DOCSLIB.ORG

The Russian Population in Tallinn, Recent Evolutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Russian Population in Tallinn, Recent Evolutions ISSN 2029-2074 THE RUSSIAN POPULATION IN TALLINN, BUILDING OF THE BICULTURAL CITY Vincent Dautancourt University of Paris VIII (France) Keywords: Estonia, Tallinn, inter-ethnic relations, Russian minorities, elections. Pagrindinės sąvokos: Estija, Talinas, tarpetniniai santykiai, rusų tautinės mažumos, rinkimai. Introduction The issue of the integration of the non-Estonian population living in Estonia represents one of the main topics for scholars who are interested in this country. We know that about one fourth of the population declares itself as Russian (Estonian Russians include Russians, Ukrainians, and Bielorussians), speaking of nationality and that one third of the population speaks the Russian language as mother tongue. However, the numerous re- searches do not pay attention enough to the geographical distribution of this, or rather those populations. While speaking of the Russian popula- tions in Estonia, the plural having all its sense, one might speak as if the Russian community is equally distributed on the national territory. It is known as well that the northeastern part of Estonia hosts a popu- lation, which is mainly Russian or Russian-speaking. But in fact, the area hosting the most important part of those populations is the Estonian capi- tal. While 33.6 % of the Estonian Russians live in Ida-Viru county, 166,429 individuals, 43 % of the 386,561 Estonian Russians live in Tallinn (Rahvas- tik soo rahvuse ja maakonna… 2009). The fact that the Russian population represents 76.6 % of the northeastern county population (reaching 95 % in 40 urban areas versus only 41.7 % in Tallinn) induces a biased image of the geography of the Russian community elsewhere in Estonia. The aim of this paper is to show some of the characteristics of the situa- tion in Tallinn regarding the issue of the integration of the Russian popula- tion. The city of Tallinn presents a unique case as far as the ethnicity of its inhabitants is concerned, being the only territory in Estonia where Estoni- ans and Russians literately live side by side. The “promiscuity factor” should not be neglected when the integration process tries to increase the contacts between the both communities. This particular situation can be a starting point of a better understanding of the “others”, but also a source of greater frictions, for example the affair of the Bronze Soldier. Before any further development, it is essential to explain that this paper will rather study the Russians populations than one homogeneous commu- nity. Even if the Russians share a common language and a common culture, different criteria allow us to distinguish several groups. Using the language criterion, the relations to the Estonian community, to the State may be dif- ferent if one speaks the Estonian language fluently, a little or not at all. The citizenship of one person could also place him or her in three main differ- ent groups: the Estonian citizens, the Russian citizens and the stateless per- sons. It is though complicated to present who the Estonian Russians are, the groups being not separated one from another. However, this paper mostly uses the data concerning the ethnic Russians, other data remaining unavail- able for every example quoted. It is essential to explain the context of Tallinn regarding the Russian populations, using the ethnic criteria. A closer look on the geographical distribution of the population within the city limits is required. The terri- tory will be one of the key elements in this paper, using geographical and geopolitical approach. The available statistical data allows the presentation of the population in each of the eight administrative districts of Tallinn. Until recently, the unique available data were the result of the 2000 Housing and Population census. Before presenting the 2008 data, let us recall what the situation did look like in 2000, and in 1989. As the Census held in 2000 was the first one since the collapse of the USSR, the results were essential 41 to get a better idea of the distribution of the non-Estonians and the ethnic proportion among the population of each district. The Russians accounted for more than half of the population only in the district of Lasnamäe. In the districts of Põhja-Tallinn, Haabersti, and Mustamäe, the proportions were higher than 30 %. The proportion in the remaining districts was lower than the average in Estonia, with for example only 13.6 % in Nõmme and 7.5 % in Pirita (2000 Population and Housing Census... 