding, soil erosion and drainage on the surrounding areas. Mitigation
No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas. The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation. The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for the community. If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely. If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process. o Fix the location of excavation. o Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. o Excavate up to one-meter depth.
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o Maintain the slope as far as possible. o Place the top soil back during the restoration process. o Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses. o Following the above criteria, after identification and approval by the Engineers, the Contractor will mark borrow areas location in his Site- Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP). Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards The mechanical activity normally compacts the soil and turns it nonproductive which leads to the social impact and is manageable. Mitigation
Contractors before handing the site back will apply such measures as to mitigate the impact of compaction and leave the site almost in the same state in which it was occupied. Pictures of the area should be taken before handing it over to contactor which will help the RE to ensure an acceptable state of soil while getting the area back from the contractor. Construction material left overs and Site Restoration Construction material left over may likely happen after the closure of temporary construction sites. This might have short term and minimal insignificant impact on the subprojects area. Mitigation • All shivers and material that remain after the closure of temporary construction sites are to be removed from the location and re-used/re- cycled where possible.
• All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Contamination of surface water due to washing There is a tendency to wash construction machinery and equipment using the stream water, eventually draining the same into the stream. Contaminants like motor oil, diesel and other such materials pollute the water body in the short run, causing harm to aquatic life, and affecting the overall water quality. Mitigation
Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities, with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the
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septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and equipment at site.
Drinking water supply for Contractor’s Crew Since the site and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs in the catchment of the weir, but they can be far off. Stream water will need to be tested and used for drinking purposes. Mitigation
Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist of CSC, will get stream water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost- effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Chlorination, sand filtration, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Municipal waste Impacts on the stream Water Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed and drained into the stream. Mitigation
Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Rubbishes from the subprojects construction area and office area shall be classified and collected and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. The landfill site will be arranged by mainly considering the natural gully and shall be closed after completing the construction. The landfill site area shall be equipped with seepage control system, leachate drainage system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities, etc. All these provisions will be incorporated in site specific EMP for construction. Water quality and sedimentation load The soil texture at the subproject area is of medium quality with medium organic load. Due to the sand formation upstream, there is a likelihood of sedimentation load filling up the weir. Mitigation
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Quarterly water sampling and testing will be conducted in order to ascertain water quality during different seasons. A sample each at two locations, one upstream and another downstream of the weir, will be drawn for testing.
Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately significant and can be mitigated. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligation to keep the dust and smoke low by using machinery which is well maintained and is almost noise less and all Katcha roads and paths are sprinkled with water after regular intervals. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again will be within the acceptable limits. Smoke from burning of waste and firewood Labor will burn waste material and wood for various purposes, including cooking and heating, which will cause smoke, and in some weather conditions smog in the area. Mitigation
Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and bushes. Contractor must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for their daily purposes. Noise from use of old/and or out-dated machinery Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and cause noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligation to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day time. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear plugs.
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The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000). Environment Specialist will ensure that this clause is added into the bids and contracts. Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis. The NEQS for noise residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS. Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation This will not cause any impact on the immediate subprojects area except that the vehicles carrying the stone shall exert additional traffic load on the roads leading to the subprojects. Crushed stone will fall on roads. Mitigation
Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately. During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites. Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) As discussed in the baseline section, the key avaifauna species in the subprojects area are Crested Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), which is near threatened, Red Crowned Eurasian (Grus japonensis) declared as endangered species and Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Redlist of IUCN. These species are reported beyond the corridor of the subproject and; no habitat of these species were observed or reported in the corridor of the subproject. Therefore; no major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna as well as on Bajaur Wetland. There will be no tree to cut for the subprojects construction. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic life is anticipated. Mitigation
Environment Specialist of CSC together with FATA line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora and fisheries. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and political administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes
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place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the subprojects management as well as the concerned APA. Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for subprojects activities. Continuous inspection of the area jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. As per Environmental Safeguard policy, sufficient amount has been allocated for tree plantation for better environment. For this purpose, a tree plantation plan will be prepared by Watershed Management Specialist in consultation with local District Forest Officer (DFO) including the type of species, location for plantation and other necessary information. This plan will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved during subprojects implementation. Impact on Aquatic Life The construction of water retention structure will affect very minor modifications to riverine habitats as compared to other heavy considerable flow rivers, because there is no fish species was directly sighted at weirs axis in the stream. River channelization and the destruction of riparian and submerged vegetation are some of the main reasons for the decline of some biotic population. Mitigation
• Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible.
Sedimentation of stream water During constructions of intakes and weirs the removal of bank/ in stream soil and vegetation clearing will cause sedimentation affecting fish and aquatic invertebrates sensitive to changes in the water quality parameters such as, increased turbidity, changes in temperature etc. Fresh water fish and some other aquatic organisms are unlikely to live and breed well in such modified areas. In addition, sediment eroded from stream banks may be carried further downstream where it is deposited, smothering eggs and invertebrates. Moreover, extreme (too high) flow variations will increase sediment load from the subprojects site, which inhibits percolation and lowers available oxygen. Sediment in the flow scours spawning beds for breeding species.
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Fish species that rely on vision to obtain food would be adversely affected as a result of sedimentation. Poor visibility due to sedimentation of stream water (by construction activities).
Mitigation
Monitor water flow during construction and maintain the minimum ecological requirement for all rivers to ensure water is available downstream all the time. Maintain the desired hydrological connectivity in the system (upstream- downstream and maintain low water temperature necessary for survival of the moderately flow-sensitive species found at this site; Ensure riverine protection through observing the 6-30m away from the river banks and planting of indigenous riparian trees to reduce sedimentation. Provide compensation and sediment channels in the weir as well as physical removal of sediment.
Interference with fish movement/passage During construction diversion weirs and water tunnels may create temporary barriers to highly mobile aquatic fauna unfamiliar with new surrounding until they adapt navigating across them. Long distant migratory fish may experience delays due to blocked passages, which depletes energy reserves and increases stress. Mitigation
Minimize activities to areas of construction and initiate habitat restoration immediately after construction works are through; and Restore disturbed areas to near-to-nature to blend with the immediate environment.
Reduced water flow Instances of reduced stream are anticipated from diversions and retention at points during construction. These may destroy delicate microhabitats within the river and may result in loss of aquatic fauna particularly during the dry season. For example, when there is no water flowing, species adapted to micro-habitats are lost or forced to the pool areas. However, the impacts will be localized only and may affect minor stretches of rivers. The source of Bajaur Khwar wetland is Bajaur Khwar. Six projects i.e Khar Canal, Haji Lawang Kas, Lara Dandokai, Chepatra, Kamar Ragha
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Daag and Hayatai sub projects are on the upstream of Bajaur Khwar wetland, while Shukrata sub project is on downstream. The total irrigation discharge required for the six-project upstream is 14.76 Cusecs, while the perennial flow of Bajaur khwar is 40-50 Cusecs. The nearest project on upstream is Hayatai which is sub surface arrangement and at a distance of 01 km. The irrigation discharge requirement for this project is 1.07 cusecs. which doesn't pose any threat to the degraded wetland. Moreover, water seepage from the channel will also contribute to the wetland as the channel is proposed unlined. Any impact on Bajaur Khwar wetland is not anticipated as discussed earlier. Mitigation
Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible.
Water contamination from Oil Spills and Leaks To some extent discharge of toxic substances such as oil in the subprojects construction site and their condensation in food chain may affect sensitive animals immediately; all living organisms may expire when the stream becomes unable to recover itself. Mitigation
Ensure adequate waste management plan is in place and in use from the onset of construction; and Oil spill containment and clean-up equipment should always be available at the construction site with trained response team.
Modification of stream habitats Some loss of breeding and nursery grounds for fishes and invertebrates may occur. These prolonged disturbances may cause stress to the animals. Mitigation
Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structures).
Environmental Mitigation Measures for Protected Area (wetland) A seasonal wet land is in the vicinity of the Hayatai subproject area (one of the subproject site). The subproject is located near the environmentally sensitive area that has special environmental attributes worthy of retention or special care. This area is likely to be critical to the maintenance of productive and diverse plant and wildlife populations. Considering the sensitivity of protected area in vicinity of the subproject, the protection measures are adopted at design stage where the channel near the wetland will be left unlined to maintain the buffer zone and to avoid
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damage to the wetland. Some specific mitigation measures for the adverse impacts during construction are given below:
Mitigation measures during the construction periods are: • Avoid or minimize construction / interruption in environmentally sensitive areas. Design any trails to avoid fragmentation of the environmentally sensitive area. Where trails are required, design the trail system to minimize impacts on the environmentally sensitive area, for example by using board walks over wet areas, or by placing natural barriers that restrict people to the main trail.
• Restrict access to environmentally sensitive areas by people and their pets, for example, through the use of coarse woody debris, plantings, signs and fencing.
