Dissertation Final

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dissertation Final Ending War: Colonial Processes of Pacification and the Elimination of Warfare in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea Dissertation of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Lucerne handed in by: Tobias Schwörer Accepted on March 21st, 2016 on request by: Prof. Dr. Jürg Helbling, First Supervisor Prof. Dr. Paul “Jim” Roscoe, Second Supervisor Lucerne, 2020 DOI: Lucerne Open Repository [LORY]: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3716138 This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Ending War iii Abstract Pacification denotes a process whereby a state attends to extend its monopoly of violence onto politically autonomous groups outside its sphere of control and thereby curtails any further collective violence between those groups and armed resistance against the imposition of state control. In this thesis, I look at colonial processes of pacification in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea and establish the causal mechanisms that lead to the elimination of indigenous warfare between the late 1940s and the mid-1960s. I not only document and analyse these processes in detail, but also develop a methodological and analytical toolkit to compare processes of pacification in general, and an encompassing theoretical framework to explain the gradual but ultimately successful transition to a colonially induced peace. Using a combination of documentary and archival sources from the colonial administration, published ethnographic information and own fieldwork data, oral history interviews with villagers in the Eastern Highlands as well as former colonial officers, I trace in detail the complex circumstances and preconditions of the processes of pacification. The thesis focuses on four communities in three ethnic groups in the Okapa and Obura- Wonenara Districts of the Eastern Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea, namely Purosa among the Fore, Amaira among the Auyana, and Bibeori and Obura among the Southern Tairora. All of these communities were first contacted between 1947 and 1949 by government patrols of the Australian administration. The ensuing process of pacification has been far from uniform, however. While indigenous warfare ceased quickly among the Fore and Auyana, it persisted for a much more extended period among the Southern Tairora. These temporal variations and the differing outcomes form an ideal setting to compare different trajectories of pacification and extract general features conducive to the elimination of warfare. In comparing the four case studies I show that there are three decisive conditions for pacification: 1) a strategy of repression that punishes groups still engaged in warfare; 2) a strategy of incentives that rewards groups willing to cease war; and 3) the establishment of judicial institutions that enable the peaceful settlement of conflicts between pacified groups. These strategies would ultimately reverse the incentive structures to pursue warfare as a form of retaliation, and over time guarantee lasting peace. While the Australian administration employed all of these strategies to varying degrees, it was the perspective and agency of the local population that made the difference. Pre-contact conditions, such as modalities and intensity of warfare, patterns of leadership and alliance, as well as traditional institutions of peace-making, also shaped the process of pacification. Political decision-making within local groups led to different strategies of interaction with the colonial agents, ranging from violent resistance to avid acceptance of the proclaimed ban of warfare. Only when the villagers perceived repression as systematic and impartial, only when they welcomed selective rewards and only after they widely accepted alternative institutions of conflict settlement, did they stop waging war. And it was in areas where local leaders started to settle conflicts on their own in courts styled after the courts of the Australian administration that an initial end of warfare turned into a lasting peace. All of this demonstrates that it is crucial to investigate local cultural understandings and epistemologies in processes of pacification, as it is the culturally patterned agency of indigenous actors that determines not only resistance to the imposition of state control, but also the sometimes quick, sometimes delayed cessation of warfare. Table of Contents ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ............................................................................................................ XII 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 PROCESSES OF PACIFICATION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 A DEFINITION OF PACIFICATION ............................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 MOTIVATION, AIMS AND APPROACH OF THIS STUDY ............................................................. 4 1.1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................... 7 1.2 THE UPPER LAMARI VALLEY ....................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 PACIFICATION IN THE UPPER LAMARI VALLEY ..................................................................... 11 1.2.2 CHOICE OF RESEARCH SITES .................................................................................................... 13 1.3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 LITERATURE AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ................................................................................ 16 1.3.2 FIELDWORK AND ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS ...................................................................... 19 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ....................................................................................................... 21 2 THEORIES OF WAR AND PACIFICATION ....................................................................... 23 2.1 THEORIES OF NON-STATE WARFARE ....................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 WAR AND CULTURE ................................................................................................................. 25 2.1.2 WAR AND ECONOMY ............................................................................................................... 25 2.1.3 WAR AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE ................................................................................................ 26 2.1.4 WAR AND HISTORY .................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.5 WAR AND POLITICS .................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.6 CAVEATS ................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2 A THEORY OF PACIFICATION .................................................................................................... 29 3 CULTURE AND SOCIETY ....................................................................................................... 33 3.1 SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE INDIGENOUS SOCIETY ............ 33 3.1.1 SOCIAL STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................. 34 3.1.2 POLITICAL LEADERSHIP ........................................................................................................... 38 3.1.3 MODES OF PRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 39 3.1.4 RELATIONS BETWEEN LOCAL GROUPS .................................................................................... 42 3.2 ASPECTS OF TRADITIONAL WARFARE ..................................................................................... 43 3.2.1 WARRING GROUPS ................................................................................................................... 43 vi Ending War 3.2.2 EXISTENCE AND STABILITY OF ALLIANCES ............................................................................. 45 3.2.3 TRIGGERS FOR WAR .................................................................................................................. 47 3.2.4 WEAPONS .................................................................................................................................. 49 3.2.5 FORMS OF WARFARE ................................................................................................................ 51 3.2.6 INTENSITY OF WARFARE .......................................................................................................... 55 3.2.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF WARFARE IN SOCIETY ................................................................................ 56 3.2.8 EFFECTS OF WARFARE ON SOCIETY ........................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • E. Mei-Li Roberts Phd Thesis
    Translating Identities: ‘Being a missionary’ in Papua New Guinea Submitted by: E. Mei-Li Roberts For the degree of: PhD (Social Anthropology) Date of submission: March 13, 2006 Abstract Many studies of missionaries have taken an historical perspective, looking particularly at missionaries’ role in colonialism. However, missionaries are still very much part of contemporary Papua New Guinea (PNG), with a significant number of expatriate missionary groups working in PNG. This thesis is a study of a present day mission in PNG, SIL International, formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). It examines the way in which the mission community is constructed and the boundaries and divisions within the community itself. It attempts to challenge some of the stereotypes of missionaries and show that there are different views of what it is to ‘be a missionary’ even within the missionary community itself. I focus particularly on what it means to ‘be a missionary’ and the ambiguities and ambivalences between the ideals and realities of mission work. The focus of the study was on SIL members themselves and their identities as missionaries rather than the effect of their missionising on others. This is examined through a number of different themes. Debates about the fence surrounding the mission station highlighted the way in which it created both a physical and a symbolic boundary between those living inside the fence and the people living outside of it. Related to this were debates regarding the mission station, Ukarumpa and how SIL members should ‘communicate the gospel’. SIL’s main goal is Bible translation and the thesis explores the challenges and problems of translation, both the practical aspects of Bible translation and translating between cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea Working Paper No. 8