2001: 78). It is in- teresting to know that compared to the last Soviet census held in 1989, the proportion of Russians lowered in each district. This general trend could be differently quantified, depending on the district. In the newly build suburb of Lasnamäe, the proportion of Russian populations diminished by 4.3 %, meanwhile the Russian community of the central city (comprising of the old town) underwent a drastic shortening in 11 year (55.9 %). What has the evolution been since 2000? Are Russian populations still dwelling in the same districts? On the other hand, in the suburban area, people tended to remain in the apartment they had been living in since their arrival to Estonia. Did the situation changed since 2000, in other words are Russians still dwelling in “Russian neighborhoods”? The follow- ing data is from the beginning of 2008, as the Tallinn. Facts and figures 2008 do not present the place of residence of each national group (Tallinn. Facts and Figures 2008... 2009). Eight years after the 2000 Census, the statistics reveal new trends. One can state that the proportion of Russians has increased in several districts, including those where the Russian population had remained low until then. This evolution is both due to the increase of the number of Russians and the decrease of the Estonian population. The population mostly increased in the districts where the Russians where already living, but also in “Estonian” district, such as Pirita, where the Russians represent nowadays 13.7 % of the local population (9.7 % and 7.5 % in 1989 and in 2000). This district is not the most “Estonian” district anymore, which is Nõmme, with 12.5 %. (21 % in 1989 and 13.6 % en 2000) (Tallinna Arvudes ... 2008: 10). Russians decide and have the possibilities to move and live away from the Soviet- era dwellings in individual houses, in a better environment. Pirita is the district where real estate is among the most expensive in Tallinn. As people become richer, they prefer to change their living environment. This element goes against the idea that Russians are segregated in Tallinn. However, the statistics show that the district of Lasnamäe becomes more Russian than previously during the Soviet and immediate post-Soviet periods, with a 42 proportion as high as in 1989: 54.1 % in 1989 and 57.8 % 20 years later. It is essential to notice that this data reflect the factual increase of the number of Russians in absolute figures: their number increased not only due to the departure of Estonians (-20 % from 2000 to 2008) but also by the arrival of new Russians who come here to live (+8 %). The same trend, but on a smaller range, exists in Mustamäe, Põhja-Tallinn and Haabersti. At the same time, we should not forget that the proportion increased also because the Estonian population decreased or stabilized in each of these districts. In the abovementioned case of Pirita, the increase of the proportion is due to a higher number of Russian immigrants than Estonian ones. All implies that the Russian population continues to be more concen- trated in several districts. The Russian population of Lasnamäe, which rep- resented 31 % of the Russian population of Tallinn in 1989 (2000 Popula- tion... 2001: 69), now represents 41.9 % of the same population (Tallinna Arvudes... 