• Use signage and other educational tools to inform people about the ecological importance of environmentally sensitive areas.
• Identify environmentally sensitive areas and buffers in the field by clearly marking these areas with high visibility protection fencing.
• Post a site map of environmentally sensitive areas at the entrance to the worksite where workers may see it.
• Use information and other means to explain the importance of protection measures and the need to avoid any activity in environmentally sensitive areas, including clearing, disturbing, or storing construction materials in this area.
• Schedule construction activities to avoid sensitive periods such as bird nesting.
• Check timeframes with an appropriately qualified professional.
• Maintain snags and woody debris in buffer areas and environmentally sensitive areas to provide habitat for a diversity of wildlife.
• Prevent movement of silt laden waters into environmentally sensitive areas by using sediment control techniques.
• Maintain effective fuelling facilities well away from environmentally sensitive areas to prevent contamination.
Mitigation Measures during Operational Phase Mitigation measures during operational stage are as under:
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• Limit access by erecting permanent fencing around environmentally sensitive areas.
• Use environment friendly landscaping by using native plants. This will avoid the use of alien species that might spread into neighboring environmentally sensitive areas, and will leave less open ground that might be colonized by alien plants. As well, many native plants are adapted to local climates (such as hot, dry summers) and once established, will need less maintenance and watering.
• Encourage local residents to become knowledgeable stewards of environmentally sensitive areas. During construction and operation stage, contractor and Irrigation Department should follow remedial measures for the protection of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries Since the subprojects will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites. • Dealing with chance finds. • Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the subprojects. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the subprojects labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues.
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• Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities Mitigation
For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations. Subprojects Team of CSC along with the Social Organizer of the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the subprojects, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. Impact on Civic Infrastructure This will cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers / operators. A considerable damage to paths, roads and drainages may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of slight significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligations to impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the contractor must be bound to carry out repair immediately. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards Although there are no settlements near the construction site, but there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area
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is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation
The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Especially during activities such as blasting and excavation, access will be strictly restricted. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the weir has been tested for a 50 years flood return period, but at the same time, an emergency response plan will be prepared by subprojects in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labour at construction site Since the subprojects is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed. Mitigation
The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation. Operation Phase Impacts
Various operational activities will invariably create environmental disturbances, which may have impacts on the people working in the area nearby communities and flora and fauna. Such impacts include the following: Change in visual character and soil erosion There will be a long term visual impact due to the construction of the dam and the creation of the reservoir, so it is necessary to retain as much natural vegetation as possible supplemented with deception of elements with vegetation where possible. The construction phase visual impact will be local and temporary. The construction will take place at the dam site. The activities during construction that will affect the aesthetics of the area include excavation, stacking of material onto stockpiles and dumping at the waste disposal areas. Borrow pits and quarry areas are to be excavated, useful material will be stacked to stockpiles whereas waste and spoils will be dumped to
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waste disposal areas. These activities will result in the creation of artificial and unnatural features in the landscape. Mitigation • Restoration and Environmental enhancement plan to be prepared. • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at specified depth. • Limited movement of machinery. • Documentation of area. • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow areas. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water sprinkling. Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land during operational phase, to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached. Mitigation FATA Agriculture Directorate shall introduce Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in FATA area the farmer use mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term, since the water inflow into the reservoir
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is dependent limit the irrigation capacity of the weir. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation
Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum under cropping, and the water balance model28. Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the FATA Agriculture Department.
28 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
General This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall subprojects design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the subprojects. Mitigation Measures Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this EMP are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on subprojects plans any sensitive natural resources in the subprojects area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information to
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the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-subprojects inspections to the sites during construction works. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each Subprojects phase (Construction, Post Construction, Pre-Operations and Operation, as per the Impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements Management Responsibilities The FATA Secretariat is the project’s executing agency (EA). It established a Project Management Unit (PMU) in the Planning and Development Department of the FATA Secretariat. The PMU will; (i) be responsible for sub-project preparation including feasibility studies; (ii) monitor implementation of all project activities; (iii) undertake all procurement activities; (iv) coordinate and monitor the required civil works and project facilities; (v) undertake financial accounting and reporting; and (vi) ensure the project is implemented in compliance with ADB Safeguard policies and procedures. Project implementation units (PIU) is established in each of the three Agencies for execution of the project at agency level. The three PIUs will have core staff comprised of a project manager assisted by account and administration officer, monitoring and evaluation coordinator, and social organizers. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Forests, which will be responsible for the watershed management component. The IAs will coordinate with the PMU and PIUs to ensure project activities are reflected in their annual work plans, along with requisite financial and human resources.
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Environmental and Social Management Unit For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (E/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. For the project, an Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will need to be a part of the ESMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. The responsibilities of EMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes for project staff as well as contractors o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents. o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP o Ensuring that all regulatory clearances (for example, Pak EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the Subprojects. o Conduct on site spot checks to check the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP. o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance.
The Consultant The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit
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during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to ESMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliances to the Engineer of the Project and the ESMU. a. The Contractor The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though capacity building interventions. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental managers to realize the above requirements. The Contractor will submit the Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of the physical works.
b. Environmental Management Plan The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during construction phase of the sub-project. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the co-operation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, socio-environmental consultants and local community of the subprojects. The Environmental management plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by ESMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental, health and safety (EHS) and social performance is in accordance with national (PAK-EPA) and international (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice. The Table 6.1 states the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.
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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)
Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Pre-Construction
Assure compliance with Legal complications • Acquire construction permit/ Environmental NOC Before the construction of the Minimization and EMU/ Consultant/ relevant construction and delay in project from local authorities. subprojects activities. • Number of reported continued Contractor • Preparation of SSEMPs for each site and get them field legislation. non-compliances improvement in approved by the Consultant. number of reported • Provide Water management guidelines if noncompliance’s subprojects are executed near surface watercourse.
Construction Stage Impacts
Impacts on Land Resources
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Excavation and • Noise & Vibration • Protects Top six-inch soil before excavation During Construction • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor/ • HSE issues • Blasting may be done where it is absolutely SSEMP before start of Blasting (Minimal) Consultant • Legal issues due necessary and is likely to be applied only in Lara works Target = zero to permits Dandokai subproject • Annual reports and Threshold 1, with • Use safety measures in handling explosives documentation of safety agreed mitigation • Prepare blasting schedules along with warning inspection sirens, and ensure minimum damage to the • Workforce /Community landscape. complaints • Alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods are preferred wherever applicable; • The correct burning of the explosive, • A consistent blasting schedule by Contractor, minimizing blast-time changes; specific warning to alert all workers and third parties in the surrounding areas (e.g local communities). • Trained personnel are handling explosives and safety management has been considered; • Blasting-permit procedures has been followed; and, • Blasting will not occur during adverse weather conditions, such as high winds, unless a loaded charge must be detonated before the end of the day for safety reasons. • Blasting will be conducted in a manner that prevents injury to persons and damage to public or private property outside the project area. • Blasting sites are checked post-blast by qualified personnel of Contractor for malfunctions and unexploded blasting agents, prior to resumption of work.
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Waste Management • Waste Pollution • Proper Waste Management at Construction sites During designing stage no later • EPC’s Site officer and Not Significant Contractor with the and Labour Camps. EHS officer in place than pre-qualification or tender (Minimal) cooperation of • Waste should be classified before disposal negotiations • SSEMP including consultant. • Solid waste generated should be reduced, reused Waste Management
and recycled. Plan • Rubbish from the subprojects construction area • Zero Complaints from and office area shall be classified and collected Community & Workers and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. • Internal auditing and • The landfill site area shall be equipped with reporting by EPC seepage control system, leachate drainage system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities, etc. Labor camps and • Cultural & Social Contractor will During construction • Monthly Reports (EPC) Not Significant Contractor issues • Locate the labor camps and stores, at least • Supervision by material storage (Minimal) & Supervised by • Water & Sanitation 500 m away from the site and local Consultant Consultant issues population at a secure location. • EHS officer • Sanitation system along with solid and liquid implementing SSEMP waste management system will be put in Information Events for place Latrines with septic tanks and land fill work force site for solid waste will be identified and constructed.
