3.2 Identifications of Rocks and Minerals in the Field 3.2.1 Sedimentary Rocks 鄧屬予(1997)
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Study of Geologic Structures and Rock Properties in the Standard Mine Vicinity, Gunnison County, Colorado
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Characterization of Geologic Structures and Host Rock Properties Relevant to the Hydrogeology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Gunnison County, Colorado Open-File Report 2010–1008 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front cover: Photograph of upper Elk Basin looking east from the cirque ridge. Characterization of Geologic Structures and Host Rock Properties Relevant to the Hydrogeology of the Standard Mine in Elk Basin, Gunnison County, Colorado By Jonathan Saul Caine, Andrew H. Manning, Byron R. Berger, Yannick Kremer, Mario A. Guzman, Dennis D. Eberl, and Kathryn Schuller Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Open-File Report 2010–1008 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. -
Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite. -
Structure and Emplacement of Cretaceous Plutons in Northwest Yosemite National Park, California
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2014 Structure and Emplacement of Cretaceous Plutons in Northwest Yosemite National Park, California Ashley Van Dyne San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Van Dyne, Ashley, "Structure and Emplacement of Cretaceous Plutons in Northwest Yosemite National Park, California" (2014). Master's Theses. 4442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.akfj-5ha8 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4442 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STRUCTURE AND EMPLACEMENT OF CRETACEOUS PLUTONS, NORTHWEST YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Geology San José State University In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Ashley L. Van Dyne May 2014 © 2014 Ashley L. Van Dyne ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled STRUCTURE AND EMPLACEMENT OF CRETACEOUS PLUTONS, NORTHWEST YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA by Ashley L. Van Dyne APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY April 2014 Dr. Robert Miller Department of Geology Dr. Jonathan Miller Department of Geology Dr. Ellen Metzger Department of Geology ABSTRACT STRUCTURE AND EMPLACEMENT OF CRETACEOUS PLUTONS, NORTHWEST YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA by Ashley L. Van Dyne The ~103-98 Ma Yosemite Valley Intrusive Suite, younger Granodiorite North of Tuolumne Peak, and ~97 Ma Yosemite Creek Granodiorite intrude plutonic and metasedimentary host rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith. -
An Investigation Into the UV Fluorescence of Feldspar Group
An Investigation into UV Fluorescence in Feldspar Group Minerals Natasha Morrison Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Honours Bachelor of Science, Department of Earth Sciences At Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia March 17th, 2013 Submitted to: Dr. Richard Cox Dr. Martin Gibling 1 Distribution License DalSpace requires agreement to this non-exclusive distribution license before your item can appear on DalSpace. NON-EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION LICENSE You (the author(s) or copyright owner) grant to Dalhousie University the non-exclusive right to reproduce and distribute your submission worldwide in any medium. You agree that Dalhousie University may, without changing the content, reformat the submission for the purpose of preservation. You also agree that Dalhousie University may keep more than one copy of this submission for purposes of security, back-up and preservation. You agree that the submission is your original work, and that you have the right to grant the rights contained in this license. You also agree that your submission does not, to the best of your knowledge, infringe upon anyone's copyright. If the submission contains material for which you do not hold copyright, you agree that you have obtained the unrestricted permission of the copyright owner to grant Dalhousie University the rights required by this license, and that such third-party owned material is clearly identified and acknowledged within the text or content of the submission. If the submission is based upon work that has been sponsored or supported by an agency or organization other than Dalhousie University, you assert that you have fulfilled any right of review or other obligations required by such contract or agreement. -