2008: 10). As a matter of the place of residence, even if Russians go to live in new districts, it concerns few persons compared to the popula- tion of Lasnamäe. This evolution since the beginning of the 1990’s imposes to study the relations between Estonians and Russians. While keeping in mind the distribution of the population, it is essential to concentrate on the main issue related to the Russian speakers in Tallinn: the relationship between this linguistic group and the Estonian-speaking majority. It is important to study what the chances are that groups to meet in the city. The language issue is a coreconcerne Estonian legislation requires skills in the sole official language for those who wish to become a citizen of the Republic. According to the Estonian authorities, the result of a basic knowledge of the Estonian language will help for a better understanding of one another. However, improvements are still needed especially concern- ing the Soviet past of Estonia. More than a language issue, it is a cultural question that must be studied. This aspect is not new for scholars or for officials in Estonia. Many papers and books have been written, integration programs, with support from European institutions were implemented. The hope for closer relations exists among Russian youngsters who have to learn the official language throughout their education in schools. Statistics 43 had already shown in 2000 a new trend, with more Russian speakers hav- ing knowledge of the Estonian language, than Estonians had skills with the Russian language. This fact is not without consequences as Russian speak- ers are not any longer automatically understood by Estonian interlocutors. However, how could those people be able to communicate in one or another language if they do not spend time together? I mentioned that the district of Pirita, in northeastern Tallinn became the home district of more Russians. The place of residence may play a great role for the communica- tion, but the school or the place of work is even more essential.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minorities and Majorities in Estonia: Problems of Integration at the Threshold of the Eu
    MINORITIES AND MAJORITIES IN ESTONIA: PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE EU FLENSBURG, GERMANY AND AABENRAA DENMARK 22 to 25 MAY 1998 ECMI Report #2 March 1999 Contents Preface 3 The Map of Estonia 4 Ethnic Composition of the Estonian Population as of 1 January 1998 4 Note on Terminology 5 Background 6 The Introduction of the Seminar 10 The Estonian government's integration strategy 11 The role of the educational system 16 The role of the media 19 Politics of integration 22 International standards and decision-making on the EU 28 Final Remarks by the General Rapporteur 32 Appendix 36 List of Participants 37 The Integration of Non-Estonians into Estonian Society 39 Table 1. Ethnic Composition of the Estonian Population 43 Table 2. Estonian Population by Ethnic Origin and Ethnic Language as Mother Tongue and Second Language (according to 1989 census) 44 Table 3. The Education of Teachers of Estonian Language Working in Russian Language Schools of Estonia 47 Table 4 (A;B). Teaching in the Estonian Language of Other Subjects at Russian Language Schools in 1996/97 48 Table 5. Language Used at Home of the First Grade Pupils of the Estonian Language Schools (school year of 1996/97) 51 Table 6. Number of Persons Passing the Language Proficiency Examination Required for Employment, as of 01 August 1997 52 Table 7. Number of Persons Taking the Estonian Language Examination for Citizenship Applicants under the New Citizenship Law (enacted 01 April 1995) as of 01 April 1997 53 2 Preface In 1997, ECMI initiated several series of regional seminars dealing with areas where inter-ethnic tension was a matter of international concern or where ethnopolitical conflicts had broken out.
    [Show full text]
  • Kristiine Prisma on Tänasest Oma Alkoholimüügi Loast Ilma. Keeld
    USD SEK Euribor ÄP indeks 0,11% 11,08 EEK 1,70 EEK 4,750 2508,59 Tallinkist Euroopa suurim firma Tallink Grupi üks omanik Enn Pant unistab, et Tallink oleks hiljemalt kümne aasta pä- rast reisijateveo sektoris suurim laevafir- ma Euroopas. Kruiisilaevanduse turule Tal- linkil Pandi hinnangul niipea veel siiski asja WORLD'S BEST-DESIGNED NEWSPAPER MAAILMA PARIMA KUJUNDUSEGA AJALEHT ei ole. 2 | | Neljapäev, 27. september 2007 | nr 175 (3426) | 19 kr | ARVAMUS Pooled veeprojektid on takerdu- nud, sest vahepealne hinnaralli on tõstnud nen- de maksu- muse kohati kolmekord- seks. Jaanus Tamkivi, keskkonnaminister 27 BÖRS 0,7% II pensionisamba Eile lõuna ajal seati Tallinnas Kristiine Prismas üles silte, mis teavitavad kliente tänasest kehtima hakkavast alkoholimüügi keelust. Foto: Andres Haabu rahast on paiguta- tud Eesti aktsia- tesse. Pensionifon- did ei pea Tallinna börsi atraktiivseks. 