    AUSTRALIAN AGENCY for INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Working Paper No. 8 EASTERN HIGHLANDS PROVINCE TEXT SUMMARIES, MAPS, CODE LISTS AND VILLAGE IDENTIFICATION R.M. Bourke, B.J. Allen, RL. Hide, D. Fritsch, R. Grau, P. Hobsbawn, E. Lowes and D. Stannard REVISED and REPRINTED 2002 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY · PAPUA NEW GUINEA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Working Paper No. 8 EASTERN HIGHLANDS PROVINCE TEXT SUMMARIES, MAPS, CODE LISTS AND VILLAGE IDENTIFICATION R.M. Bourke, B.J. Allen, R.L. Hide, D. Fritsch, R. Grau, P. Hobsbawn, E. Lowes and D. Stannard Department of Human Geography, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia REVISED and REPRINTED 2002 Correct Citation: Bourke, R.M., Allen, B.J., Hide, R.L., Fritsch, D., Grau, R., Hobsbawn, P., Lowes, E. and Stannard, D. (2002). Eastern Highlands Province: Text Summaries, Maps, Code Lists and Village Identification. Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea Working Paper No. 8. Land Management Group, Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra. Revised edition. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry: Eastern Highlands Province: text summaries, maps, code lists and village identification. Rev. ed. ISBN 0 9579381 8 7 1. Agricultural systems – Papua New Guinea – Eastern Highlands Province. 2. Agricultural geography – Papua New Guinea – Eastern Highlands Province. 3. Agricultural mapping – Papua New Guinea – Eastern Highlands Province. I. Bourke, R.M. (Richard Michael). II. Australian National University. Land Management Group. (Series: Agricultural systems of Papua New Guinea working paper; no.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Implementation of the OLPG &
    ONSTITUTIONAL AND C LAW REFORM COMMISSION A Review of the Implementation of the OLPG & LLG: A Six Provinces Survey MONOGRAPH NO. 1 CONSTITUTIONAL AND LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA MONOGRAPH 1 REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OLPG & LLG ON SERVICE DELIVERY ARRANGEMENTS: A SIX PROVINCES SURVEY Edited by DR LAWRENCE KALINOE ii Published in Port Moresby by: Constitutional and Law Reform Commission Level 1, Bank South Pacific Building, Boroko National Capital District Website: www.clrc.gov.pg Telephone: (675) 325 2862 (675) 325 2840 Fax: (675) 325 3375 Email: [email protected] [email protected] The Constitutional and Law Reform Commission is a successor to the Law Reform Commission and the Constitutional Development Commission. It was established in 2005 pursuant to provisions of the Constitutional and Law Reform Commission Act (No. 24 of 2004) that was enacted on 24 th November, 2004 and proclaimed into force in March 2005. ISBN: 9980-9900-7-4 © 2009 Government of Papua New Guinea The text in this document (excluding the coat of arms) may be reproduced free of charge in any medium to the extent allowed under Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 2000. The material must be acknowledged as State copyright and the title of the document acknowledged. iv Foreword _________________ There has been concerns raised about the state of affairs in the system of decentralization that we now have under the current Organic Law on Provincial and Local-level Governments – essentially that under this current system, delivery of basic government provided services such as in health, education, transportation, communication, etc., have deteriorated and that the current system is not functioning well.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Papua New Guinea General Elections Election Observation Report
    2017 PAPUA NEW GUINEA GENERAL ELECTIONS ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT Australian National University Department of Pacific Affairs 2017 PAPUA NEW GUINEA GENERAL ELECTIONS ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT November 2018 Australian National University Department of Pacific Affairs ABOUT THE AUTHORS Associate Professor Nicole Haley heads the Australian National University (ANU) Department of Pacific Affairs (DPA). Funded in partnership by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and ANU, DPA (formerly known as the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia (SSGM) Program) is the leading international centre for applied multidisciplinary research and analysis concerning Melanesia and the broader Pacific. For the past 25 years, Haley has conducted deep, long-term empirical and applied policy-relevant research in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and has published extensively on aspects of political and social conflict. Her PhD entitled Ipakana Yakaiya: Mapping Landscapes, Mapping Lives – Contemporary Land Politics among the Duna, was an innovative and landmark study, which was awarded the 2003 ANU Crawford Prize for Academic Excellence. Haley has observed the past five national elections in PNG and has led large scale election observations in PNG, Solomon Islands and Samoa. In 2014 she received the Vice Chancellor’s Award for Public Policy and Outreach, in recognition of her substantial public policy contribution to the “areas of women’s empowerment and political participation, electoral monitoring and electoral reform”. Dr Kerry Zubrinich is a Research Fellow with DPA, ANU. For the past 30 years her research has centred on aspects of social life in Melanesia, with the peoples of PNG and the indigenous peoples of West Papua her key research focus.
