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Turkish Language As a Politicized Element: the Case of Turkish Nation-Building
GeT MA Working Paper Series No. 15 2018 Turkish Language as a Politicized Element: The Case of Turkish Nation-Building TOLGA SEVIN GeT MA Working Paper Series Department of Social Sciences Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin www.sowi.hu-berlin.de/getma [email protected] TOLGA SEVIN GET MA WP 15/2018 GeT MA Working Paper Series Published by the German Turkish Masters Program of Social Sciences (GeT MA), Department of Social Sciences at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Papers in this series are the final theses of GeT MA graduates. Publication in this series does not preclude a later publication elsewhere. The views expressed in the GeT MA Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the GeT MA Program or of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. The copyright stays with the author(s). Copyright for this paper: Tolga Sevin Please cite in the following format: Sevin, Tolga (2018): Turkish Language as a Politicized Element: The Case of Turkish Nation-Building. GeT MA Working Paper No. 15, Department of Social Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. [online] Homepage: Edoc Server Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. URL: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/series/getmaseries Corresponding authors: Tolga Sevin, Master of Social Science, German Turkish Masters Program, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin. Tolga Sevin, born in Ankara, studied at Bilkent University, Middle East Technical University, and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin. He lives in Berlin. This thesis is dedicated to Müfit Kulen. -
Social Engineering’
European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey 7 | 2008 Demographic Engineering - Part I Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk ‘Social Engineering’ Uğur Ümit Üngör Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/2583 DOI: 10.4000/ejts.2583 ISSN: 1773-0546 Publisher EJTS Electronic reference Uğur Ümit Üngör, « Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk ‘Social Engineering’ », European Journal of Turkish Studies [Online], 7 | 2008, Online since 05 March 2015, connection on 16 February 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/2583 ; DOI : 10.4000/ejts. 2583 © Some rights reserved / Creative Commons license Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2008) 'Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk ‘Social Engineering’', European Journal of Turkish Studies, Thematic Issue N° 7 , No. 7 | Demographic Engineering - part I, URL : http://www.ejts.org/document2583.html To quote a passage, use paragraph (§). Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk ‘Social Engineering’ Uğur Ümit Üngör Abstract. This article addresses population politics in the broader Young Turk era (1913-1950), which included genocide, deportation, and forced assimilation of various minority populations. The article opens with an account of the genesis of the concept ‘social engineering’ and provides a synopsis of the literature in the field of Young Turk population politics. It then focuses on the implementation of these nationalist population politics in the eastern provinces to exemplify these policies in detail. The article aims to clarify that the Armenian genocide cannot be understood in isolation from broader Young Turk population politics and argues that a generation of traumatized Young Turk politicians launched and perpetuated this violent project of societal transformation in order to secure the existence of a Turkish nation-state. -
Kurdish Language Rights and Mother Tounge in Education
KURDISH LANGUAGE RIGHTS AND MOTHER TONGUE IN EDUCATION Esra Çevik Language In his 1985 work '' Anathemas and Admirations'', Emil Cioran, a Romanian philosopher and essayist, wrote that ''one does inhabit a country; one inhabits a language. That is our country, our fatherland and no other.'' For Kurds - as many other nations – language is one of the most important points for both individuals and society. Language plays a major role in the shaping of an individual’s identity and its social integration. Throughout history, languages have been used for political purposes, most often as a tool used to build identities and bring together a group of people. As language has both a symbolic and instrumental value, nation-states intervene [in its development] in order to ensure that [social integration] takes place along the desired path. Languages are managed, guided and even re-created. And a number of mechanisms are employed to ensure that the national language is spread. With this aim, tate activities are often held in a single language and the chosen language is imposed to the people of that country who speak different languages. When looking at languages, language policies and rights should be addressed together, because they interact with each other both on a national and international level and they also influence individuals’ language behaviour.1 1 Virtanen, Dil Politikalarının Milliyetçilik Hareketlerindeki Tarihsel Kökenleri, 18. Language policies can be defined as a totality of principles, decisions and practices concerning the languages used within a particular political unit, their areas and regions, their development and the rights to their use.2 Turkey was never an ethnically homogenous country, but leaderships developed definition for the nation that excluded multi-ethnicity. -