10–11 LISAKS TEHNIKA 16 Lotus Symphony versus OpenOffice Tehtud! ÄRIPÄEV IDA- VIRUMAAL 20 Maakonna Kristiine Prisma on tänasest edukaim oli Viru Keemia Grupp oma alkoholimüügi loast LISAKS TSITAAT Suurim töökuulutuste leht Eestis: tiraaž 100 000, levib üle Eesti TÖÖKUULUTUSED | Neljapäev, 27. september 2007 | nr 39 (133) | tasuta | kor o Mik o : Arn: ilma. Keeld kangema Kaua me võime taluda seda, mis Foto Evert Kreek julgeb teha toimub alkoholi tarbimisega. See on asju valesti DHL Eesti tegevjuht teab, et tänapäeva äris, kus aeg on raha ja kiirus loeb, on parem teha hea kraamiga kaubelda kehtib ületanud igasugused piirid. Miks siis seda otsus täna kui väga hea homme. 3 TOOTMISE PLANEERIJAT VAHETUSE VANEMAT kelle põhiülesanneteks on toodangu õigeaegseks kelle põhiülesanneteks on vahetuse töö korraldamine sh AS Favor on 1990.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2016, 3/4 (157/158), 477–511 Historical consciousness, personal life experiences and the orientation of Estonian foreign policy toward the West, 1988–1991 Kaarel Piirimäe and Pertti Grönholm ABSTRACT The years 1988 to 1991 were a critical juncture in the history of Estonia. Crucial steps were taken during this time to assure that Estonian foreign policy would not be directed toward the East but primarily toward the integration with the West. In times of uncertainty and institutional flux, strong individuals with ideational power matter the most. This article examines the influence of For- eign Minister Lennart Meri’s and Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar’s experienc- es and historical consciousness on their visions of Estonia’s future position in international affairs. Life stories help understand differences in their horizons of expectation, and their choices in conducting Estonian diplomacy. Keywords: historical imagination, critical junctures, foreign policy analysis, So- viet Union, Baltic states, Lennart Meri Much has been written about the Baltic states’ success in breaking away from Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and their decisive “return to the West”1 via radical economic, social and politi- Research for this article was supported by the “Reimagining Futures in the European North at the End of the Cold War” project which was financed by the Academy of Finland. Funding was also obtained from the “Estonia, the Baltic states and the Collapse of the Soviet Union: New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War” project, financed by the Estonian Research Council, and the “Myths, Cultural Tools and Functions – Historical Narratives in Constructing and Consolidating National Identity in 20th and 21st Century Estonia” project, which was financed by the Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS, University of Turku).
    [Show full text]
  • Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur
    Ex injuria jus non oritur Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Veikko Johannes Jarmala Helsingin yliopisto Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Poliittinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma toukokuu 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Politiikan ja talouden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Veikko Jarmala Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Ex injuria jus non oritur – Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Poliittinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages pro gradu-tutkielma toukokuu 2017 136 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Oikeudellinen jatkuvuus (vir. õiguslik järjepidevus) on Viron tasavallan valtioidentiteetin perusta. Vuodesta 1944 lähtien pakolaisyhteisö oli haaveillut Viron vapauttamisesta ja tasavallan palauttamisesta. Se piti yllä pakolaistoiminnassaan oikeudellista jatkuvuutta, vaikkakin sen määrittelyprosessi ei ollut lainkaan sovinnollista pakolaisuuden alkuvuosina. Ulko-Viro ja koti-Viro olivat etäällä toisistaan aina 1980-luvun loppuun asti, jolloin Neuvostoliiton uudistuspolitiikka avasi mahdollisuuden yhteydenpitoon. Perestroika nosti ensin vaatimukset Eestin SNT:n suuremmasta itsehallinnosta, jota alkoi ajaa perestroikan tueksi perustettu Viron kansanrintama johtajanaan Edgar Savisaar. IME-ohjelman (Isemajandav Eesti) tuli pelastaa neuvosto-Eesti, mutta kansanrintaman vastustajaksi perustettu Interliike