    [Show full text]
  • Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands
    Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands First compiled by Nancy Sack and Gwen Sinclair Updated by Nancy Sack Current to January 2020 Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands Background An inquiry from a librarian in Micronesia about how to identify subject headings for the Pacific islands highlighted the need for a list of authorized Library of Congress subject headings that are uniquely relevant to the Pacific islands or that are important to the social, economic, or cultural life of the islands. We reasoned that compiling all of the existing subject headings would reveal the extent to which additional subjects may need to be established or updated and we wish to encourage librarians in the Pacific area to contribute new and changed subject headings through the Hawai‘i/Pacific subject headings funnel, coordinated at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.. We captured headings developed for the Pacific, including those for ethnic groups, World War II battles, languages, literatures, place names, traditional religions, etc. Headings for subjects important to the politics, economy, social life, and culture of the Pacific region, such as agricultural products and cultural sites, were also included. Scope Topics related to Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai‘i would predominate in our compilation had they been included. Accordingly, we focused on the Pacific islands in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (excluding Hawai‘i and New Zealand). Island groups in other parts of the Pacific were also excluded. References to broader or related terms having no connection with the Pacific were not included. Overview This compilation is modeled on similar publications such as Music Subject Headings: Compiled from Library of Congress Subject Headings and Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Trans New Guinea Family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström
    2 The Trans New Guinea family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström 2.1 Introduction The island of New Guinea is a region of spectacular, deep linguistic diversity.1 It contains roughly 850 languages, which on present evidence fall into at least 18 language families that are not demonstrably related, along with several iso- lates.2 This immense diversity, far greater than that found in the much larger area of Europe, is no doubt mainly a consequence of the fact that New Guinea has been occupied for roughly 50,000 years by peoples organised into small kin-based social groups, lacking overarching political affiliations, and dispersed across a terrain largely dominated by rugged mountains and swampy lowlands, with quite frequent population movements. Among the non-Austronesian families of New Guinea one family stands out for its large membership and wide geographic spread: Trans New Guinea (TNG). With a probable membership of between 300 and 500 discrete languages, plus hundreds of highly divergent dialects, TNG is among the most numerous of the world’s language families.3 TNG languages are spoken from the Bomberai Pen- insula at the western end of mainland New Guinea (132 degrees E) almost to the eastern tip of the island (150 degrees E). Most of the cordillera that runs for more than 2000 kilometers along the centre of New Guinea is occupied exclusively by TNG languages. They are also prominent in much of the lowlands to the south of the cordillera and in patches to the north, especially from central Madang Province eastwards. There are possible outliers spoken on Timor, Alor and Pantar.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Trans New Guinea Family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström
    2 The Trans New Guinea family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström 2.1 Introduction The island of New Guinea is a region of spectacular, deep linguistic diversity.1 It contains roughly 850 languages, which on present evidence fall into at least 18 language families that are not demonstrably related, along with several iso- lates.2 This immense diversity, far greater than that found in the much larger area of Europe, is no doubt mainly a consequence of the fact that New Guinea has been occupied for roughly 50,000 years by peoples organised into small kin-based social groups, lacking overarching political affiliations, and dispersed across a terrain largely dominated by rugged mountains and swampy lowlands, with quite frequent population movements. Among the non-Austronesian families of New Guinea one family stands out for its large membership and wide geographic spread: Trans New Guinea (TNG). With a probable membership of between 300 and 500 discrete languages, plus hundreds of highly divergent dialects, TNG is among the most numerous of the world’s language families.3 TNG languages are spoken from the Bomberai Pen- insula at the western end of mainland New Guinea (132 degrees E) almost to the eastern tip of the island (150 degrees E). Most of the cordillera that runs for more than 2000 kilometers along the centre of New Guinea is occupied exclusively by TNG languages. They are also prominent in much of the lowlands to the south of the cordillera and in patches to the north, especially from central Madang Province eastwards. There are possible outliers spoken on Timor, Alor and Pantar.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Appendix To
    Online Appendix to Hammarström, Harald & Sebastian Nordhoff. (2012) The languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the level of coverage. In Nicholas Evans & Marian Klamer (eds.), Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century (Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication 5), 13-34. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ’Are’are [alu] < Austronesian, Nuclear Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo- Polynesian, Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic, Longgu-Malaita- Makira, Malaita-Makira, Malaita, Southern Malaita Geerts, P. 1970. ’Are’are dictionary (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 14). Canberra: The Australian National University [dictionary 185 pp.] Ivens, W. G. 1931b. A Vocabulary of the Language of Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies VI. 963–1002 [grammar sketch] Tryon, Darrell T. & B. D. Hackman. 1983. Solomon Islands Languages: An Internal Classification (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 72). Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Bibliography: p. 483-490 [overview, comparative, wordlist viii+490 pp.] ’Auhelawa [kud] < Austronesian, Nuclear Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo- Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic linkage, Papuan Tip linkage, Nuclear Papuan Tip linkage, Suauic unknown, A. (2004 [1983?]). Organised phonology data: Auhelawa language [kud] milne bay province http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=49613 1 Lithgow, David. 1987. Language change and relationships in Tubetube and adjacent languages. In Donald C. Laycock & Werner Winter (eds.), A world of language: Papers presented to Professor S. A. Wurm on his 65th birthday (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 100), 393-410. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University [overview, comparative, wordlist] Lithgow, David.