The System Quartz-Albite-Orthoclase-Anorthite-H2O As a Geobarometer: Experimental Calibration and Application to Rhyolites of the Snake River Plain, Yellowstone, USA
The system quartz-albite-orthoclase-anorthite-H2O as a geobarometer: experimental calibration and application to rhyolites of the Snake River Plain, Yellowstone, USA Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegte Dissertation von M. Sc. Sören Wilke geboren am 22.08.1987 in Hannover ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to acknowledge the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for funding the project HO1337/31 Further thanks to my supervisors for their support: Prof. Dr. François Holtz and Dr. Renat Almeev. I would also like to thank the reviewers of this dissertation: Prof. Dr. François Holtz, Prof. Dr. Eric H. Christiansen and Prof. Dr. Michel Pichavant. This research would not have been possible without massive support from the technical staff of the workshop and I owe thanks especially to Julian Feige, Ulrich Kroll, Björn Ecks and Manuel Christ. Many thanks to the staff of the electron microprobe Prof. Dr. Jürgen Koepke, Dr. Renat Almeev, Dr. Tim Müller, Dr. Eric Wolff and Dr. Chao Zhang and to Prof. Dr. Harald Behrens for help with IHPV and KFT. Thanks to Dr. Roman Botcharnikov and Dr. David Naeve for their ideas on experimental and statistical procedures. Operating an IHPV is challenging and I would like to thank Dr. Adrian Fiege and Dr. André Stechern for teaching me how to do it and helping me with troubleshooting. I would like to thank Carolin Klahn who started the work that I herewith complete (hopefully) and Torsten Bolte who provided samples and know how on the Snake River Plain. -
Neutron Diffraction Refinement of an Ordered Orthoclase Structure
American Mineralogist, Volume 58,pages 500-507, 1973 NeutronDiffraction Refinement of an orderedorthoclase Structure Erweno PnrNcB Inst,ttute for Materials Research, National Bureau o.f Sta:ndards, Washington, D. C. 20234 Gnenrprrp DoNNnylNo R. F. MenrrN Department of Geological Sciences, McGiII Uniuersity, Montreal, Canada Abstract The crystal structure of a pegmatitic monoclinic potassium feldspar, (IG rnnonn) "Nao (Si,,*Al'*) t0"*(OH)o.1, from the Himalaya mine in the Mesa Grande pegmatitedistrict, California, has been refined with 3-dimensionalneutron-diffraction data to an unweighted R value of 0.031 for 721 symmetry-independentobserved reflections. Atomic coordinatesdiffer by no more than 3 estimated standard deviations from those of Spencer B adularia, yet the specimen does not have the adularia morphology, and no diffuse reflections with (h + k) odd have been observed.Direct refinement of the tetrahedral cation distribution shows that the Al content of the T(2) sites is not significantly different from zero (actually -0.016 with an e.s.d. of 0.029); in other words the Al-Si ordering in the tetrahedral sites is essentially complete. The mean SiO distance in the T(2) sites is 1.616A, appreciably greater than the values predicted by various regression lines relating bond distance to aluminum content. This indicates that the observed mean T,(m)-O, ?,(O)-O, and Tn(m)-O bond lengths re- ported for low albite and maximum microcline are consistentwith full Si occupancy. This ordered orthoclase occurs in gem pockets in a microcline-bearingpegmatite. The association suggestsstable growth of ordered orthoclase above the field of stability of microcline and metastablepersistence to lower temperatures.Perhaps because of more rapid crystal growth, the bulk of the pegmatitic K-feldspar ordered to common orthoclase, then transformed to maximum microcline. -
GRAND CANYON GUIDE No. 6
GRAND CANYON GUIDE no. 6 ... excerpted from Grand Canyon Explorer … Bob Ribokas AN AMATEUR'S REVIEW OF BACKPACKING TOPICS FOR THE T254 - EXPEDITION TO THE GRAND CANYON - MARCH 2007 Descriptions of Grand Canyon Layers Grand Canyon attracts the attention of the world for many reasons, but perhaps its greatest significance lies in the geologic record that is so beautifully preserved and exposed here. The rocks at Grand Canyon are not inherently unique; similar rocks are found throughout the world. What is unique about the geologic record at Grand Canyon is the great variety of rocks present, the clarity with which they're exposed, and the complex geologic story they tell. Paleozoic Strata: Kaibab depositional environment: Kaibab Limestone - This layer forms the surface of the Kaibab and Coconino Plateaus. It is composed primarily of a sandy limestone with a layer of sandstone below it. In some places sandstone and shale also