    [Show full text]
  • List of Prime Ministers of Estonia
    SNo Name Took office Left office Political party 1 Konstantin Päts 24-02 1918 26-11 1918 Rural League 2 Konstantin Päts 26-11 1918 08-05 1919 Rural League 3 Otto August Strandman 08-05 1919 18-11 1919 Estonian Labour Party 4 Jaan Tõnisson 18-11 1919 28-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 5 Ado Birk 28-07 1920 30-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 6 Jaan Tõnisson 30-07 1920 26-10 1920 Estonian People's Party 7 Ants Piip 26-10 1920 25-01 1921 Estonian Labour Party 8 Konstantin Päts 25-01 1921 21-11 1922 Farmers' Assemblies 9 Juhan Kukk 21-11 1922 02-08 1923 Estonian Labour Party 10 Konstantin Päts 02-08 1923 26-03 1924 Farmers' Assemblies 11 Friedrich Karl Akel 26-03 1924 16-12 1924 Christian People's Party 12 Jüri Jaakson 16-12 1924 15-12 1925 Estonian People's Party 13 Jaan Teemant 15-12 1925 23-07 1926 Farmers' Assemblies 14 Jaan Teemant 23-07 1926 04-03 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 15 Jaan Teemant 04-03 1927 09-12 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 16 Jaan Tõnisson 09-12 1927 04-121928 Estonian People's Party 17 August Rei 04-121928 09-07 1929 Estonian Socialist Workers' Party 18 Otto August Strandman 09-07 1929 12-02 1931 Estonian Labour Party 19 Konstantin Päts 12-02 1931 19-02 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 20 Jaan Teemant 19-02 1932 19-07 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 21 Karl August Einbund 19-07 1932 01-11 1932 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 22 Konstantin Päts 01-11 1932 18-05 1933 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 23 Jaan Tõnisson 18-05 1933 21-10 1933 National Centre Party 24 Konstantin Päts 21-10 1933 24-01 1934 Non-party 25 Konstantin Päts 24-01 1934
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Elections
    2003 PILK PEEGLISSE • GLANCE AT THE MIRROR Riigikogu valimised Parliamentary Elections 2. märtsil 2003 toimusid Eestis Riigikogu On 2 March 2003, Parliamentary elections took valimised.Valimisnimekirjadesse kanti 963 place in Estonia. The election list contained 963 kandidaati, kellest 947 kandideeris 11 erineva candidates from eleven different parties and 16 partei nimekirjas, lisaks proovis Riigikogusse independent candidates. 58.2% of eligible voters pääseda 16 üksikkandidaati. Hääletamas käis went to the polls. The Estonian Centre Party 58,2% hääleõiguslikest kodanikest. Enim hääli gained the most support of voters with 25.4% of kogus Eesti Keskerakond – 25,4%.Valimistel total votes. Res Publica – A Union for the Republic esmakordselt osalenud erakond Ühendus – who participated in the elections for the first Vabariigi Eest - Res Publica sai 24,6% häältest. time, gathered 24.6% of total votes. The parties Riigikogusse pääsesid veel Eesti Reformi- that obtained seats in the parliament were the Estonian Reform Party (17.7%), the Estonian erakond – 17,7%, Eestimaa Rahvaliit – 13,0%, People's Union (13.0%), the Pro Patria Union Isamaaliit – 7,3% ja Rahvaerakond Mõõdukad – (7.3%) and the People's Party Mõõdukad (7.0%). 7,0% Valitsuse moodustasid Res Publica, Eesti The Cabinet was formed by Res Publica, the Reformierakond ja Eestimaa Rahvaliit. Estonian Reform Party and the Estonian People's Peaministriks nimetati Res Publica esimees Union. The position of the Prime Minister went to Juhan Parts.Valitsus astus ametisse 10. aprillil Juhan Parts, chairman of Res Publica. The Cabinet 2003 ametivande andmisega Riigikogu ees. was sworn in on 10 April 2003. VALI KORD! CHOOSE ORDER! Res Publica sööst raketina Eesti poliitika- Res Publica's rocketing to the top of Estonian politics taevasse sai võimalikuks seetõttu, et suur osa was made possible by a great number of voters hääletajatest otsib üha uusi, endisest usaldus- looking for new, more reliable faces.