    [Show full text]
  • English-Tairora A
    abandon 489 air English-Tairora humpari . A – a admonish 2 abandon qaqira ke. adopt viri3, virite. abdomen of dog and pig naamauta, adorn vaataiqi3, vahehe. naavoka, naavokauta. adult mantaqi1 (1). abduct rarauri (1). adult cassowary varaantora. able to ‑aqara. adversary navutaa‑. abort pregnancy rapipiaqa ke1, tairi ke. advice uva3, uva maara. about to cry auquru taratarama i. advise avu aato ami. about to set (of sun) veri vaari i. aerate ground kaari kaari i1. above virini. aerate soil mimauqa nte. above the fire iha vuqa. affair kaiqa3, okara2. above the nose auhaahaara. affect all topi taapi i. abrade kinkipama vi. affected aru vi4, muntukaqaa aru vi2, abstain tutake2. mutukaqaa aru vi. abstain from food aure. affectionate vocative term for mother abundance ‑tahaa, tuqima ke. ntoqio. abuse meme maamaa i. afraid vaaquqi, vaata ihantaqai uri, accept vare (1). vaata ihataa ntera vi, vaata ntera vi. accompany ‑nti, vekuqe. afraid of aatu. accurate avuqavuma ke (1). afraid of all of you naatu2. accuse ntuva ke1, oqi1, viraqaa ntuvate. afraid of me haatu. ache aiha vi, nkaqe1. afraid of them naatu2. achilles tendon auroka noquntu, auroka afraid of us haatu. roquntu. after naantiara. acorn of oak tree kirukura, mpaavaurora, afternoon ere. pempara, vaavaurora. afterwards naantiara, naantiaraini, naatera. across ‑qaa, taurini. again eqaa, qaiqaa, qiqaa. act like taanaara. again and again qaiqaa qaiqaa. act stupidly aahuqaa nti. Agarabi language Vate uva. active (of sickness) qaqi ite. agemate hana. add to, extend tomaqe. ageratum species taqoqinora. addicted to aru vi4, muntukaqaa aru vi1, ageratum weed ntaqoqinora. mutukaqaa taaqau vi. aglow auri1. adequate ho. agony antura ri (1), atura nti.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 6 Agricultural Development, Policies and Governance
    Part 6 Agricultural Development, Policies and Governance Bryant Allen 6.1 Land tenure . .426 6.2 Agriculture and gender . .431 6.3 Policy making in the agricultural sector . .437 6.4 Governance . .442 6.5 Agricultural surveys . .455 6.6 Nutrition surveys . .463 6.7 Land settlement schemes 1 . 469 6.8 Rural development projects . .473 6.9 Transport infrastructure . .477 6.10 Rural poverty . .484 425 6.1 Land tenure After World War II, attempts were made to provide Customary ownership for registration of customary land. The Native Land Registration Ordinance was passed and a Native Land Commission was established to administer it. Around 97% of land in PNG is occupied and used Around 1960 a Land Titles Commission was set up under customary tenure. This section attempts to to hear claims and make decisions about ownership provide a basic understanding of customary land of customary land. In 1972 the Commission tenures. Custom is here defined as the long-estab- of Inquiry into Land Matters, with an all-PNG lished practices of the people of PNG. The principles membership, was set up by the PNG Government to of land tenure that arise from custom are not written make recommendations on suitable land policies and down, but are maintained through time by human laws for an independent PNG. The Commission’s memory and everyday practice. Although custom recommendations for customary land registration is recognised legally in the laws and constitution were never fully adopted but some legislation of PNG, land used and occupied under customary based on the inquiry was passed, including the tenure remains outside any formal state system of land Land Groups Incorporation Act and Land Disputes administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Modifying Ovarian Feedback on the Reproductive Performance of Highlands Half-Bred Ewes
