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Welsh Print Culture in Y Wladfa: the Role of Ethnic Newspapers in Welsh Patagonia, 18681933

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Welsh Print Culture in Y Wladfa: the Role of Ethnic Newspapers in Welsh Patagonia, 18681933 Welsh Print Culture in y Wladfa: The Role of Ethnic Newspapers in Welsh Patagonia, 18681933 Walter Ariel Brooks Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University 2012 Summary of thesis This thesis explores the role played by Welsh-language newspapers in y Wladfa (the Welsh settlement in Argentine Patagonia) from its inception in 1865 until 1933. The newspapers are analysed to assess in which manner they contributed to creating and maintaining a particular kind of Welsh identity whose preservation was the founding principle of the Patagonian settlement, and how that particular sense of Welshness evolved through time. The various publications produced by the Welsh in Patagonia will also be used to identify whether there were any challenges from within the Welsh community to the values, culture and identity that the newspapers promoted. Of special interest is analysing the interaction of the Welsh settlers with the Argentine Central Government and its representatives in the Chubut Territory. The reactions of Welsh-Patagonian newspapers to the complexities of the socio-political and cultural changes that Argentina underwent towards the end of the nineteenth century until the 1930s will be identified in order to understand how the Welsh experience in Patagonia fits in with the designs of the Government to effectively incorporate the Patagonian region into the fold of the Republic, and how the nationalistic policies of the Argentine Government impacted on the Welsh community and its press. This thesis also looks at how the Welsh-Patagonian newspapers interacted with an international network of Welsh-language publications from a distant corner of Patagonia. This research thesis intends to be a contribution to the studies of the ethnic press, studies of the experiences of the Welsh overseas, and studies in the field of immigration and ethnic communities in Argentina –more specifically in the context of the Patagonian region. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to a number of individuals who have contributed to making this research project a highly enjoyable experience despite the titanic effort involved in preparing this thesis: My two supervisors, Dr E. Wyn James and Prof. Bill Jones for their constant support, patience and understanding, and for being a source of inspiration in my academic work. They are not only outstanding academics in their fields of expertise, but they are first and foremost wonderful, down to earth individuals as well as excellent travel companions. The Head of the School of Welsh, Cardiff University, Prof. Sioned Davies for providing institutional and personal support through all these years. Diolch yn fawr iawn i chi. It would have been almost impossible to embark on a doctoral thesis without having been awarded a Richard Whipp scholarship. My sincere gratitude goes to his family and Cardiff University. Prof. Emeritus Robert Owen Jones, who, in our many trips to Patagonia, taught me not only the craft of doing field work so that I would become a hopefully competent research assistant, but also to see the place where I come from through the eyes of an outsider, an extremely valuable asset for a researcher. Llawer o ddiolch Robert, am roi cychwyn i fy ngyrfa academaidd ac am eich cyfeillgarwch diffuant. The staff at the Cardiff Humanities Library, especially in SCOLAR, and the staff at the Welsh section at the Cardiff Central Library, who facilitated my work in countless hours of poring through old newspapers. The staff at the Gaiman museum for sharing the wealth of their archives and also for their trust and friendship. Carol Gough for her spiritual support. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to: First of all, to the memory of my Welsh ancestors who migrated to Patagonia. To my parents, for their unconditional love. To my dear friend Gabriel Jurjevic, who sadly passed away but remains a guiding light in my life (A mayor gloria de Dios) With love to my wife Geraldine and my son Ioan, for so many things... ii Contents Summary............................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements............................................................................................... ii Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Historical context, 1860s–1930s: Wales, Argentina and Patagonia... 15 Chapter 2: The Press, Immigration and Ethnicity................................................ 58 Chapter 3: In the Beginning was the Word: Early Welsh-Patagonian Print Culture, 18681890............................................................................................................ 83 Chapter 4: Teacher, Preacher, Guardian and Saviour: Y Drafod, 18911913.... 124 Chapter 5: All Quiet on the Western Front? Y Drafod, 19141919.................... 163 Chapter 6: The Long and Winding Downward Road: Y Drafod, 19201933.... 201 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 236 Appendix 1.......................................................................................................... 245 Appendix 2......................................................................................................... 249 Appendix 3.......................................................................................................... 250 Appendix 4......................................................................................................... 251 Appendix 5..........................................................................................................253 Bibliography...................................................................................................... 256 iii Introduction Following the return of democracy to Argentina in 1983, after a long and unstable 50 years during which military coups were all too common,1 it was finally possible for Argentineans to question the concept of a monolithic, quasi-mythological national identity that had been purposefully created towards the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century to generate a sense of unity and consensus in a country that was experiencing profound transformations.2 This new atmosphere experienced mostly since the late 1980s, had an impact on many aspects of the Argentine psyche, leading to a reassessment of the contribution of the diverse and numerous immigrant groups to the development of the country as well as the continued presence of the original peoples.3 This new interest in the study of immigrant group experiences has opened the gates for an exploration of ethnic communities throughout Argentina. For the purpose of this study, we are mostly concerned with those works that focus on the Welsh experience in Patagonia. In the past 25 years there has been a good number of academic and non-academic publications in Spanish, Welsh or English or a combination of these languages dealing with different aspects of the Welsh 1 The first of six military coup d’etat in Argentina in the twentieth century happened in 1930 and the last one in 1976. 2 See Liliana Bertoni, Patriotas, Cosmopolitas y Nacionalistas. La Construcción de la Nacionalidad Argentina a Fines del Siglo XIX (Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2001); and Luis Alberto Romero (ed.), La Argentina en la Escuela. La Idea de Nación en los Textos Escolares (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2004). For a general exploration of the concepts of how traditions and nations were invented and/or modelled, see the following edited volumes: Eric J. Hobsbawm and Terence O. Ranger, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Eric J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Programme, Myth and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 3 See for instance, Carlos Martínez Sarasola, Nuestros Paisanos los Indios (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1992); María Bjerg, Historias de la Inmigración en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Edhasa, 2009); Brígida Baeza, Fronteras e Identidades en Patagonia Central (Rosario: Prohistoria, 2009). 1 settlement, from its history to its literary production in prose and poetry, conference proceedings, works on genealogy and even Welsh-Patagonian recipes.4 On the other side of the Atlantic, and more specifically in Wales, the phenomenon of Welsh migration has been studied in considerable depth, even to the point where some authors have challenged the highlighting of some of those experiences as not being always relevant or contributing anything valuable to the on-going academic debate.5 Within this extensive field, many aspects of the history of y Wladfa the Welsh settlement established in Patagonia in 18656 have been studied by historians, sociologists, geographers and linguists, among others. In fact, most of the early works about the Welsh experience in Patagonia were produced by Welsh people from Wales, and it is in only since the end of the twentieth century that we see the majority of the publications originating in Argentina, while some are of a ‘bi-national’ nature.7 4 See Walter Brooks and Geraldine Lublin, ‘Croesi ffiniau diwylliannol’, Taliesin, 125 (Haf 2005), 94- 95. 5 Aled Jones and Bill Jones quote Keith Jeffery commenting on the ‘just fancy that’ school of history approach by which some researchers consider it worth studying any venture (outside Wales in this case) irrespective of its importance. See Aled Jones
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