    [Show full text]
  • Tallinn Annual Report 2014
    Tallinn annual report 2014 Tallinn annual report 2014 CONTENTS 9PAGE 12PAGE 24PAGE 26PAGE FOREWORD BY THE MAYOR TALLINN - TALLINN HAS A TALLINN AND ITS DIVERSE THE CAPITAL OF THE PRODUCTIVE ECONOMY ARRAY OF ACTIVITIES AND REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA EXPERIENCES 30PAGE 37PAGE EDUCATED, SKILLED, AND TALLINN RESIDENT CARED Tallinn OPEN TALLINN FOR, PROTECTED, AND annual report annual HELPED - SAFE TALLINN 2014 42PAGE TALLINN AS A COSY, Facts 13 Education 31 City transport and 43 INSPIRING, AND ENVIRON- Population 14 Sports 34 road safety MENTALLY SUSTAINABLE Economy 15 Youth work 36 Landscaping and 45 CITY SPACE Managing the city 18 Social welfare 38 property maintenance Safety 40 City economy 47 Health 41 City planning 48 Water and sewerage 49 PAGE Environmental 50 54 protection Income 55 OVERVIEW OF BUDGET Operating costs 56 IMPLEMENTATION OF Investment activity 58 TALLINN CITY IN 2014 Financing activities 59 and cash flow PAGE PAGE 8 9 LINNAELU ARENG FOREWORDLINNAELU BY ARENGTHE MAYOR VALDKONNITI VALDKONNITI In their dreams and wishes, people must move faster than life dictates because this is when we desire to go on and only then we shall one day have the chance to ensure that something has been completed again. Tallinn is accustomed to setting tion of the Haabersti intersection in proven itself to be a stable city and big goals for itself - taking responsi- cooperation with the private sector. shelter for many people who would bility for ensuring that its residents Concurrently with the construction have otherwise been forced to search receive high quality services and of new tram tracks, the section of abroad for jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • Présidential Election in Estonia
    PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN ESTONIA 29th and 30th August 2011 European Elections monitor President of the Republic Toomas Hendrik Ilves is running for re-election as Head of Estonia from Corinne Deloy Translated by Helen Levy The presidential election will take place on 29th and 30th August next in Estonia. The 101 members of the Riigikogu, the only chamber in Parliament, are being invi- ANALYSIS ted to appoint the new Head of State. Toomas Hendrik Ilves, the Head of State in 1 month before office, announced last December that he would be running for re-election. He has the poll the support of the Reform Party (ER) led by Prime Minister Andrus Ansip, the Pro Patria Union-Res Publica (IRL), member of the government coalition and the Social Democratic Party (SDE), T. Ilves’s party. The 23 MPs of the Pro Patria Union-Res Publica have 7) by the main opposition party, the Centre Party already signed a document expressing their support (KE), on 18th June last. Indrek Tarand is the son to the outgoing Head of State. “From our point of of former Prime Minister (1994-1995) and former view, thanks to his work, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, has MEP (2004-2009), Social Democrat, Andres Tarand. helped towards the development of civil society and In the last European elections on 4th-7th June 2009 has encouraged debate over problems that Estonia he stood as an independent and came second with has to face. The President of the Republic also suc- 25.81% of the vote, i.e. just behind the Centre Party ceeded in taking firm decisions during the crises that (26.07%) rallying a great number of protest votes the country experienced, such as for example, the to his name.
    [Show full text]
  • Kristiine Linnaosa Üldplaneeringu Seletuskiri
    Tallinna Linnavolikogu [kuupäev] otsuse nr [nr] LISA 1 KRISTIINE LINNAOSA ÜLDPLANEERING TALLINNA LINNAPLANEERIMISE AMET TALLINN 2015 2 Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus.............................................................................................................................5 2. Üldplaneeringu lähtekohad...................................................................................................6 2.1. Seosed kõrgema tasandi planeeringute jt strateegiliste arengudokumentidega................6 2.2. Olemasoleva linnaehitusliku olukorra lühiiseloomustus...................................................8 2.3. Avalikest huvidest tingitud arenguvajadused, probleemid ja linnaplaneeringulised lahendusvõimalused................................................................................................................10 2.4. Tõenäolised ehitustrendid ja uusehitusmahud ning elanikkond......................................11 3. Linnaosa ruumilise arengu suunad, planeerimislahenduse kirjeldus ja põhjendus......13 3.1. Linnaosa ruumilise ja linnaehitusliku arengu üldised eesmärgid ja planeerimispõhimõtted............................................................................................................13 3.2. Planeerimislahenduse lühikokkuvõte..............................................................................15 3.3. Ulatuslikumad arendus- ja uusehituspiirkonnad.............................................................16 3.4. Tulevikus kavandatavad olulisemad ühiskondlikud ehitised..........................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Generational Use of News Media in Estonia
    Generational Use of News Media in Estonia Contemporary media research highlights the importance of empirically analysing the relationships between media and age; changing user patterns over the life course; and generational experiences within media discourse beyond the widely-hyped buzz terms such as the ‘digital natives’, ‘Google generation’, etc. The Generational Use doctoral thesis seeks to define the ‘repertoires’ of news media that different generations use to obtain topical information and create of News Media their ‘media space’. The thesis contributes to the development of in Estonia a framework within which to analyse generational features in news audiences by putting the main focus on the cultural view of generations. This perspective was first introduced by Karl Mannheim in 1928. Departing from his legacy, generations can be better conceived of as social formations that are built on self- identification, rather than equally distributed cohorts. With the purpose of discussing the emergence of various ‘audiencing’ patterns from the perspectives of age, life course and generational identity, the thesis centres on Estonia – a post-Soviet Baltic state – as an empirical example of a transforming society with a dynamic media landscape that is witnessing the expanding impact of new media and a shift to digitisation, which should have consequences for the process of ‘generationing’. The thesis is based on data from nationally representative cross- section surveys on media use and media attitudes (conducted 2002–2012). In addition to that focus group discussions are used to map similarities and differences between five generation cohorts born 1932–1997 with regard to the access and use of established news media, thematic preferences and spatial orientations of Signe Opermann Signe Opermann media use, and a discursive approach to news formats.
    [Show full text]
  • Steht Später Die Headline
    LÄNDERBERICHT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. ESTLAND THOMAS SCHNEIDER MEELIS NAABER Oktober 2011 Voting behaviour in the Estonian parliamentary elections of 2011 www.kas.de/estland RESEARCH PAPER Results of Estonia`s 2011 general elections were in accordance with political developments and major trends from the start of election cycle in 2007. During the years 2009-2011 Estonia went through one of the severest financial and economic crises in the whole of Europe and despite harsh end even radical budget cuts which were hard to absorb for the society, media and popular estimation was rather univocally positive towards policy measures implemented by liberal- conservative coalition. This fact definitely created for the coalition parties excellent ground for building up a campaign based on key messages such as the statesmanship and “ability to manage”. Almost all polls before the elections showed a confident lead for the liberal Reformierakond (RE) and a continuous support for the continuation of coalition with the conservative Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit (IRL). Estonia`s economic and social status before elections From the socio-political point of view, sudden decrease of GDP due to the financial crisis came unexpectedly as “cold shower for most of Estonians. Chart 1shows the steepness of the fall. Chart 1 GDP of Estonia 2000-2011, data from the II quarter Source: Estonian Statistical Office1 For the sake of ruling government, relative recovery was surprisingly quick as an increase of GDP occurred already in 2010 and continued in 2011. 1 http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/Saveshow.asp 2 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V a a D E VOLUME 16 NO 43 NOV 1- 7, 2006
    Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V A A D E VOLUME 16 NO 43 NOV 1- 7, 2006 FOREIGN NEWS Formin: Estonia Ready to Continue Supporting Iraq Nov 7 - Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet met with Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al- Maliki and US ambassador to Iraq Zalmay Khalilzad. At both the meetings the focus was on the security situation in Iraq and the possible development scenarios. Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said Estonia's military contribution to the improvement of the security situation in Iraq was important and expressed the hope that it was the first step on the path of the development of political and economic relations. Paet said that Estonia wanted to have closer relations with Iraq and extended to the Meeting of Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet and Iraqi prime minister and foreign minister Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki invitations to visit Estonia. in Bagdhad, Nov 6, 2006 The Estonian foreign minister said that Estonia wanted Iraq to become a politically and economically stable, democratic and successful country. "We understand that the Iraqi government is facing a task of great complexity," Paet said. "We support the efforts of the Iraqi government to resolve the conflicts between the various ethnic and religious groups and to involve them in a common national development process," he added. The Estonian foreign minister said that it was important that talks between the European Union and Iraq over a trade and economic cooperation agreement should open soon. "International trade and economic cooperation makes it possible to stabilize the situation in Iraq, as this would improve the living standards of the people," Paet said.
    [Show full text]