    Proceedings.book Page 662 Monday, September 17, 2001 11:30 AM Effect of Modifying Ovarian Feedback on the Reproductive Performance of Highlands Half-Bred Ewes Paul N. Manua* Abstract An experiment was conducted at Tambul Research Station, Western Highlands Province, PNG, to determine the response of highlands half-bred ewes to the steroid hormone Androject, injected eight and four weeks before the onset of mating. The aim was to determine the potential use of this method for increasing lamb production in the national and provincial sheep farms producing lambs for distribution to farmers. Ewes that received Androject showed a fecundity of 1.42 per ewe compared to 1.18 per ewe for the control group. The number of lambs weaned per 100 ewes in the treated and the untreated groups were 119 and 97 respectively. It appears that under the prevailing feeding and management conditions at Tambul Research Station, the use of a steroid immunising vaccine such as Androject may result in a significant increase in the fecundity of ewes. THE production of lambs by the national and the pro- output of lambs from the farm breeding centres, vincial sheep farms is inadequate to meet demand through modification of ovarian feedback using the from farmers. Production of lambs can be increased vaccine Androject. from available breeding ewes by increasing the repro- ductive rate of these animals but a major factor lim- iting reproductive rate is low ovulation rate (Hanrahan Materials and Methods 1980). Nutritional, photoperiodic, genetic or pharma- cological means can be used to manipulate ovulation The study was conducted at the Tambul Research rates (Cummins et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medical Society of Papua New Guinea
    Public Private Partnership in Health Care 2009 MEDICAL SYMPOSIUM 1 www.mspng.org Public Private Partnership in Health Care THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Takes this opportunity to sincerely thank The Pacific International Hospital, St. Mary’s Hospital, JTA International and UPNG School of Medicine and Health Science for Co-Hosting the 45th Annual Medical Symposium at the School of Medicine & Health Sciences,UPNG, Taurama Campus. August 30th – September 4th 2009 2009 MEDICAL SYMPOSIUM 2 www.mspng.org Public Private Partnership in Health Care 45th Annual Medical Symposium School of Medicine & Health Sciences, UPNG, Taurama Campus August 30th – September 4th 2009 2009 MEDICAL SYMPOSIUM 3 www.mspng.org Public Private Partnership in Health Care EDITORIAL TEAM Chief Editor Nakapi Tefuarani Editorial Committee Mathias Sapuri Sylvester Lahe Osborne Liko Frank Torova Pius Umo Nicholas Mann Publishing Arno Leka Rose Solien Photography Pedro Kamong Pradeep Ratnagiri Typeset Rose Solien Sylvester Lahe Printing Moore Printing Ltd Published by Medical Society of Papua New Guinea P.O. Box 6665 BOROKO National Capital District Papua New Guinea www.mspng.org [email protected] Copyright © 2009 – Medical Society of Papua New Guinea All rights reserved 2009 MEDICAL SYMPOSIUM 4 www.mspng.org Public Private Partnership in Health Care 2009 MEDICAL SYMPOSIUM ORGANISING COMMITTEE Frank Torova Nitin Datir Fred Kambual Amyna Sultan Vaishali Datir James Maibon Pius Umo Felicidad Cabrera Thomas Kubu Paul Mondia Kimberley Kawapuro Gladwin Mai Duncan Dobunaba Joycelyn Ila Ringko Sitaing Conny Caspar Bernadette Iamo Darius Deganu Onne Rageau Noella Desini Faisal Quareshi Pradeep Ratnagiri Hakim Ujainwalla Sanjay Aggarwal John Vince Philip Modudula 2009 MEDICAL SYMPOSIUM 5 www.mspng.org Public Private Partnership in Health Care CONTENTS Members of the 2009 Medical Symposium Organising Committee…………………………………………….
    [Show full text]