A View of the History of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine
A VIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE ISTANBUL FACULTY OF MEDICINE Prof. Dr. Nuran Yıldırım The Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, the Department of History of Medicine and Ethics Attributing the roots of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine to the Fatih Darüşşifa after a great deal of discussion, the 500th anniversary of medical education in Istanbul was celebrated in 1970. The soundest documents showing that medical education was carried out in the Fatih Dârüşşifa were the appointment papers (rüus) of medical students for the dârüşşifa in the 60 years between 1723 and 1783. These nine rüus, which were recently published, clarify that there were positions for six medical students in the dârüşşifa, and that whenever a vacancy came up, a new medical student would be appointed by the chief physician to undergo a systematic medical training. 1-Archival document concerning Ismail Efendi‟s appointment in place of Derviş Mehmet in Fatih Darüşşifa after his death. With the opening of the Süleymaniye Medical Medrese, medical education in Istanbul, which had started with the Fatih Dârüşşifa, became institutionalized. The opening of a medical medrese for the first time in the Ottoman State is accepted as being an important step in our history of medical education. The Süleymaniye Medical Medrese (Süleymaniye Tıp Medresesi) was a medrese for specializing, or a “post-graduate” course, as only students who had completed their classic medrese education could continue. Not only did the physicians that were trained join the scholarly classes, but at the same time they could be qadi or rising even to the level of sheikh-ul-Islam or grand vizier. -
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Yektan Turkyilmaz 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary -
1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe. -
1 Creating Turkishness: an Examination of Turkish Nationalism Through Gök-Börü Güldeniz Kibris Sabanci University Spring 20
CREATING TURKISHNESS: AN EXAMINATION OF TURKISH NATIONALISM THROUGH GÖK-BÖRÜ GÜLDEN İZ KIBRIS SABANCI UNIVERSITY SPRING 2005 1 CREATING TURKISHNESS: AN EXAMINATION OF TURKISH NATIONALISM THROUGH GÖK-BÖRÜ By GÜLDEN İZ KIBRIS Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabanci University Spring 2005 2 CREATING TURKISHNESS: AN EXAMINATION OF TURKISH NATIONALISM THROUGH GÖK-BÖRÜ APPROVED BY: Assoc. Prof. Halil Berktay (Thesis Supervisor) ........................................................ Asst. Prof. Y. Hakan Erdem ....................................................... Asst. Prof. E. Burak Arıkan ......................................................... DATE OF APPROVAL: 12 August 2005 3 © GÜLDEN İZ KIBRIS 2005 All Rights Reserved 4 Abstract CREATING TURKISHNESS: AN EXAMINATION OF TURKISH NATIONALISM THROUGH GÖK-BÖRÜ Güldeniz Kıbrıs History, M.A. Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Halil Berktay 2005, ix + 113 pages This M.A. thesis attempts to exhibit the cross-fertilization between the Pan- Turkist and Kemalist varieties of Turkish nationalism through their definitions of ‘Turkishness.’ In the same vein with contemporary nationalisms, the late Ottoman/Republican nationalist elite created ‘Turkishness’ by referring to a mythical past. In that creation process, the Pan-Turkist and Kemalist nationalist discourses historically developed in the same pool and used similar intellectual sources. Though their ultimate goals were different, the two varieties scrutinized very similar racist and nationalist references in their imaginations of Turkish identity as racially superior. In the name of revealing the similarities and differences, a Pan-Turkist journal, Gök-Börü [Grey Wolf] has been examined. Published and edited by Reha Oğuz Türkkan, the journal appeared between 1942 and 1943 as a byproduct of the special aggressive international environment. -
“KEMALİZM İDEOLOGU” MAHMUT ESAT BOZKURT Me
ANAYASACILIK EKSENİNDE NEVİ ŞAHSINA MÜNHASIR BİR DÜŞÜN VE DEVLET ADAMI: “KEMALİZM İDEOLOGU” MAHMUT ESAT BOZKURT Mehmet Gödekli* A Man of Thought and a Statesman with Unique Characteristics within the Frame of Constitutionalism: “Kemalism Ideologist” Mahmut Esat Bozkurt “İnkılapçıyız. Evet inkılapçıyız. Zira hayat sürekli bir değişikliktir. Durmak ölümdür. Yaşamak ve yaşatmak istediğimiz için inkılapçıyız.” (Bozkurt, Atatürk İhtilali’nden). ÖZ Mahmut Esat Bozkurt’un, Türk hukuk devrimini başlatan devlet adamı sıfatıyla hem hukuk sistemimiz hem de inkılap tarihimiz açısından en önemli şahsiyetlerden biri olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında modern devletlerin temel kanunlarının iktisap edilmesine ve Yeni Türkiye’de uygulanmasına ön ayak olan bir hukuk adamı olarak Bozkurt, aynı zamanda Ankara Hukuk Fakültesi’nin kurucusu ve uluslararası Bozkurt-Lotus davasında Türk tarafının savunucusu özellikleriyle de tanınmaktadır. Gerek özel hayatında gerek devlet hayatında çok yönlü bir karaktere sahip olan Mahmut Esat, Devletin anayasal sisteminin oluşturulması devresinde, bir kısmı anayasal ve yasal sisteme de yerleştirilen oldukça önemli fikirler ileri sürmüştür. Bu makalede Bozkurt’un kısaca siyasal kariyerinden bahsedildikten sonra, esas olarak onun anayasacılık anlayışına ve bu bağlamda kendine özgü düşüncelerine ve teorilerine değinilmektedir. Bu çerçevede Mahmut Esat’ın Kemalizm öğretisi ve bu öğretiyi açıklamak üzere başvurduğu politik gerekçeler incelenmektedir. Bozkurt’un Kemalizm öğretisinin dayanağı olan milliyetçilik, -