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Oils and lubricants due • Soil pollution • Avoid servicing and re-fuelling at the site. Because the area can be subject Spill contingency plan is Not Significant Contractor • Water pollution • Use protective foils and spill prevention trays to equipment, poor to un seasonal heavy rain plan available at site (Minimal) & Supervised by during possible vehicle re-fuelling and maintenance maintenance and before and during construction Properly paved/cemented Consultant at the construction site. repairs / refueling at the (cut and fill, land reclamation etc.) mechanical workshop construction site. • Regular inspection will be carried out to detect while considering the climatic leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. conditions. No water bodies near the working area • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. Staff Training over oil • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and spillage absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and All the vehicles and oil storage areas. machinery seals are intact • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of Containers are available for water resources. used oil • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams. • Provide absorbing material in case of fuel spills. • Used oil/ oily materials and agents should be managed in line with the Waste management plan. • Procedure in place for actions in case of incidental oil and lubrication spills. • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures, measures from water management documents and measures from the Water management plan. Heavy Machinery near Agriculture Land • Top six inches soil will protected and will be spread Construction and post • Monthly Reports (EPC) Not Significant Contractor & back after completion of construction work • Supervision by agricultural land Damage construction (Minimal) Supervised by • Compensation will be paid to the affected person Consultant Consultant for agricultural land/crops damage • EHS officer • Avoid use of heavy machinery within agricultural implementing SSEMP land as far as possible. Information Events for work force
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Earth borrowing • Land owner • No private land will be acquired for the borrow Construction and post Top soil management Minor Contractor & problems areas. construction Government approved site \Reduced Supervised by • Levelling of land • The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow Consultant after borrowing areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and Approval for any other site • Issues to the local approved by the engineer including the allowed by RE and Government community depth of the excavation before starting excavation. Borrow area management • Compensation • The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor generated and implemented will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition difficulties Agreement in case of that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and private land owner cause the problem for the community. • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it Grievance redress should be fenced completely. Mechanism • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing Leveling of Borrow Area area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process. • Fix the location of excavation. • Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. • Excavate up to one meter depth. • Maintain the slope as far as possible. • Place the top soil back during the restoration • Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses.
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Movement and Change in Soil • Restricting vehicle movement in vulnerable areas; During construction • Monthly Reports (EPC) Not Significant • Restriction on repair of vehicles and equipment in • Supervision by Operation of heavy characteristics e.g. soil (Minimal) Contractor & the field. Consultant machinery & vehicles erosion, contamination Supervised by • The compacted soil will be reversed to its original • EHS officer and compaction, Noise Consultant and vibration state in which it was occupied. implementing SSEMP • Pictures of the area should be taken prior to • Information Events for handing it over to contractor work force Construction material Waste generation due • All shivers and material that remain after the Completion of Construction • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor & closure of temporary construction sites are to be • Implementation of leftovers after the to closure of site (Minimal) supervised by removed from the location and re-used/re-cycled Environmental closure of temporary Occupation of usable Consultant where possible. Enhancement Program Short term during construction sites land. • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that construction phase
will not be harmful to environment. Beneficial in long terms with the implementation of Environmental Enhancement Program
Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Water quality and • Sediment • Quarterly water sampling and testing will be During Construction and Post • Plan to be developed Not Significant Contractor & accumulation conducted to ascertain water quality during before completion of sedimentation load Construction (Minimal) Supervised by • FSL reduction different seasons. construction Consultant /FATA • Sediment flushing • Quarterly Water Irrigation • Samples at locations upstream and downstream of Monitoring Reports by Department the subproject will be collected for testing EPA certified Laboratory
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Washing operations Surface water • Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all During construction • EPC’s Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor & sorts of washing activities, with running water • Record of Water contamination (Minimal) Supervised by facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into consumption Consultant the septic tanks • Monthly Water • Restriction on servicing of vehicles and equipment Monitoring Reports by at site EPA certified • Construction works should be executed in a way Laboratory that surface and natural contents outside the subprojects are not damaged and that works are performed so that watercourses are not unnecessarily made turbid and watercourses discontinued. • Works should be executed in dry weather. • Prepare and implement a construction site organization Drinking Water supply • Water borne • Contractor will get stream water tested for chemical Before construction and during • Documentation of audit Not Significant Contractor/ diseases & other and biological contaminants, and assist in providing the subprojects activities. and remedial actions CONSULTANT water related filtration to make water drinkable. where necessary (Minimal) issues • The contractor to make his own arrangements for • Grievance’s record water required for construction ensuring that water (Target=0, Threshold 1 availability and supply to nearby communities with agreed mitigation) remain unaffected like new water well, sufficient yield available in existing water wells, etc.). • Prior approval to be obtained from Subprojects Engineer for water usage • Maintain record of water consumption
Generation of Municipal • Nuisance and Soil • Contractor will ensure solid waste bins are placed During construction • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor & Pollution , at labor eating and resting areas. SSEMP solid and liquid Waste (Minimal) Supervised by diseases due to • Installation of field toilets for workers with septic • Site auditing Consultant dumping tanks • Grievance’s record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation) Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Dust/smoke Emission • Air pollution • Compact deposited earth material. During Construction. Water • Water sprinkling Not Significant • Lung Diseases • Sprinkle dust sources with water in order to reduce Records from plants and sprinkling to be done on (Minimal) equipment impacts on the surrounding population and regular/daily basis. • Monthly reports EPC vegetation. • Site Inspection and Contractor & • Control the speed of vehicles in order to reduce Audits Supervised by dust rising. • Monthly Monitoring Consultant • Prepare and implement a plan for the construction Reports by EPA site organization that includes good construction certified Laboratory management practices. • The stock piles should be covered or kept moist in dry weather and to be located in such a distance, so that the communities are not affected by upwind of the stockpiles. • Use earth material with the approval of the Engineer. • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by the Engineer. • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of transport vehicles. • Material transport in closed containers or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • Regular equipment maintenance. • The contractor is obliged to submit evidence of vehicle roadworthiness in line with the regulations on the hazardous gases emission. • Prepare and implement the construction site organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. Smoke from burning of • Cutting of trees • Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of During construction • EPC’s Site officer and Not Significant Contractor & and shrubs wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and EHS officer in place waste or firewood (Minimal) Supervised by • Smoke pollution bushes. • SSEMP Implementation Consultant • Diseases • He must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for • Internal auditing and their daily purposes i.e. LPG gas cylinders reporting by EPC
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Operation of heavy Noise pollution and • Observe law-defined working hours at the Maximum allowable noise levels • EPC Site Manager and Not Significant construction site. EHS Officer in Place mechanization and vibration should be below 80 dB (A) LEQ (Minimal) • Make the generator casings sound proof if they are • Audit and Inspection generators. at the boundary of the located near residential units. construction site. To be record of heavy Contractor & • Ensure mufflers for heavy machinery. monitored once a month. mechanization and Supervised by generators. Consultant • Prepare and implement the construction site • Monthly Noise level organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. The construction activities taking Monitoring Reports by Regular inspection of equipment and machineries place near populated areas will EPA certified be monitored to keep noise levels Laboratory below 55 dB. • No. of Grievance’s (Target=0)
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Stone quarrying and Dust Emission and • Using trucks with awning and special vehicles During construction. • Recording of violations Not Significant depending on the type of materials. and corrective Transportation of lungs diseases. (Minimal) Contractor & • During the transportation of soil, the trucks must be measures material Supervised by covered with Tarpaulin. • Performance of Regular Consultant • Use earth material with the approval of the Driver Training (target Engineer 100% participation of • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved drivers) by the Engineer. • Instruction and • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of Information Events for transport vehicles. workforce • Material transport in closed containers or covered • No. of accidents with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. (Target=0) • Avoid night time activity. • Maintain liaison with communities; Repair of damaged roads/ other infrastructure. • Transportation of material during off peak hours.
Impacts on Biological Resources
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Multiple project Damage to Flora and • No cutting or removal of trees. Rerouting and site identification • EPC internal monitoring Not Significant • As per Environmental Safeguard policy, sufficient and monthly reports activities Fauna during design stage and other (Minimal) amount has been allocated for tree plantation for • Site auditing matters during construction of during construction better environment. For this purpose a tree • Photographic record of Contractor & relevant activities phase plantation plan will be prepared including the type pre and post Supervised by of species, location for plantation and other subprojects Consultant necessary information. This plan will also • Implementation of Beneficial in long compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved Environmental terms with the during subprojects implementation. Selection of Enhancement Program implementation of borrow area with least vegetation cover. Soft start Environmental for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the Enhancement subprojects site Program • Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species • Construction during non-migratory season • No night time activity • Photographs of pre and post subprojects
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Activities near weir site Impact on aquatic life • Monitor water flow during construction and Construction and Post • Artificially extreme Minimal Contractor & maintain the minimum ecological requirement construction low flows or Supervised by for all rivers to ensure water is available extended low Consultant downstream all the time. flows. • Maintain the desired hydrological connectivity in the system (upstream-downstream and • Reduction in maintain low water temperature necessary for widths, depths, survival of the moderately flow-sensitive velocities. species found at this site; • River continuity • Ensure riverine protection through observing for fish spawning the 6-30m away from the river banks and reduced or planting of indigenous riparian trees to reduce interrupted. sedimentation. • Increased • Provide compensation and sediment likelihood of channels in the weir as well as physical temperature & removal of sediment. oxygen level • Minimize activities to areas of construction extremes and initiate habitat restoration immediately after construction works are through; and • Restore disturbed areas to near-to-nature to blend with the immediate environment. • Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible. • Oil spill containment and clean-up equipment should always be available at the construction site with trained response team. • Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structures).