exists as its upper layer. The color ranges from cream to a greyish-white. When viewed from the rim this layer resembles a bathtub ring and is commonly referred to as the Canyon's bathtub ring. Fossils that can be found in this layer are brachiopods, coral, mollusks, sea lilies, worms and fish teeth. Toroweap depositional environment Toroweap Formation - This layer is composed of pretty much the same material as the Kaibab Limestone above. It is darker in color, ranging from yellow to grey, and contains a similar fossil history. Coconino depositional environment: Coconino Sandstone - This layer is composed of pure quartz sand, which are basically petrified sand dunes. Wedge-shaped cross bedding can be seen where traverse-type dunes have been petrified. -
A New Mineral Ferrisanidine, K [Fe3+ Si3o8], the First Natural Feldspar
minerals Article 3+ A New Mineral Ferrisanidine, K[Fe Si3O8], the First Natural Feldspar with Species-Defining Iron Nadezhda V. Shchipalkina 1,*, Igor V. Pekov 1, Sergey N. Britvin 2,3 , Natalia N. Koshlyakova 1, Marina F. Vigasina 1 and Evgeny G. Sidorov 4 1 Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; [email protected] (I.V.P.); [email protected] (N.N.K.); [email protected] (M.F.V.) 2 Department of Crystallography, St Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, St Petersburg 199034, Russia; [email protected] 3 Nanomaterials Research Center, Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman Str. 14, Apatity 184209, Russia 4 Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Piip Boulevard 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683006, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 November 2019; Accepted: 9 December 2019; Published: 11 December 2019 3+ Abstract: Ferrisanidine, K[Fe Si3O8], the first natural feldspar with species-defining iron, is an analogue of sanidine bearing Fe3+ instead of Al. It was found in exhalations of the active Arsenatnaya fumarole at the Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Fissure Tolbachik Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. The associated minerals are aegirine, cassiterite, hematite, sylvite, halite, johillerite, arsmirandite, axelite, aphthitalite. Ferrisanidine forms porous crusts composed by cavernous short prismatic crystals or irregular grains up to 10 µm 20 µm. × Ferrisanidine is transparent, colorless to white, the lustre is vitreous. D is 2.722 g cm 3. The calc · − chemical composition of ferrisanidine (wt. -
Grand Canyon
U.S. Department of the Interior Geologic Investigations Series I–2688 14 Version 1.0 4 U.S. Geological Survey 167.5 1 BIG SPRINGS CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS LIST OF MAP UNITS 4 Pt Ph Pamphlet accompanies map .5 Ph SURFICIAL DEPOSITS Pk SURFICIAL DEPOSITS SUPAI MONOCLINE Pk Qr Holocene Qr Colorado River gravel deposits (Holocene) Qsb FAULT CRAZY JUG Pt Qtg Qa Qt Ql Pk Pt Ph MONOCLINE MONOCLINE 18 QUATERNARY Geologic Map of the Pleistocene Qtg Terrace gravel deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Pc Pk Pe 103.5 14 Qa Alluvial deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Pt Pc VOLCANIC ROCKS 45.5 SINYALA Qti Qi TAPEATS FAULT 7 Qhp Qsp Qt Travertine deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Grand Canyon ၧ DE MOTTE FAULT Pc Qtp M u Pt Pleistocene QUATERNARY Pc Qp Pe Qtb Qhb Qsb Ql Landslide deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Qsb 1 Qhp Ph 7 BIG SPRINGS FAULT ′ × ′ 2 VOLCANIC DEPOSITS Dtb Pk PALEOZOIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 30 60 Quadrangle, Mr Pc 61 Quaternary basalts (Pleistocene) Unconformity Qsp 49 Pk 6 MUAV FAULT Qhb Pt Lower Tuckup Canyon Basalt (Pleistocene) ၣm TRIASSIC 12 Triassic Qsb Ph Pk Mr Qti Intrusive dikes Coconino and Mohave Counties, Pe 4.5 7 Unconformity 2 3 Pc Qtp Pyroclastic deposits Mr 0.5 1.5 Mၧu EAST KAIBAB MONOCLINE Pk 24.5 Ph 1 222 Qtb Basalt flow Northwestern Arizona FISHTAIL FAULT 1.5 Pt Unconformity Dtb Pc Basalt of Hancock Knolls (Pleistocene) Pe Pe Mၧu Mr Pc Pk Pk Pk NOBLE Pt Qhp Qhb 1 Mၧu Pyroclastic deposits Qhp 5 Pe Pt FAULT Pc Ms 12 Pc 12 10.5 Lower Qhb Basalt flows 1 9 1 0.5 PERMIAN By George H. -
New Hance Trail
