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A Concise Dictionary of Middle English
A Concise Dictionary of Middle English A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat A Concise Dictionary of Middle English Table of Contents A Concise Dictionary of Middle English...........................................................................................................1 A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat........................................................................................................1 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................3 NOTE ON THE PHONOLOGY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH...................................................................5 ABBREVIATIONS (LANGUAGES),..................................................................................................11 A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH....................................................................................12 A.............................................................................................................................................................12 B.............................................................................................................................................................48 C.............................................................................................................................................................82 D...........................................................................................................................................................122 -
Fornmanna Sögur :, 5. B
' : J . — l » T ; F * J :í-.^^?^^\^r:^-::=^^r-:sy-^^-^^^^^^ -'':.'-:-;--'.:^ -'i:; ::-.->;;. t.\ K- rj s FORNMANNA SÖGUR, EPTIR GÖMLUM HANDRITUM UTGEFNAR AÐ TILHLUTUN HINS KONUNGLIGA NORRÆNA FORNFRÆÐA FELAGS. Uiðar orSi kveÖr cngi niaíSr. FjölstdnnsmáU FIMTA BINDI. Saga Ólafs konúngs hins helga Önnur deild. 1í\aupm«nnaí)0fit, isso. Pn;nr.aSnr í cnni Poppsku pvt'ntsmiöju. 3 í 1 SAGA ÓLAFS KONÚNGS HINS HELGA. w EPTIR GÖMLUM SKINNBOKUM UTGEFIN AD TILHLUTUN HINS KONÚNGLIGA NORRÆNA FORNFRÆÐA FELAGS- SÍÐARt DEíLD. Iíaupittatt«aí)0fu , 1830. PrentuÖ i eiuii P oppsh u prciitsmií^ju- 1 S a g a Ó 1 a f s k o n u n g s h e 1 g a. 162. Kapituli, Au tíSindi spuríust í Noreg, at Knútr kon- úngr ávó her saman dvígan í DanmörÍk, ok pat með, at hann œtlaði at halda liði því öllu til Noregs ok legg]a par land undir sikj en er slíkt spuröist, þá vurðu Olafi kontjngi því .verri menn til taks, ok fékk hann lítit lið aí höndum; konúngsmenn talubu um Jetta sln í millum, {)a kvað Sighvatr: Ut býðr allvaldr sveitum Englands, en vær fengum, lítt sé ek lofðúng dttast, lið-fæð* ok skip smærrij ráÖ eru Ijtít, ef láta landsmenn konúng Jíenna, lætr^ einorö fe firða, íerð liðþrota verða. Olafr konúngr átti hirðstefnu en stundum hús- |>íng við lið sitt öUt, ok spurði menn sína i'áÖs, hvatpeimpættiráðligast: purfu vœr ekki at dyl- jast viS, segir konúngr, atKni'tr konúngr mun koma ok vitja vor í sumar, ok hefir hann her mikinn, sem þhr munið spurt hafa, en vœr höf- lií fæm, JL i; aviltr, L. -
Gylfaginning Codex Regius, F
Snorri Sturluson Edda Prologue and Gylfaginning Codex Regius, f. 7v (reduced) (see pp. 26/34–28/1) Snorri Sturluson Edda Prologue and Gylfaginning Edited by ANTHONY FAULKES SECOND EDITION VIKING SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN RESEARCH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 2005 © Anthony Faulkes 1982/2005 Second Edition 2005 First published by Oxford University Press in 1982 Reissued by Viking Society for Northern Research 1988, 2000 Reprinted 2011 ISBN 978 0 903521 64 2 Printed by Short Run Press Limited, Exeter Contents Codex Regius, fol. 7v ..........................................................Frontispiece Abbreviated references ....................................................................... vii Introduction ..........................................................................................xi Synopsis ..........................................................................................xi The author ..................................................................................... xii The title ....................................................................................... xvii The contents of Snorri’s Edda ................................................... xviii Models and sources ........................................................................ xx Manuscripts .............................................................................. xxviii Bibliography ...............................................................................xxxi Text ....................................................................................................... -
Three Icelandic Outlaw Sagas
THREE ICELANDIC OUTLAW SAGAS THREE ICELANDIC OUTLAW SAGAS THE SAGA OF GISLI THE SAGA OF GRETTIR THE SAGA OF HORD VIKING SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN RESEARCH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 2004 Selection, introduction and other critical apparatus © J. M. Dent 2001 Translation of The Saga of Grettir and The Saga of Hord © J. M. Dent 2001 Translation of The Saga of Gisli © J. M. Dent 1963 This edition first published by Everyman Paperbacks in 2001 Reissued by Viking Society for Northern Research in 2004 Reprinted with minor corrections in 2014 ISBN 978 0 903521 66 6 The maps are based on those in various volumes of Íslensk fornrit. The cover illustration is of Grettir Ásmundarson from AM 426 fol., a late seventeenth-century Icelandic manuscript in Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi, Reykjavík Printed by Short Run Press Limited, Exeter CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................ vii Chronology .................................................................................... viii Introduction ..................................................................................... xi Note on the Text .......................................................................... xxvi THE SAGA OF GISLI ..................................................................... 1 THE SAGA OF GRETTIR ............................................................. 69 THE SAGA OF HORD ................................................................ 265 Text Summaries ........................................................................... -
History Or Fiction? Truth-Claims and Defensive Narrators in Icelandic Romance-Sagas
History or fiction? Truth-claims and defensive narrators in Icelandic romance-sagas RALPH O’CONNOR University of Aberdeen Straining the bounds of credibility was an activity in which many mediaeval Icelandic saga-authors indulged. In §25 of Göngu-Hrólfs saga, the hero Hrólfr Sturlaugsson wakes up from an enchanted sleep in the back of beyond to find both his feet missing. Somehow he manages to scramble up onto his horse and find his way back to civilisation – in fact, to the very castle where his feet have been secretly preserved by his bride-to-be. Also staying in that castle is a dwarf who happens to be the best healer in the North.1 Hann mælti: ‘… skaltu nú leggjast niðr við eldinn ok baka stúfana.’ Hrólfr gerði svâ; smurði hann þá smyrslunum í sárin, ok setti við fætrna, ok batt við spelkur, ok lèt Hrólf svâ liggja þrjár nætr. Leysti þá af umbönd, ok bað Hrólf upp standa ok reyna sik. Hrólfr gerði svâ; voru honum fætrnir þá svâ hægir ok mjúkir, sem hann hefði á þeim aldri sár verit. ‘He said, … “Now you must lie down by the fire and warm the stumps”. ‘Hrólfr did so. Then he [the dwarf] applied the ointment to the wounds, placed the feet against them, bound them with splints and made Hrólfr lie like that for three nights. Then he removed the bandages and told Hrólfr to stand up and test his strength. Hrólfr did so; his feet were then as efficient and nimble as if they had never been damaged.’2 This is rather hard to believe – but our scepticism has been anticipated by the saga-author. -
Basic Color Terms in Old Norse- Icelandic: a Quantitative Study
Kirsten Wolf Basic Color Terms in Old Norse- Icelandic: A Quantitative Study 1 Introduction In 1969, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay published their analysis of color terms in close to one hundred of the world’s languages, arguing that there was a universal inventory of eleven basic color terms, located in the color space where English speakers place the most typical exam- ples of black, white, red, orange, yellow, brown, green, blue, purple, pink, and grey. Comparing the vocabularies of languages possessing fewer than these eleven color terms, they maintained that basic color terms do not appear haphazardly in the diachronic development of a language, but that a language adds basic color terms in a particular order, which is interpreted as an evolutionary sequence: Stage I: black, white Stage II: black, white, red Stage IIIa: black, white, red, green Stage IIIb: black white, red, yellow Stage IV: black, white, red, yellow, green Stage V: black, white, red, yellow, green, blue Stage VI: black, white, red, yellow, green, blue, brown Stage VII: black, white, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, grey. Since the publication of Berlin and Kay’s study, there has been some elaboration and criticism of their conclusions, and in response to these, the two linguist-anthropologists have modifi ed them. In 1975, Orð og tunga 15 (2013), 141–161. © Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum, Reykjavík. ttunga_15.indbunga_15.indb 141141 116.4.20136.4.2013 111:58:501:58:50 142 Orð og tunga Brent Berlin and Elois Ann Berlin introduced a light-warm versus dark-cool stage instead of the earlier categorization based on bright- ness contrast. -
On the Receiving End the Role of Scholarship, Memory, and Genre in Constructing Ljósvetninga Saga
On the Receiving End The Role of Scholarship, Memory, and Genre in Constructing Ljósvetninga saga Yoav Tirosh Dissertation towards the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Iceland School of Humanities Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies October 2019 Íslensku- og menningardeild Háskóla Íslands hefur metið ritgerð þessa hæfa til varnar við doktorspróf í íslenskum bókmenntum Reykjavík, 21. ágúst 2019 Torfi Tulinius deildarforseti The Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Iceland has declared this dissertation eligible for a defence leading to a Ph.D. degree in Icelandic Literature Doctoral Committee: Ármann Jakobsson, supervisor Pernille Hermann Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir On the Receiving End © Yoav Tirosh Reykjavik 2019 Dissertation for a doctoral degree at the University of Iceland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the author. ISBN 978-9935-9491-2-7 Printing: Háskólaprent Contents Abstract v Útdráttur vii Acknowledgements ix Prologue: Lentils and Lenses—Intent, Audience, and Genre 1 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Ljósvetninga saga’s Plot in the A-redaction and C-redaction 6 1.2 How to Approach Ljósvetninga saga 8 1.2.1 How to Approach This Thesis 9 1.2.2 Material Philology 13 1.2.3 Authorship and Intentionality 16 1.3 The Manuscripts 20 1.3.1 AM 561 4to 21 1.3.2 AM 162 C fol. 26 2. The Part About the Critics 51 2.1 The Debate on Ljósvetninga saga’s Origins in Nineteenth- and Twentieth- Century Scholarship 52 2.1.1 Early Discussion of Ljósvetninga saga: A Compilation of Loosely Connected Episodes 52 2.1.2 Þáttr theory 54 2.1.3 Freeprose and Ljósvetninga saga as a “Unique” Example of Oral Variance: The Primacy of the C-redaction 57 2.1.4 Bookprose and Ljósvetninga saga as a Misrepresented and Authored Text: The Primacy of the A-redaction 62 2.1.5 The Oral vs. -
The Proverbial Heart of Hrafnkels Saga Freysgoða: “Mér Þykkir Þar Heimskum Manni at Duga, Sem Þú Ert.”
The Proverbial Heart of Hrafnkels saga Freysgoða: “Mér þykkir þar heimskum manni at duga, sem þú ert.” RICHARD L. HARRIS ABSTRACT: This essay considers the thematic force of a proverbial allusion in Hrafnkels saga when the political dilettante Sámr Bjarnason reluctantly agrees to help his uncle Þorbjǫrn seek redress for the killing of his son by Hrafnkell Freysgoði. “Mér þykkir þar heimskum manni at duga, sem þú ert” [I want you to know that in my opinion I am helping a fool in helping you], he comments, alluding to the traditional proverb Illt er heimskum lið at veita [It’s bad to give help to the foolish] setting one theme of this short but complex and much studied narrative. Examination of the story suggests that nearly all of its characters behave with varying degrees of foolishness. Further, it can be seen that Sámr’s foolishness dictates his fall after defeating Hrafnkell in legal proceedings and that, conversely, Hrafnkell’s rehabilitation is the result of correcting that unwise social behaviour which led to his initial defeat. RÉSUMÉ: Cet article examine la force thématique derrière une phrase proverbiale trouvée dans l’œuvre Hrafnkels saga. Lorsqu’un dilettante politique, Sámr Bjarnason, accepte à contrecoeur d’aider son oncle, Þorbjǫrn, à obtenir réparation pour le meurtre de son fils aux mains de Hrafnkell Freysgoði, il déclare, « Mér þykkir þar heimskum manni at duga, sem þú ert » [je veux que vous sachiez que, selon moi, j’aide un abruti en vous aidant]. Son commentaire fait allusion au proverbe traditionnel, Illt er heimskum lið at veita [il est mal d’offrir de l’aide à un sot]. -
Power and Political Communication. Feasting and Gift Giving in Medieval Iceland
Power and Political Communication. Feasting and Gift Giving in Medieval Iceland By Vidar Palsson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor John Lindow, Co-chair Professor Thomas A. Brady Jr., Co-chair Professor Maureen C. Miller Professor Carol J. Clover Fall 2010 Abstract Power and Political Communication. Feasting and Gift Giving in Medieval Iceland By Vidar Palsson Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor John Lindow, Co-chair Professor Thomas A. Brady Jr., Co-chair The present study has a double primary aim. Firstly, it seeks to analyze the sociopolitical functionality of feasting and gift giving as modes of political communication in later twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iceland, primarily but not exclusively through its secular prose narratives. Secondly, it aims to place that functionality within the larger framework of the power and politics that shape its applications and perception. Feasts and gifts established friendships. Unlike modern friendship, its medieval namesake was anything but a free and spontaneous practice, and neither were its primary modes and media of expression. None of these elements were the casual business of just anyone. The argumentative structure of the present study aims roughly to correspond to the preliminary and general historiographical sketch with which it opens: while duly emphasizing the contractual functions of demonstrative action, the backbone of traditional scholarship, it also highlights its framework of power, subjectivity, limitations, and ultimate ambiguity, as more recent studies have justifiably urged. -
Enraging Gifts in Egils Saga1
MIRATOR 15:2/2014 122 Two Enraging Gifts in Egils saga1 Santiago Barreiro Introduction Egils saga Skallagrímssonar2 (hereafter Egla) is a long prose text composed in Iceland in the first half of the thirteenth century (c.1220-1240). It is conventionally considered as an early example of the subgenre known as Íslendingasögur, which tell stories about the early generations of inhabitants who settled in Iceland in the ninth and tenth centuries. It is structured in two main parts, each sometimes named after its protagonist, as ‘Þórólfs saga’ and Egils saga proper. The saga is organized around two main axes: on the one hand, a genealogical axis centred on the lineage of Kveld-Úlfr, and on the other, a focus on the relationship between the protagonists and the monarchs. Our goal in this article is to compare and contrast two instances of gifts present in the saga, which in both cases cause a furious reaction in the recipient. Each scene is briefly summarized below. These gifts do not bear any noticeable mark of mockery, which might be the most obvious cause for angering the receiver. An angry reaction to gifts is likely linked to a social dynamic of gift- giving in which the humiliating, competitive nature of generosity constitute one of the main mechanisms to create or underline social standing.3 These scenes 1 An unpublished earlier version of this text was presented in the XIII Jornadas de Estudios Medievales held in Buenos Aires, September 2013. I wish to thank Marion Poilvez, Paola Miceli, Kolfinna Jónatansdóttir, Rebecca Merkelbach and Andrew McGillivray (who also revised my English) and the anonymous reviewers for their comments, which were of much help in improving and expanding the earlier versions of this text. -
Drinking Horns in Old Norse Culture: a Tradition Under Examination
ANALECTA ARCHAEOLOGICA RESSOVIENSIA VOLUME 10 RZESZÓW 2015 Anne Hofmann* Drinking Horns in Old Norse Culture: A Tradition Under Examination ABSTRACT Hofmann A. 2015. Drinking Horns in Old Norse Culture: A Tradition Under Examination. Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 10, 241–270 By comparing archaeological finds with literary evidence this article seeks to reconstruct the role of drinking horns during the Viking Age. After an overview of drinking horns as represented in archaeology, several literary texts, predominantly Medieval Icelandic sagas, will be studied to shed further light on how drinking horns were seen and used. Drinking horns were used as a literary motif in these texts, but it can be demonstrated that they can also be linked to the archaeological evidence from the Viking Age, thus improving our understanding of the archaeological record. Keywords: drinking horn, Old Norse, sagas, Viking Age, material culture Received: 20.07.2015. Revised: 10.02.2016. Accepted: 31.03.2016 Reenacting the Middle Ages is a popular pastime in our modern world. It is possible to find reenactment groups, markets, and craftsmen specialising in reproducing beautiful objects from the Middle Ages all over Europe and North America. The picture projected by these events and groups is, depending on their goal, sometimes accurate and sometimes a romantic image of how we see the Middle Ages through our modern eyes. A medieval market or renaissance faire has to fulfill certain criteria in order to be perceived as authentic by the visitors, ranging from food to certain objects one can obtain during a visit. One of the most common objects attributed to the Middle Ages, especially to the Scandinavian Viking Age, is the so-called drinking horn, which is commonly available for a relatively cheap price at events related to the Middle Ages. -
ÍSLENZK FORNRIT Öndvegisútgáfa Íslenskra Fornbókmennta Með Formálum Og Skýringum
Bókaskrá ÍSLENZK FORNRIT Öndvegisútgáfa íslenskra fornbókmennta með formálum og skýringum HIÐ ÍSLENSKA FORNRITAFÉLAG 90 ára HIÐ ÍSLENSKA FORNRITAFÉLAG – Stofnað 1928 – Hið íslenska fornritafélag 90 ára Á þessu ári fagnar Hið íslenska fornritafélag níræðisafmæli sínu, en stofnfundur þess var haldinn 14. júní 1928. Þannig er greint frá upptökum félagsins á fyrstu síðu fundagerða- bókar þess: Jón Ásbjörnsson hæstarjettarmálaflutningsmaður skýrir frá upptökum Fornritafjelagsins á þessa leið: Sumarið 1926 dvaldi jeg um hríð á Staðarfelli hjá Þorsteini sýslumanni Þorsteinssyni. Skemtum við okkur þá einatt með samræðum um fornrit vor og afrjeð jeg þá að reyna að safna fje, er jeg kæmi suður, til vandaðrar útgáfu þeirra, eða merkustu fornritanna. Færði jeg þetta í tal við Þorstein og hjet hann styrk sínum til þessa. Þegar jeg kom suður, byrjaði jeg á fjársöfnun og fjekk góðar undirtektir. Í aprílmánuði 1927 var jeg búinn að fá loforð ca. 30 manna um styrk til slíkrar útgáfu og kvaddi jeg þá á fund, að mig minnir, seint í þeim mánuði. Umræddur fundur var haldinn 28. apríl 1927. Þar voru kosnir í nefnd til að undirbúa stofnun félagsins Jón Ásbjörnsson, Pétur Halldórsson bóksali og Ólafur Lárusson prófessor, og síðan var bætt við tveimur mönnum, Tryggva Þórhallssyni forsætisráðherra og Matthíasi Þórðarsyni þjóðminjaverði. Nefndin efndi til samskota og sendi boðsbréf til allmargra manna víðs vegar um landið, dagsett 1. desember 1927. Þar eru kynnt stórhuga áform um nýja og vandaða útgáfu íslenskra fornsagna. Fyrir hverju riti verður saminn inngangur, er skýri stöðu þess í bókmentunum, heimildar- gildi þess og listargildi og ýmislegt annað, sem lesendum má verða til leiðbeiningar. Einstök atriði verða jafnóðum skýrð neðanmáls: vísur, torskilin orð og orðatiltæki, fornir siðir og menning; athugasemdir verða gerðar um söguleg sannindi og tímatal, vísað í aðrar heimildir til samanburðar o.s.frv.