Documents1.Pdf
DOCUMENTS PRIME MINISTRY DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF PRESS AN0 INFORMATION CONTENTS NO. DATE OF DOCUMENT SUBJECT Order of 3rd Army Commander on mea- sures to counter Russian provocations through Caucasian Armenians. Identifications of Armenians serving qs 3rd Lt. in the Turkish Army. Interior Ministw instruction on Zeytun gang. Letter of Ambassador in Teheran on links Between Russians and Iranian and Cau- casian Armenians. Letter of Erzurum Provincial authority on Armenians provocated by Russians. Report by Trabzon Gownor on informa- tion related to organizing of Armenian armed raiders by Russian Government Report by 3rd Army Command on arming of Armenians by Russians. Report by 2nd Cavalry Division Comman- der on KaQ~zmanincidents. Coded message from Kazm Bey on Van rebels Report by Gendarmarie Commander Ka- ztm Bey (Ozalp) on Van Rebellion. Proposal by Erzurum Governor Tahsin Bey to Acting Commander-in-Chief Enver Pasha related to Van rebellion. Report by Acting 11 th Army Corps Com- mander on Armenian military deserters in the Mus region. Coded message by 11 th Army Corps Com- mand on assassination of one lieutenant and four Gendarmarie enlisted men by Ar- menians during the search of Arak Monas- tery. Instruction on method for securing public order. List of Turks murdered by Armenian gangs. Coded message from Bronzar Pasha on Zeytun incidents Letter from Van Gendarmarie Division Command on Armenian attacks on Gendar- marie outposts and men. Report on Armenian aggressions on Mos- lem villages and on gendarmeries in Van and Bitl is regions. Coded message from 4 th Army Comman- der Cemal Pasha on the link of the Patri- arch with Zeytun incidents. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ILL-FATED’ SONS OF THE ‘NATION’: OTTOMAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN RUSSIA AND EGYPT, 1914-1922 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Yucel Yarukdag. -
The Turkish ORDEAL
The Turkish ORDEAL Being the further memoirs of HALIDE EDIB With a frontispiece in color by ALEXANDRE PANKOFF And many illustrations from photographs THE CENTURY CO. New York London DEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OF THE NATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE TURKISH ORDEAL “My story is simple. It does not aim at a moral. But I pray that the future Youth who will read it may tear away the veil behind which they slew each other and were slain . recognize their likeness in the eyes of their brothers . grip each other’s hands . and on the old Ruins of hatred and Desolation erect a New World of Brotherhood and Peace.” CONTENTS PART I IN ISTAMBOUL CHAPTER I PREPARATORY EVENTS TO THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT II THE OCCUPATION OF SMYRNA AND THE INTERNAL UPHEAVAL III REFUGEE FOR THE SECOND TIME PART II IN ANGORA IV ANGORA, MUSTAFA KEMAL, AND THE STRUGGLE V IMPORTANT PHASES OF THE CIVIL WAR VI PEOPLE, HORSES, AND DOGS VII THE LAST OF THE IRREGULARS AND THE NEW ARMY VIII THE FIRST GLIMPSE PART III AT THE FRONT IX HOW I JOINED THE ARMY X SAKARIA XI CORPORAL HALIDE XII THROUGH ORDEAL TO IDEAL XIII IN SMYRNA XIV FROM SMYRNA TO BROUSSA XV THE RESPITE CHAPTER I PREPARATORY EVENTS TO THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (October 30, 1918 – May 15, 1919) My own condition – physical and mental – at that time might be taken as typical of the general feeling in my country after the armistice was signed and the Allied troops had entered. I felt stupefied, tired, and utterly sick of all that had happened since 1914. -
Teachers' Perception of the National Ideology of Kemalism and Its Effects on Kurdish Pupils
Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(1): 211-222, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2019.070127 Teachers' Perception of the National Ideology of Kemalism and Its Effects on Kurdish Pupils Adem Incei Faculty of Education, Siirt University, Turkey Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract This paper is based on an empirical study The cult of Atatürk was initially established in the 1930s examining Turkish and Kurdish teachers’ perception of the when Atatürk was still alive. For example, the first national ideology of Kemalism and its effects on Kurdish examples of statues/monuments across Turkey were pupils. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 encouraged by Atatürk himself as he clearly made himself teachers working in the east/southeast provinces of Turkey, out to be the unquestionable leader, who is referred as the which are predominantly inhabited by Kurds. The findings ‘eternal chief’ (ebedî şef) even during his own time. Having revealed that the Kemalist ideology has serious negative said that the establishment of the cult of the Atatürk effects on Kurdish pupils, as it directly excludes and personality was completed by his followers (including the alienates the Kurdish identity. This paper also showed that Turkish armed forces that are fierce defender of the the dominance of Kemalism in education seems to trigger a Kemalist ideology) after his death (see Zürcher, 2007). lot of other issues existing in society such as the exclusion of non-Turks and polarisation.