National Park Service Grand Canyon U.S. Department of the Interior Grand Canyon National Park Arizona New Hance Trail In 1883, "Captain" John Hance became the first European American to settle at the Grand Canyon. He originally built his trails for mining, but quickly determined the real money lay in work as a guide and hotel manager. From the very start of his tourism business, with his Tennessee drawl, spontaneous wit, uninhibited imagination, and ability to never repeat a tale in exactly the same way, he developed a reputation as an eccentric and highly entertaining storyteller. The scattered presence of abandoned asbestos and copper mines are a reminder of his original intentions for the area. Shortly after his arrival, John improved an old Havasupai trail at the head of today's Hance Creek drainage, the "Old Hance Trail," but it was subject to frequent washouts. When rockslides made it impassable he built the New Hance Trail down Red Canyon. Today's trail very closely follows the trail built in 1894. The New Hance Trail developed a reputation similar to that of the original trail, eliciting the following comment from travel writer Burton Homes in 1904 (he did not exaggerate by much): There may be men who can ride unconcernedly down Hance's Trail, but I confess I am not one of them. My object in descending made it essential that I should live to tell the tale, and therefore, I mustered up sufficient moral courage to dismount and scramble down the steepest and most awful sections of the path on foot …. -
Unusual Silicate Mineralization in Fumarolic Sublimates of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia – Part 2: Tectosilicates
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 121–136, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-121-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unusual silicate mineralization in fumarolic sublimates of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia – Part 2: Tectosilicates Nadezhda V. Shchipalkina1, Igor V. Pekov1, Natalia N. Koshlyakova1, Sergey N. Britvin2,3, Natalia V. Zubkova1, Dmitry A. Varlamov4, and Eugeny G. Sidorov5 1Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia 2Department of Crystallography, St Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia 3Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman Str. 14, 184200 Apatity, Russia 4Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademika Osypyana ul., 4, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia 5Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Piip Boulevard 9, 683006 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia Correspondence: Nadezhda V. Shchipalkina ([email protected]) Received: 19 June 2019 – Accepted: 1 November 2019 – Published: 29 January 2020 Abstract. This second of two companion articles devoted to silicate mineralization in fumaroles of the Tol- bachik volcano (Kamchatka, Russia) reports data on chemistry, crystal chemistry and occurrence of tectosil- icates: sanidine, anorthoclase, ferrisanidine, albite, anorthite, barium feldspar, leucite, nepheline, kalsilite, so- dalite and hauyne. Chemical and genetic features of fumarolic silicates are also summarized and discussed. These minerals are typically enriched with “ore” elements (As, Cu, Zn, Sn, Mo, W). Significant admixture of 5C As (up to 36 wt % As2O5 in sanidine) substituting Si is the most characteristic. Hauyne contains up to 4.2 wt % MoO3 and up to 1.7 wt % WO3. -
List of Abbreviations
List of Abbreviations Ab albite Cbz chabazite Fa fayalite Acm acmite Cc chalcocite Fac ferroactinolite Act actinolite Ccl chrysocolla Fcp ferrocarpholite Adr andradite Ccn cancrinite Fed ferroedenite Agt aegirine-augite Ccp chalcopyrite Flt fluorite Ak akermanite Cel celadonite Fo forsterite Alm almandine Cen clinoenstatite Fpa ferropargasite Aln allanite Cfs clinoferrosilite Fs ferrosilite ( ortho) Als aluminosilicate Chl chlorite Fst fassite Am amphibole Chn chondrodite Fts ferrotscher- An anorthite Chr chromite makite And andalusite Chu clinohumite Gbs gibbsite Anh anhydrite Cld chloritoid Ged gedrite Ank ankerite Cls celestite Gh gehlenite Anl analcite Cp carpholite Gln glaucophane Ann annite Cpx Ca clinopyroxene Glt glauconite Ant anatase Crd cordierite Gn galena Ap apatite ern carnegieite Gp gypsum Apo apophyllite Crn corundum Gr graphite Apy arsenopyrite Crs cristroballite Grs grossular Arf arfvedsonite Cs coesite Grt garnet Arg aragonite Cst cassiterite Gru grunerite Atg antigorite Ctl chrysotile Gt goethite Ath anthophyllite Cum cummingtonite Hbl hornblende Aug augite Cv covellite He hercynite Ax axinite Czo clinozoisite Hd hedenbergite Bhm boehmite Dg diginite Hem hematite Bn bornite Di diopside Hl halite Brc brucite Dia diamond Hs hastingsite Brk brookite Dol dolomite Hu humite Brl beryl Drv dravite Hul heulandite Brt barite Dsp diaspore Hyn haiiyne Bst bustamite Eck eckermannite Ill illite Bt biotite Ed edenite Ilm ilmenite Cal calcite Elb elbaite Jd jadeite Cam Ca clinoamphi- En enstatite ( ortho) Jh johannsenite bole Ep epidote