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Activities near Protected Areas Safety • Restrict access to environmentally sensitive areas and During the construction and • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor & buffer areas by people and their pets, for example • Implementation of Supervised by protected areas requirements (Wet land operation stages, especially (Minimal) and forest Protected through the use of coarse woody debris, plantings, Hayatai subproject area. Environmental Consultant Short term during areas if any) signs and fencing. Enhancement Program Wild life/Forest • Implementation of construction stage • Use signage and other educational tools to inform department of Construction Site Bajaur Agency people about the ecological importance of Organization Plan environmentally sensitive areas.
• Identify environmentally sensitive areas and buffers in the field by clearly marking these areas with high visibility protection fencing • Post a site map of environmentally sensitive areas at the entrance to the worksite where workers are sure to see it. • Use informational signage and other means to explain the importance of protection measures and the need to avoid any activity in environmentally sensitive areas, including clearing, disturbing, or storing construction materials in this area. • Schedule construction activities to avoid sensitive periods such as bird nesting. Check timeframes with an appropriately qualified professional. • Maintain snags and woody debris in buffer areas and environmentally sensitive areas to provide habitat for a diversity of wildlife. • Prevent movement of silt laden waters into environmentally sensitive areas by using sediment control techniques. • Maintain effective fuelling facilities well away from environmentally sensitive areas to prevent contamination. The noise will be maintained at project construction site for aquatic fauna etc, with mitigation measures adopted as mentioned above.
Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Tribal tensions and • Ensure continuous liaison with the communities Before and During construction • Continued Community Not Significant Contractor & throughout the construction of the subprojects by Consultation Records Project activities rivalries (Minimal) Supervised by the subproject team and Social Organizers of PIU, • Implementation of Consultant so as to identify any such incident in time. Community Liaison • Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of Plan by EPC the progress, as well as any such issue if in • No. Of Grievance’s making. (Target=0) Excavation activities Impact on the existing • Precisely situate the position of infrastructure and Before the construction of the • Continued Community Not Significant Consultant / EMU underground installations at the local works in Consultation Records civil infrastructure and weir and all other structures, the (Minimal) in cooperation with facilities, especially cooperation with the relevant institutions at all APs should be given sufficient • No. Of Grievance’s concerned underground levels of authority. time and compensation to satisfy (Target=0) Department. installations (water • Close liaison with local relevant authorities them. • Monthly Reports on supply and sewerage Information activities pipeline etc.) which and response from cause obstacles in the community provision of services to • Liaison Records with consumers. local relevant authorities
Increased possibility of Disparity due to foreign • Prioritize qualified local population in employment. At the time of commencement of • Job Posting and Highly Beneficial Contractor/ employment and workers subprojects. Complaints of APs information in local consultant income in the local to be solved as soon as possible. communities community. • Transparency of employment procedures and records • Monthly Reports on Information activities and response from community • Up to date information on employment opportunities Construction of Labor Conflict due to use of • Establishment of camp on community owned Before the construction of the • Approval (NOC) of Not Significant barren leveled land/RoW away from population at camp site before camp privately owned subprojects, the APs should be (Minimal) agriculture land for least 500m away. given sufficient time and construction. camp construction • Approval of camp site from the Engineer will be compensation to satisfy them. Contractor & obtained. Supervised by Consultant
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Influx of external Social conflicts • Establishment of camp on community owned During the construction activities. • Up to date information Not Significant workforce barren land away from population at least 500m on employment away. opportunities (Minimal) Contractor • . Contractor need to obtain approval from the • Job Posting Records & Supervised by Engineer. • Information Events Consultant • Hiring of work force from local communities; Record Awareness raising of residents for safety • EPC Monthly Reports protection. • Site Audit Reports • Awareness raising of labor to ensure respect for local customs and norms. • Child labor will be prohibited at sub-project sites. • Maintain record of all resources usage like water, fuel, manpower, machinery, equipment, etc. Conflicts arising due to • Preference to provide jobs to local job seekers. Before and during the • Up to date information Not Significant • Motivation/Trainings to the workers for a peaceful on employment Mixing of local and construction of subprojects. (Minimal) Contractor/ work environment. opportunities migratory job seekers. Consultant • Job Posting Records • Information Events Record • EPC Monthly Reports • Site Audit Reports
Movement of traffic and Noise, vibration, • Plan the relocation of equipment at time when daily Necessary evacuations to be • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor & traffic is not jammed; provide alternative passage Construction Site heavy machinery hindrance to the locals, done as when necessary if (Minimal) Supervised by dust pollution. for pedestrians and vehicles in cooperation with construction impacts are of Organization Plan Consultant local authorities or provide a safe passage through significant duration and close to • Health and safety Plans the construction site. APs. in Place and • Avoid roads through inhabited areas especially Implemented near schools and hospitals. • Site Audit • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. Population at increased • Assure adequate warning signs, lighting, protective Prior to and throughout the • Implementation of Not Significant fencing etc. SSEMP, Traffic risks of traffic accidents construction. (Minimal) and construction works. • Observe traffic rules. Management Plant • Clean construction waste form the construction site • Accident/Incident Short term during Contractor both in the construction phase and after works Record construction stage & Supervised by completion, when closing the construction site. • Implementation of Consultant • Assure medical supplies and aid through Construction Site institutional and administrative arrangements with Organization Plan municipal hospitals at the construction site. • Site Audits & Inspection
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Multiple project Risk of injuries at work • Demand from all workers to abide by the Protection Prior to commencement and • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor & at work measures. • Monthly EPC Reports activities related to during construction (Minimal) Supervised by HSE • Provide protective equipment; install warning signs • PPEs issuance records Consultant at the construction site. • Health and safety Plans • Prepare and implement the Construction site in Place and Organization Plan and Protection at work Implemented measures plan. • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan
Accident risks • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. Prior to commencement and • Monthly EPC Reports Not Significant Contractor & • Provision of PPEs. • PPEs issuance records during construction (Minimal) Supervised by • Provision of first aid kits and emergency vehicle. • Health and safety Plans Consultant • Emergency response teams. in Place and • Preparation of emergency response plans Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan • Accident/Incident Record Health risks due to • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. During construction • Workplace Risk Safety measures taken by the contractor such as Assessment before unsafe and unhygienic living environment. installation of firefighting equipment, safe storage start of works of hazardous material, fencing, provision of first • Health and safety Plans
aid facilities etc.; Contingency measures in case of in Place and Contractor & accidents; Obligatory insurance of contractor’s staff Implemented Supervised by and laborers against accidents; Provision of Consultant adequate sanitation, washing, lighting, cooking and dormitory facilities. HSE trainings to construction and camp staff. EHS Training • Arrange training, guidelines and brushers in Urdu During construction • EHS Trainings and Not Significant Contractor & to staff and laborers about the Environment, Health Events Record (Minimal) Supervised by and Safety. Consultant
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Operation Stage Impacts and Maintenance (O&M)
Earth and Borrowing Change in visual • Restoration and Environmental enhancement plan Pre Operations • Implementation of Not Significant Consultant & EMU to be prepared. Environmental activities, fertilization character and soil (Minimal) for crops erosion • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at enhancement plan specified depth. • EPC Construction Short term during • Limited movement of machinery. Completion Report construction phase • Documentation of area. • Site Inspection • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as Beneficial in long borrow areas. terms with the • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water implementation of sprinkling. Environmental • Rescue of any encountered species. Enhancement Program Soil pollution due to • Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Post Construction • Agriculture extension Minor FATA Agriculture excessive application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, program developed Directorate fertilizers and and limiting use of pesticides to required levels before completion of pesticides only will target farmer communities to inform and construction train them Strategies that require Problems arising due to An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) Pre Operations • Implementation Beneficial in long Consultant & EMU development non-compliance needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner in Operation terms with the which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the Environmental Action implementation of requirements of management plans proposed in EMP. Plan’ (OEAP) Operation The following strategies and procedures will be Environmental developed prior to the commencement of Subprojects Action Plan’ operations: (OEAP) Subprojects specific security and public access control strategy; Subprojects specific waste management strategy Subprojects specific air and noise control strategy; Subprojects specific traffic control strategy;
Monitoring programs Mitigation plan The following monitoring programs will be developed Operational stage Site Inspection Beneficial in long FATA Irrigation implementation cannot prior to the commencement of Subproject operations: Monitoring Reports terms with the Department
be gauged Landslide monitoring; • implementation of Operation Water quality monitoring Environmental Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring Action Plan’ (OEAP)
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Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Responsibility
Training/ educational Effect on employees` The following educational programs will be developed Operational stage Implementation of Training Highly Beneficial FATA Irrigation programs. efficiency during project prior to the commencement of Subprojects operations: Events and Programs Department • Employee induction program on environmental awareness;
• Employee code of conduct; Health and Safety training program MM: Mitigation Measures
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Monitoring Activities For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A performance indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in environmental management Plan.
Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring
Sr. Test Frequency Parameters Location of Number of No. Monitoring samples
1 Water Quarterly pH Surface 02 (surface Quality water sample and Ground Colour to be water) Odour collected 10 m Electrical Conductivity downstream Turbidity of the weir. Alkalinity Drinking water sample Bicarbonate from Labour Carbonate camp Calcium Sodium Potassium Hardness Sulphate Nitrates TDS Total Coliforms & E-Coli
2 Air Quarterly Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10 m from the 01 Quality main Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) construction Nitrogen Oxide (NO) site Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
PM10
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3 Noise Quarterly Quarterly and whenever 10 m from 02 Quality required in an emergency construction or exceeding the NEQS site limits
Subprojects Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for the agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, should be removed up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the leveled borrow area. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back. Reports The contractor shall submit weekly checklist report on the basis of which the Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) shall produce monthly reports as well as inspection notes based upon the visits to the subprojects site. This information shall make a basis for Project Management Unit (PMU) for their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. Copies of these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward them to the team leader, Head PIU and the contractor for their action(s). The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared as and when required. The consultant’s environmental team will produce monthly reports as well as a final report of the subprojects based on the information collected. The Table of Contents (TOC) is annexed as Annex-V. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports
Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution
Weekly Contractor’s Contractor`s Environment Resident Engineer HSE/Environment officer Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist
Monthly Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Effects Monitoring Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Change Management Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Biannual Environment team of the PMU`s Environment ADB through Design & Construction Specialist Project Director Supervision Consultants Final Environment team of the Reviewed by ESU of EMU ADB through Design & Construction Project Director Supervision Consultants
Training Schedule Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the subprojects works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the Subprojects. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all subprojects personnel on potential environmental issues of the Subprojects. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PMU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the subproject’s activity. Implementation Estimated Budget Contractors will be responsible for the implementation for environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the engineering costs of the respective works. However, cost for some of the monitoring activities for one subproject are estimated below in Table 6.429. The below mentioned EMP budget will be included in Bill of Quantities (BoQ) of each subproject separately.
29 Note: All the budgets are calculated in 2017 without any escalation rates and taxes. Actual budget will be provided by the Contractor at the time of implementation.
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Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget30
Item No Item Parameters Frequency Rate As per Contract Description (Rs) Amount Quantity Amount 1 Air Testing at 1. Carbon Quarterly 8000 4/12 32,000 site Monoxide (CO) Months 2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3. Nitric Oxide (NO) 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 5. PM10 6. PM2.5 2 Noise Testing 1. Noise Quarterly 1000 4/12 4,000 at site Months 3 Water Testing 1. Total Coli form Quarterly 11000 8/12 88,000 in Lab 2. E. coli Months 3. pH 4. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 5. Total Hardness as CaCO3 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen-Nitrates 15. TSS Total 124,000 Contingency 6,200 cost @5% GRAND 130,200 TOTAL Third Party Monitoring The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the subprojects is implemented with the due concern for Environment and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environment Management plan (EMP). The third- party monitoring consultant will check / validate these reports during the construction phase of the subprojects to ADB and also the Subprojects Completion Report. As per TOR of the Contract the Third-Party Consultant will perform the following key tasks.
30 The project will not cause cutting of trees, the plantation is suggested to improve biological environment of the area.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency i. review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework); ii. monitor and participate in selected sub-projects' design and construction stage consultations; iii. monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the subprojects stay compliant with ADB environmental safeguards; iv. monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site; v. in the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation; vi. support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff; vii. if required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses; viii. identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management; The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.
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General Public Consultation is a process to disclose subprojects information to the local communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed Subprojects and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives of the Subprojects and persuades them to be rational to participate in the Subprojects activities. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the subprojects information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. Prior to the implementation of the Subprojects, the consultations have been carried out to support this EMMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the Subprojects area that may be affected by the Subprojects. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to Subprojects. The disclosure of the Subprojects intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the Subprojects implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB Safe guard’s policy statement 2009. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the Subprojects environmental policy objectives and decision making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring. • Provide key subprojects information and create awareness among various stakeholders about subprojects intervention;
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency • Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with subprojects affected community and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and subprojects level; • Involve subprojects stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the Subprojects and serves by; • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between subprojects cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs
• Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered Identification of Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a subprojects as well as those who may have interests in a subprojects and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the Subprojects include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses (Figure 7.1). During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the subprojects; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the subprojects.
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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders
These stakeholders were contacted by the Construction Supervision Consultants (CSC) in December 2017 & January 2018. Their views and reservations/ concerns about the Subprojects were taken into consideration. Consultants also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the subprojects. Methodology To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into confidence for holding community level meetings and followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals. A number of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the Subprojects stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. These consultations were carried out during March, 2017. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide Subprojects information to the public. These sessions were informal so
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the Subprojects besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions. The subprojects survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols: The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech. • Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of subprojects implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage. • Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded. • Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to subprojects implementation in the form of local labour with the Civil Works Contractor. Agenda of Consultative Session The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the subprojects area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings. To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;
To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system
Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.
Local Farmer Views The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency improved income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. Table 7.1 shows the farmers views for dissatisfaction with canal system.
Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems
Grievances % Farmer views
Katcha water-courses 25%
Poor timing management 7%
Water theft 25%
Inadequate supply 35%
Water wastage 2%
Mogha Problems 6%
Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed weir will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc, agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the subprojects and expressed full support to the subprojects. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project implementation by working as unskilled labour. The preference is to work during the agricultural off-season. Training in labour-based construction works will be needed in order to implement the subprojects efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme. Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of FATA Irrigation Department (FID) and other relevant departments working in the Subproject area. During the consultation, maximum information about the Subproject was
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency shared. A list of Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.2 and local Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.3. All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB SPS were discussed. Subproject does not require land acquisition and no resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW of the subproject, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the subproject area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject. The District Forest Officer (DFO) Bajaur agency Mr. Hayat Ali was contacted regarding Bajaur Khwar wetland as it is at distance of 01 Km from Hayatai subproject. In response he showed no objection on the subproject and that no payment has been made to the locals for its protection and conservation and the subproject is not likely to have any significant adverse impacts on this wetlands and wildlife. The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the public. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. People of the area were demanding some basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, Schools and Basic Health Units (BHU) etc however they were told that the subprojects focuses only on improving irrigation and efficient use of water resources. They also demanded for flood protection wall. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line department and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP. Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted
Sr. No Name Designation Contact No Department 1 Agriculture M. Ismail 0301-5028860(0942-220445) Agriculture Officer 2 Abdurahman XEN 03009065647(0942-220393) Irrigation 3 Hayat ali DFO 0303-9292900(0942-221290) Forest
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Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants at Khar Canal
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Rahman ullah 21107-4305930-7 0306-4111251 2. Jawad khan 21106-7949623-3 0300-0257672 3. Saeed-ur-Rahman 21103-4745637-5 0301-5529293 4. Arshad khan 211106-2359108-3 0304-8335310 5. Abdul Subhan 21106-2759325-1 0306-5734396 6. Ibrahim khan 21106-0435728-1 0304-9055966 7. Khan Fachai 21103-8382733-9 0303-8261461 8. Ifran Zeb 21106-1053954-5 0308-8189180 9. Muzaffar Khan 21106-7842789-7 0300-0528992 10. Gul Farosh - - 11. Taj Zareen 42201-5991118-9 0345-5531099 12. Dawayi khan - 0304-3682001 13. Abdul Ghaffar Khan 21106-7333168-3 0303-5588850 14. Kashmir khan 21103-5033330-1 0308-9160533
Table 7.4: List of Community Consultation Participants at Haji Lawang Kas
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Diyar Khan 21103-3894359-7 0300-0575505 2. Hamid Khan 21103-4370560-7 0301-8047050 3. Rahan Khan 21103-4323857-7 0306-9114121 4. Subhan Zada 21103-8932147-5 0307-8354704 5. Abdul Hadi 21103-1836662-1 0307-8354704 6. Abdul Karim 21103-1088350-5 0300-2212540 7. Muhmmad Yar 21103-1014188-7 0304-9495304 8. Abdul Baseer 21103-4800555-7 0303-5562722 9. Sher Zada 21103-1478840-1 0302-3527262 10. Syed Ahmad Jan 21103-9009602-1 0306-5955590 11. Muhmmad Shah 21103-1431797-9 0306-9881166 12. Faqeer 21106-5940857-5 0302-2592256 13. Fazal Shah 21103-6448553-3 0304-8335226 14. Muhmmmad Gul 21103-8693889-5 0303-8256365 15. Abdul Rehim 21103-2294118-5 0300-5840606
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Table 7.5: List of Community Consultation Participants at Hayatai
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Gul azeem jan 21107-2204004-7 0302-5653587 2. Shahab-ud-Din 21107-8127596-5 0306-8302608 3. Shehzada 42301-0946724-9 0302-2686700 4. Muhammad Haleem 21107-1691791-3 0308-2530318 5. Abdul Khaliq 21107-0486636-5 0301-5403930 6. Asmat ullah 21107-1715552-9 0302-8892525 7. Ibrahim 21107-4964433-7 0303-9215861 8. Jahan zeb 21107-7919040-5 ______
Table 7.6: List of Community Consultation Participants at Shukrata
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Habib muhammad 21107-1712559-9 0302-2828374 2. Aziz ullah 21107-439702-1 0301-8830531 3. Nadar khan 21107-0930200-5 0302-2878639 4. Zareef khan 21107-7147172-7 0307-8041304 5. Saeed-ur- Rehman 21107-6089431-9 0301-8819759 6. Gul Muhammad khan 21107-1715756-9 0302-8051920 7. Aziz-ur-Rehman 21107-1715221-7 0301-5030616 8. Rahman Gul 21107-1715871-1 0301-2333033
Table 7.7: List of Community Consultation Participants at Lara Dandokai
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Bahdar Sid 21106-2272022-7 0310-5309033 2. Amen Ullah 21106-1041462-9 3. Imran 21106-0114200-3 03005648645 4. Hidyat 21106-8325900-7 0303-8298878 5. Abdul Ghaffer 21106-2267625-1 0301-2212001 6. Abdul Haji 21106-8940226-9 0303-8844350 7. Bacha Khan 21106-1314192-5 0307-8429885 8. Gul Wazir 21106-7655781-5 0310-2811642 9. Namak Bacha 21106-2262133-9 0308-2688098 10. Gul Hakeem 21106-0498952-5 - 11. Rahmat Ullah 21106-8401073-5 0304-9448466 12. Khan Zarin Khan - - 13. Muhmmad Saeed 21106-5723963-5 0302-5526940
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14. Muhmmad Khan 21106-2269309-5 0303-2943463
Table 7.8: List of Community Consultation Participants at Chepatra
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Abdul-ur-Rahman 21104-0549882-5 --- 2. M.yousaf 21103-5463839-9 0304-9055140 3. Gul Zer 21103-5787105-5 0303-8891828 4. Garan Mohammad 21103-2291989-7 0308-8027611 5. Najeeb Ullah 21103-0968610-7 0304-9698633 6. Deen Mohammad 21103-2291935-7 0308-8314268 7. Sultan Wazir 21103-2291935-7 0308-3506738 8. Toor Gul 21103-9496618-7 0303-8249123 9. Abdul Lateef 21103-3018316-7 0301-8990232
Table 7.9: List of Community Consultation Participants at Kamar Ragha Dag
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Fazal Hadi Jan 21103-2297042-7 0300-3953005 2. Sultan muhammad 21103-2301298-9 0303-8261378 3. Musafir khan 21106-2270340-3 0303-8577716 4. Shams-ur-Rehman 21103-2300988 0306-3852466 5. Gul Habib Jan 21106-9809215-7 0306-2352749 6. Khaista Rehman 21103-1429011-1 0300-0571560 7. Ibrahim khan 21103-2688071-5 0301-8030642 8. Sarwar khan 21106-8621898-9 0308-2521128
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Bajaur Agency
Public Consultation at Kamar Ragha Daag Public Consultation at Shukrata
Public Consultation at Khar Canal Public Consultation at Chepatra
Public Consultation at Hayatai Public Consultation at Lara Dandokai
Public Consultation at Haji Lawang Kas Public Consultation at Kat Gala
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
General A Grievance redress mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, for this purpose a public complaint Centre with public complaint committee will be established in all concerned Agencies where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community. Composition of following committee members are being proposed for public complaint Centers at concerned Agencies where project activities are prevailing, 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member, community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member from village organization (one for Executive body and one for general body) 6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer) 7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member PA Representative 9. Member from Line Department
Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency of all stakeholders including affected parties. Under the GRM, it shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or social impacts that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved at the GRC. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and comprehensible to the Implementing Agency (IA) also. The grievance redress mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives,
• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might be adversely affected to them. • Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action. • To harmonize both project and affected parties activities. • open channels for affective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth
• Opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants are to be honored where this is seen as important
Awareness of GRM GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using them, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options,
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRMs as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and Roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies. A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, community centers, etc.; distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail in all concern agencies
Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including radio. Implementation of GRM Stage 1: When a grievance arises, (Social & Environment/Any) the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2:
If no ad hoc solution to be found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the public complaint Centre (PCC) by themselves, for an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record, for each complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution, it will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant, the PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. The PCC will review the contractor response and undertake additional monitoring, during the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Stage 3:
If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Fata irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholder (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibility and action plan. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4;
If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform project steering committee (PSC), A project steering committee headed by additional chief secretary, FATA Secretariat, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the secretary, P&D. Secretary finance FATA Secretariat, Director General projects, FATA Secretariat, Representative of SAFRON Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Political Agents of Khyber Agency, Bajaur, Mohmand and representatives of all concerned line departments. The Project Director will participate as PSC member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:
If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local judicial proceedings. I.e. Jirga
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Flow Chart
Registration of Grievance through PO BOX 023
Assessment and action taken directly by the contractor/operator and the project manager Stage 1
Yes
Grievance Resolved
No
Public Complaint Centre (PCC)
Stage 2
Yes Grievance Resolved
No
Multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Fata irrigation department
Stage 3
Grievance Yes Resolved
No Project Steering Committee (PSC)
Stage 4
Grievance Yes Resolved
No
Local Judicial Proceedings Grievance Stage 5 Settled
Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed subprojects reveals that these subprojects will generate only minor and moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusion As the subprojects are exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the subprojects will be of minor to moderate nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the subprojects components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this subprojects in an environmentally sound manner. The final conclusion is that, these subprojects are environmentally safe and socially acceptable subprojects. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.
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ANNEXURES
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ANNEX – I Environmental Testing
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Standard Operating Procedures and Protocols
NOX ANALYZER
Serinus 40 Oxides of Nitrogen Analyzer
• The Serinus® 40 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx ) analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value. • It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure NO, NO2 and NOx in ambient air (LDL < 0.4 ppb, range 0 to 20 ppm).
FEATURES
• Measures NO2 directly - highly selective and no cycle time (switching between NOx and NO) • Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds • Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers • Low power consumption • No converter or ozone generator.
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels • Ambient air quality monitoring • Indoor air quality monitoring • Mobile and fixed monitoring stations • Industrial fence-line monitoring • Stack emissions monitoring • Plume monitoring • Measurement and monitoring studies • Medical gas monitoring • Process control.
OPERATING PROCEDURES
• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency pump with sensible pressure. • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts reading the values of NO and NO2. • We can note the readings of NO and NO2 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer
SO2 ANALYZER
Serinus 50 SO2 Analyzer
• The Serinus® 50 Sulphur Dioxide analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value.
• It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure SOx in ambient air (LDL < 0.5 ppb, range 50 to 1000 ppb).
FEATURES
• Measures SO2 directly - highly selective
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
• Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers
• Low power consumption
• No converter or ozone generator.
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
• Measurement and monitoring studies
• Medical gas monitoring
• Process control.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency OPERATING PROCEDURES
• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump (vacuum pump) so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure (0.6 tor). • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts reading the values of SO2. • We can note the readings of SO2 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer
O3 ANALYZER
Serinus 10 O3 Analyzer
• The Serinus® 10 Ozone analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value.
• It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure O3 in ambient air (LDL < 1.0 ppb, range 50 to 1000 ppb).
FEATURES
• Measures O3 directly - highly selective
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
• Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers
• Low power consumption
• No converter or ozone generator.
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency • Measurement and monitoring studies
• Medical gas monitoring
• Process control.
OPERATING PROCEDURES
• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump (vacuum pump) so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure (0.6 tor). • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts reading the values of O3. • We can note the readings of O3 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer
CO/CO2 ANALYZER
Testo 315-3 CO/CO2 Analyzer
• The Testo 315-3 CO/ CO2 analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value according to DIN EN 50543 standard. • It uses proven Non- dispersive Infra-Red Technology to measure CO/ CO2 in ambient air (Resolution = 0.5 ppm, range 0 to 100 ppm, Accuracy = ±3ppm).
FEATURES
• Measures CO/ CO2 directly - highly selective • Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds • Non- dispersive Infra-Red analyzers • Uses rechargeable batteries
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels • Ambient air quality monitoring • Indoor air quality monitoring
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency • Mobile and fixed monitoring stations • Industrial fence-line monitoring • Stack emissions monitoring • Plume monitoring • Measurement and monitoring studies • Medical gas monitoring • Process control. • Temperature measurement • Humidity measurement
OPERATING PROCEDURE
• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON.
• Meter will show digital readings of CO and CO2 separately on main screen
• Let the meter show stable reading
• After having stable reading, note the reading
• Switch OFF the meter
SMOKE METER
Testo 308 Smoke Analyzer
• The Testo 308 Smoke analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance due to the heating of the measurement support thus preventing measurement errors caused by condensation
• It uses proven Non- dispersive Infra-Red Technology to measure Smoke in ambient air, vehicular and stack emissions (Resolution = 0.1RZ, range 0 to 6 RZ, Accuracy = ±0.2 RZ).
FEATURES
• Measures Smoke directly - highly selective
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
• Non- dispersive Infra-Red analyzers
• Uses rechargeable batteries
202 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
• Measurement and monitoring studies
OPERATING PROCEDURE
• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON.
• For vehicular or stack emissions insert the probe of meter into the exhaust pipe
• Meter will show digital readings of Smoke on main screen
• Let the meter show stable reading
• After having stable reading, note the reading
• Switch OFF the meter
AMBIENT DUST ANALYZER
Temptop LKC 1000S+ Dust Analyzer
• The Temptop Dust analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance
• It is laser particle multi-functional detector, works at 1atm pressure
• Resolution = 0.1 ug/m3, range 0 to 999ug/m3 , Temperature 0-50 0C, Humidity = 0-90%).
FEATURES
• Measures PM2.5/PM10 directly - highly selective
• Laser Particle Multi-functional Detector
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
203 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency • Uses rechargeable batteries
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
• Measurement and monitoring studies
• Medical gas monitoring
OPERATING PROCEDURE
• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON. • Meter will show digital readings of PM2.5 and PM 10 separately on main screen • Let the meter show stable reading • After having stable reading, note the reading • Switch OFF the meter
pH METER
OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF pH METER
• Clean the electrode with distilled water.
• SWITCH on the instrument.
• Calibrate the meter with pH buffer 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 in ascending order.
• Wash the electrode with distilled water & insert into the sample solution.
• Allow time for stabilization and record pH.
• Clean the electrode with distilled water & preserve in storage solution
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency • After reading SWITCH of the meter.
CONDUCTIVITY METER
OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF CONDUCTIVITY METER
• Clean the electrode with distilled water.
• SWITCH on the instrument.
• Calibrate the meter with standard solution 1413 uS/cm at 25oC
• Wash the conductivity cell with distilled water & insert into the sample solution.
• Stir the sample with stirrer.
• Let the meter to show the stable reading.
• Clean the electrode with distilled water & store in storage solution
• Note the reading and SWITCH off the meter.
Analytical Balance OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF WEIGHING BALANCE
• Verify environmental conditions like temperature & humidity
• Use level button to ensure a level scale.
• Press the front latch to release the draft shield. Slide the draft shield.
• Press the ON/OFF zero button to the right of the display.
• Press CAL key down until CAL appears in the display. Release key.
• The required adjustment weight value flashes in the display.
• Place adjustment weight in centre of pan. The balance adjusts itself automatically.
• When 0.00 g flashes, remove adjustment weight.
205 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency • The adjustment is finish when the massage cal done appears briefly in the display, followed by 0.00 g which indicates that calibration is complete.
• Verify calibration with the calibrated weights (1.0000 gm, 5.0000 gm, 10.0000 gm) daily
• Place and empty watch glass or weighing pan in the centre of the balance pan.
• Note the weight of the watch glass or pan.
• Tare by pressing Tare Key
• Transfer the sample on the watch glass / weighing pan and note down the weight.
• Bring the balance to the rest position by moving the latch to the centre position.
OPREATION INSTRUCTION FOR OVEN / FURNACES
PRE-OPREATION ACTIVITIES
• Clean Oven / Furnace from inside and outside • Check supply line and other switches • Clean thermostat points • Monitor the temperature with the help of calibrated thermocouple
OPREATION GUDELINES
• Switch on the instrument. • Set the required temperature as per test requirements • Place the sample in the furnace / oven in such a manner that there should be no possibility of contamination • Check the temperature at regular intervals in order to note the initial time at which the oven / furnace attains the required temperature. • After the completion of test, take out the sample from the oven / furnace and place in the desiccator
206 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Spectrophotometer
OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER
PRE-OPREATION ACTIVITIES
• Make sure sample chamber is empty.
• The photometer lid is closed.
OPREATION GUAIDLINES
• SWITCH on the instrument by pressing ON/OFF
• Self test run.
• Select the method using scroll UP/DOWN or enter the method number directly
• Confirm by pressing enter key
• Enter the wavelength
• Full the vial with blank solution & place into the chamber & close the lid.
• Press ZERO to perform the zero calibration.
• Now fill the vial with sample & place into the chamber & closed the lid.
• Press ENTER to perform measurement of sample.
• The result is shown in absorption unit in first line
• After completion take out the vial carefully.
207 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ANNEX-II – Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklists
The subprojects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that: (i) the subprojects will not require any land acquisition; (ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and (iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.
Hayatai Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA P . WETLAND P . MANGROVE P . ESTUARINE P . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA P . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING P BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, P disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and P related social conflicts? . impediments to movements of people P and animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, P leading to decreased stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity P intrusion . Over pumping of groundwater, leading Limited use of water for sub- to salinization and ground subsidence? P project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of P downstream beneficial uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement No dislocation or involuntary of people? P resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous P Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
208 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Hayatai Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Potential social conflicts arising from No land acquisition will be P land tenure and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and N.A
lining of canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through P mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet P earth. Dust generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm P management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive P application of irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply P during peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks P due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? P . Scouring of canals? P . Clogging of canals by sediments? P . Clogging of canals by weeds? P . Seawater intrusion into downstream P freshwater systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of P waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical usage of any hazardous and biological hazards during project chemicals during construction and operation? construction. However, health P and safety measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be construction and operation that causes employed as much as increased burden on social P possible from close by infrastructure and services (such as villages/ towns and the same water supply and sanitation systems)? will be documented in EMP
209 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Hayatai Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Social conflicts if workers from other Priority will be given to local regions or countries are hired? P for employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety Earth work will not lead to any due to the transport, storage, and use risk for community during and/or disposal of materials such as construction time, however, explosives, fuel and other chemicals Health and safety Plan and P during construction and operation? Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both Safety measures for accidental and natural hazards, community will be taken to especially where the structural avoid any risk and elements or components of the project consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to documented in EMP. members of the affected community or P However, it has major where their failure could result in injury positive impact, because the to the community throughout project construction of the new weir construction, operation and will save decommissioning? community/infrastructure from flood threat if any. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Remarks Questions The following questions are not for Y No environmental categorization. They are es included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, P storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery P volumes of irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)? . Are there any demographic or socio- economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized populations, P rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?
210 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Hayatai Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting P water in rivers that further increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?
Shukrat Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA P . WETLAND P . MANGROVE P . ESTUARINE P . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA P . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING P BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of P hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social P conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and P animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased P stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion P . Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Limited use of water for sub- salinization and ground subsidence? P project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial P uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No dislocation or involuntary P people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other P vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure No land acquisition will be P and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N.A
canals?
211 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Shukrat Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through P mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust P generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to P inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of P irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during P peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to P excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? P . Scouring of canals? P . Clogging of canals by sediments? P . Clogging of canals by weeds? P . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater P systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of P waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety P measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social infrastructure and P by villages/ towns and the same services (such as water supply and sanitation will be documented in EMP systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired? P employment and the same will be documented in EMP
212 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Shukrat Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and P Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for community and natural hazards, especially where the will be taken to avoid any risk structural elements or components of the project and consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to documented in EMP. However, it members of the affected community or where P has major positive impact, their failure could result in injury to the because the construction of the community throughout project construction, new weir will save operation and decommissioning? community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.
Haji Lawang Kas Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA P . WETLAND P . MANGROVE P . ESTUARINE P . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA P . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING P BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of P hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social P conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and P animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased P stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion P
213 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Haji Lawang Kas Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Limited use of water for sub- salinization and ground subsidence? P project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial P uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No dislocation or involuntary P people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other P vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure No land acquisition will be P and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N.A
canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through P mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust P generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to P inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of P irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during P peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to P excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? P . Scouring of canals? P . Clogging of canals by sediments? P . Clogging of canals by weeds? P . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater P systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of P waterborne or water related diseases?
