Briefing Papers : Zimbabwe
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1 BRIEFING PAPERS : ZIMBABWE : Jill Lambert The Hon. Alexander Downer Minister of Foreign Affairs. The situation in Zimbabwe is deteriorating to such an extent that these briefing papers are intended to give you as far as is possible, a balanced overview which is more detailed than you may be able to access in normal circumstances. To assist you in clarifying issues, the papers are grouped into topics followed by headline updates on the current situation in each of those areas. Should you require further information, each headline will point to the page on which the full text of articles or newspaper reports can be read. 2 INTRODUCTION: The government of Zimbabwe has banned all external journalists in the country and is persecuting those who present an opposition picture. Some innovative steps have therefore been taken. It is largely through e-mail that events in Zimbabwe are covered in any detail. In addition, a media monitoring group based in the United Kingdom, is able again through e-mail to compile a daily report of news stories and personal experience articles from within and outside the country in order to get more accurate information to the media and others who can be influential outside what is now a closed country. On the eve of my meeting with you Minister, I received an email from this source, with this very emotive header to its collection of articles for the day. You will have read of the appalling events - which continue as you read this - around the town of Chinhoyi in northern Zimbabwe. Dozens of farms have been attacked and ransacked, forcing many times that number to be abandoned, with the result that in excess of eight thousand people have lost their livelihood and shelter - in the depths of winter, within a few days. This has been portrayed by government as the wresting of farmland from white farmers. The reality is, that it is the cordoning-off of huge swathes of countryside, allowing gangs - some several hundred strong - to sweep these areas for people and animals with impunity. Nobody is allowed into the area and they are out of the sight of anyone who can report what is going on, and out of the reach of anyone who could help. Those who have not been able to flee face the immediate prospect of murder, rape, beating and intimidation at the hands of gangs of government-directed thugs. It is the same set of circumstances which led to the gukurahunde during which it has now been confirmed, between 25,000 and 30,000 Matabele people were ‘eliminated’ by government forces and their bodies thrown down mine shafts in the area. The Matabele people say the number was closer to 80,000 killed. We ask those of you who live outside Zimbabwe to contact - as soon as possible - your Member of Parliament, Congressman, Senator, or Deputy. Contact them by phone, letter, e-mail, or fax - and urge them to ask their governments to convey outrage in the strongest possible terms to the Zimbabwe government about this brutal treatment of its own citizens. We also ask you to directly contact your Ministry or Department of Foreign Affairs (in the United States, the US State Department) urging the same course of action. Please ask anyone you know to do the same. Please help us – please save Zimbabwe. 3 LAND FACTS Area of country: 39,000,000 hectares Situation: between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. