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Samsett Copy Íslensk þjóðlög? Söfnun, útgáfa og viðtökur þjóðlagasafns Bjarna Þorsteinssonar, Íslenzk þjóðlög Pétur Húni Björnsson Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í þjóðfræði Leiðbeinandi: Rósa Þorsteinsdóttir 60 einingar Félagsfræði–, mannfræði– og þjóðfræðideild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Febrúar, 2019 Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA prófs í þjóðfræði og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Pétur Húni Björnsson, 2019 Prentun: Háskólaprent Reykjavík, Ísland, 2019 Útdráttur Þjóðlagasafn sr. Bjarna Þorsteinssonar Íslenzk þjóðlög kom út á árunum 1906–09 á kostnað Carlsbergssjóðsins í Kaupmannahöfn. Safnið var fyrsta sjálfstæða þjóðlagasafnið sem út kom á Íslandi og söfnun sr. Bjarna sú viðamesta sem farið hafði fram á Íslandi á sínum tíma. Söfnunarstarf Bjarna, útgáfuferli safnsins og viðtökur þess má greina mörg að meginviðfangsefnum þjóðfræðinnar. Hugmyndir um þjóðlega menningu og gildi hennar, nýtingu þjóðfræðaefnis sem grundvöll þjóðernis, hugmyndir um upprunaleika og áreiðanleika munnlegrar geymdar og björgun hverfandi menningar á 11. stundu ber þar hæst. Rannsóknin er að nokkrum hluta greining á menningarpólitík og erjum manna á milli í fámennissamfélaginu Íslandi en meginhluti hennar snýr að söfnunarstarfi Bjarna, útgáfu safns hans og viðtökum þess. Safnið fékk harkalega dóma frá málsmetandi mönnuum og hlaut í kjölfarið dræmar viðtökur. Það fékk hins vegar uppreist æru þegar leið á 20. öldina, ekki síst fyrir tilverknað erlendra tónlistarmanna sem komu til starfa á Íslandi á fjórða áratug aldarinnar. — 4 — Formáli Þessi rannsókn er 60 eininga lokaverkefni til MA gráðu í þjóðfræði, unnin undir handleiðslu Rósu Þorsteinsdóttur. Færi ég henni mínar bestu þakkir fyrir hjálpina og að umbera mig allan þennan tíma. Fjölskylda mín á skilið stórt knús fyrir þolinmæðina á lokasprettinum. — 5 — Efnisyfirlit Útdráttur ........................................................................................................................... 4 Formáli .............................................................................................................................. 5 Efnisyfirlit ........................................................................................................................ 6 1 Inngangur .................................................................................................................... 8 2 Aðferðafræði ............................................................................................................. 10 3 Hugtök og kenningar .............................................................................................. 11 3.1 Hvað er þjóðlag? ............................................................................................ 11 3.2 Óáþreifanlegur arfur ..................................................................................... 12 3.3 Á 11. stundu .................................................................................................... 13 3.4 Leitin að upprunanum .................................................................................. 14 3.4.1 Tilbrigði og staðbrigði ................................................................................ 16 3.5 Hámenning og lágmenning .......................................................................... 17 3.5.1 Menningarauðmagn .................................................................................. 18 3.5.2 Menningarlegt forræði .............................................................................. 19 3.6 Sköpun þjóðar ................................................................................................. 20 4 Söfnun þjóðfræða á Íslandi fyrir 1900 ................................................................. 21 4.1 Íslensk miðaldahandrit ................................................................................. 22 4.2 Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag ....................................................................... 25 4.3 Hið konunglega norræna fornfræðafélag ................................................... 25 4.4 Jón Árnason og Magnús Grímsson ............................................................. 27 5 Bjarni Þorsteinsson .................................................................................................. 30 5.1 Umfjöllun og orðspor .................................................................................... 33 6 Söfnunarvinnan ........................................................................................................ 37 6.1 Forsendur söfnunarinnar .............................................................................. 37 6.2 Efnisskipan safnsins ...................................................................................... 39 6.2.1 I. Lög úr handritum ................................................................................... 40 6.2.2 II. Lög úr prentuðum bókum ..................................................................... 45 — 6 — 6.2.3 III. Lög skrifuð upp eptir ýmsu fólki .......................................................... 50 6.3 Úrvinnsla Bjarna ............................................................................................. 57 7 Útgáfuferlið ............................................................................................................... 60 7.1 Styrkbeiðnir til Alþingis ................................................................................ 60 7.1.1 13. þing 1895 ............................................................................................. 60 7.1.2 14. þing 1897 ............................................................................................. 62 7.1.3 18. þing 1903 ............................................................................................. 64 7.1.4 Um umræður á Alþingi ............................................................................. 72 7.2 Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag ....................................................................... 78 7.3 Aðkoma Carlsbergssjóðsins ......................................................................... 80 7.4 Dularfulla rímnalagahvarfið ........................................................................ 82 8 Viðtökur í bráð ......................................................................................................... 82 8.1 Dómar og umsagnir ....................................................................................... 84 8.1.1 Axel Olrik .................................................................................................. 84 8.1.2 Jónas Jónsson þingvörður .......................................................................... 86 8.2 Viðtökur almennings ..................................................................................... 89 8.3 Hagnýting og frekari söfnun ........................................................................ 91 Erlend áhrif ........................................................................................................ 94 9 Umræða ...................................................................................................................... 98 9.1 Hvað er þjóðlag? ............................................................................................ 98 9.2 Á 11. stundu .................................................................................................... 99 9.3 Leitin að upprunanum .................................................................................. 99 9.4 Menningarauðmagn og menningarlegt forræði ...................................... 100 9.5 Sköpun þjóðar ............................................................................................... 102 10 Lokaorð .................................................................................................................... 105 11 Heimildir ................................................................................................................. 109 — 7 — 1 Inngangur Þessi rannsókn fjallar um þjóðlagasafn sr. Bjarna Þorsteinssonar Íslenzk þjóðlög sem út kom á árunum 1906–09 á kostnað Carlsbergssjóðsins í Kaupmannahöfn. Safnið er fyrsta sjálfstæða þjóðlagasafnið sem út kemur á Íslandi og söfnun sr. Bjarna sú viðamesta sem farið hafði fram á Íslandi á sínum tíma. Bjarni stóð frammi fyrir ýmsum hindrunum í söfnunarstarfi sínu og viðleitni til útgáfu. Margar þeirra hindrana voru hans eigin sjálfskaparvíti, en aðrar voru tilkomnar fyrir tilverknað annarra þátta sem Bjarni tengdist lítið sem ekkert og bar enga ábyrgð á. Rannsóknin er því að nokkrum hluta greining á menningarpólitík og erjum manna á milli í fámennissamfélaginu Íslandi þótt meginhluti hennar snúi að söfnunarstarfi Bjarna, útgáfu safns hans og viðtökum þess. Þegar saga söfnunar og útgáfu Íslenzkra þjóðlaga er skoðuð, orðræðan í kringum styrkbeiðnir Bjarna greind og viðtökur safnsins metnar má greina mörg meginviðfangsefni þjóðfræðinnar í gegnum tíðina. Hugmyndir um þjóðlega menningu og gildi hennar, nýtingu þjóðfræðaefnis sem grundvöll þjóðernis, hugmyndir um upprunaleika og áreiðanleika munnlegrar geymdar og björgun hverfandi menningar á 11. stundu ber þar hæst. Forræði þeirra sem móta menningarorðræðuna og hugmyndir um hámenningu og lágmenningu skipta hér töluverðu máli og kemur það skýrt fram í efasemdum um menningarlegt auðmagn og atbeina Bjarna, heimildarmanna hans og safnara, og síðar í því sem kalla má endurreisn safnsins á 20. öldinni. Bygging ritgerðarinnar er með þeim hætti að fyrst er gerð grein fyrir aðferðafræðinni og þeim kenningum
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