214 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Haji Lawang Kas Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety P measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social infrastructure and P by villages/ towns and the same services (such as water supply and sanitation will be documented in EMP systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired? P employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and P Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for community and natural hazards, especially where the will be taken to avoid any risk structural elements or components of the project and consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to documented in EMP. However, it members of the affected community or where P has major positive impact, their failure could result in injury to the because the construction of the community throughout project construction, new weir will save operation and decommissioning? community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.
Khar Canal Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA P . WETLAND P . MANGROVE P . ESTUARINE P . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA P . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING P BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE…
215 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Khar Canal Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of P hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social P conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and P animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased P stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion P . Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Limited use of water for sub- salinization and ground subsidence? P project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial P uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No dislocation or involuntary P people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other P vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure No land acquisition will be P and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N.A
canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through P mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust P generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to P inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of P irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during P peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to P excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? P . Scouring of canals? P
216 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Khar Canal Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Clogging of canals by sediments? P . Clogging of canals by weeds? P . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater P systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of P waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety P measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social infrastructure and P by villages/ towns and the same services (such as water supply and sanitation will be documented in EMP systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired? P employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and P Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for community and natural hazards, especially where the will be taken to avoid any risk structural elements or components of the project and consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to documented in EMP. However, it members of the affected community or where P has major positive impact, their failure could result in injury to the because the construction of the community throughout project construction, new weir will save operation and decommissioning? community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.
Lara Dandokai Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA P . WETLAND P . MANGROVE P . ESTUARINE P . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA P
217 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Lara Dandokai Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING P BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of P hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social P conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and P animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased P stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion P . Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Limited use of water for sub- salinization and ground subsidence? P project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial P uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No dislocation or involuntary P people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other P vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure No land acquisition will be P and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N.A
canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through P mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust P generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to P inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of P irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during P peak seasons?
218 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Lara Dandokai Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to P excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? P . Scouring of canals? P . Clogging of canals by sediments? P . Clogging of canals by weeds? P . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater P systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of P waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety P measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social infrastructure and P by villages/ towns and the same services (such as water supply and sanitation will be documented in EMP systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired? P employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and P Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for community and natural hazards, especially where the will be taken to avoid any risk structural elements or components of the project and consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to documented in EMP. However, it members of the affected community or where P has major positive impact, their failure could result in injury to the because the construction of the community throughout project construction, new weir will save operation and decommissioning? community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.
219 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Chepatra Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA P . WETLAND P . MANGROVE P . ESTUARINE P . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA P . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING P BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of P hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social P conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and P animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased P stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion P . Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Limited use of water for sub- salinization and ground subsidence? P project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial P uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No dislocation or involuntary P people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other P vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure No land acquisition will be P and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N.A
canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through P mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP
220 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Chepatra Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust P generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to P inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of P irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during P peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to P excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? P . Scouring of canals? P . Clogging of canals by sediments? P . Clogging of canals by weeds? P . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater P systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of P waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety P measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social infrastructure and P by villages/ towns and the same services (such as water supply and sanitation will be documented in EMP systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired? P employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and P Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP.
221 | Consolidated Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Chepatra Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for community and natural hazards, especially where the will be taken to avoid any risk structural elements or components of the project and consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to documented in EMP. However, it members of the affected community or where P has major positive impact, their failure could result in injury to the because the construction of the community throughout project construction, new weir will save operation and decommissioning? community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.
Kat Gala Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA P . WETLAND P . MANGROVE P . ESTUARINE P . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA P . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING P BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of P hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social P conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and P animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased P stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion P . Over pumping of groundwater, leading to Limited use of water for sub- salinization and ground subsidence? P project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial P uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No dislocation or involuntary P people? resettlement of people will occur
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Kat Gala Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other P vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure No land acquisition will be P and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and lining of N.A
canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through P mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust P generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to P inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of P irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during P peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to P excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? P . Scouring of canals? P . Clogging of canals by sediments? P . Clogging of canals by weeds? P . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater P systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of P waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical and usage of any hazardous biological hazards during project construction chemicals during construction. and operation? However, health and safety P measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social infrastructure and P by villages/ towns and the same services (such as water supply and sanitation will be documented in EMP systems)?
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Kat Gala Subproject Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired? P employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and P Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both accidental Safety measures for community and natural hazards, especially where the will be taken to avoid any risk structural elements or components of the project and consequence. It will be (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to documented in EMP. However, it members of the affected community or where P has major positive impact, their failure could result in injury to the because the construction of the community throughout project construction, new weir will save operation and decommissioning? community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ANNEX-III National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works
Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)
Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 Ringlemann 40% or 2 1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed Scale or Ringlemann Scale equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker 200 200 (I) coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, 500 500 converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid
plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power 400 1700 plants operating on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid manufacturing unit. Other plants except power Oxides of plants operating on oil or coal: 16. Nitrogen Gas fired 400 400 (3) Oil fired - 600 Coal fired - 1200
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Explanations:- 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.
Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission
Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Ringlemann Scale during Immediate 1 Smoke Ringlemann Chart at a distance engine acceleration effect of 6 meters or more mode. Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source
Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise
Effective from 1st July, Effective from 1st July, Sr. Category of Area / 2010 2013 No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45
2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water
Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries 2 or Thermotolerant detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Coliform and total Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where distribution system (E.Coli Most Asian Countries sufficient samples sufficient samples 3 or Thermotolerant also follow WHO are examined, must are examined, Coliform and total Coliform Standards not be present in must not be bacteria) 95% of the samples present in 95% of taken throughout the samples taken any 12-month throughout any 12- period. month period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU
8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan Standard for Pakistan 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02
28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50
29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at 31 Residual Chlorine consumer end 0.5- --- 1.5 at source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) method) g/L ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air
Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from average Measurement 1st July 2010 1st January 2013 Sulphur Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet
Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 luminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 luminescence (NO2)
3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method High Volume Suspended Sampling, (Average Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 flow rate not less than Matter (SPM) 1.1m3/minute)
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ANNEX – IV Governor Notifications on Wetlands and Wild Fauna in FATA
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ANNEX-V Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring
Monthly Progress Report
CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency CONTENTS
Part I Introduction ......
Description of the Subprojects …………………………………………….………….……………...
Environmental Monitoring………….…………………………………………………..………………
Part II Environmental Monitoring ......
Environmental Monitoring Summary......
Environmental Trainings……………………………………………………………………………….
Noise and Vibration ......
Water Quality ......
Air Quality ......
Flora and Fauna Monitoring ......
Fuel Consumption ......
Water Consumption ......
Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………
Part III Environmental Management ......
Site Inspections and Audits ......
Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans ......
Table
Table-I Oustanding Issues ......
Conclusion……………………..………………………………………………………………………..
Annexure
Weekly Monitoring Checklist
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ANNEX-VI Photo Log
Lara Dandokai Khar Canal
Haji Lawang Kas
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
Kamar Ragha Daag
Lara Dandokai
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
Shukrata
Chepatra
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
Hayatai
Kat Gala
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
Water Sampling
Environmental Testing
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
Water Table Measurement at Hayatai
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency ANNEX-VII WHO Standards
Ambient Air Quality Standards
CO NOx SO2 PM10 PM2.5 Average(24 hrs) µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3
NEQS 10 80 120 250 35
IFC - - 125 150 75
Noise Levels
Day Time Avg Night Time Avg
NEQS Limits 55 45
IFC/WHO Limit 55 45
Drinking Water Standards
Sr. WHO No Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method delines
1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture
2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture
3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture
Field Test- 1. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 ExStik EC500
Field Test- 2. Temperature 0C - - ExStik EC500
3. Color TCU <15 <15 US EPA 110.1
4. Taste …. Not Not Taste Panel
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Irrigation Sub Projects Bajaur Agency
Sr. WHO No Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method delines
5. Odour ouE/m³ Not Not Dilution
6. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 US EPA 160.1
Field Test- 7. Electrical Conductivity µS NA NA ExStik EC500
8. Total Hardness mg/l <500 NA US EPA 130.2
9. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000 US EPA 160.1
10. TSS mg/l NA NA Filtration
11. Ammonia mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8
12. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8
13. Iron mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8
14. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2 US EPA 200.8
15. Sodium mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8
16. Chloride mg/l NA NA SMEW
SW-846 Test Method 17. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05 9035
18. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5 US EPA 340.1
19. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50 US EPA 352.1
20. Nitrite mg/l 3 3 US EPA 354.1
21. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01 US EPA 200.8
22. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05 US EPA 200.8
23. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0 US EPA 200.8
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Sr. WHO No Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method delines
24. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5 US EPA 200.8
25. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02 US EPA 200.8
26. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8
27. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0 US EPA 200.8
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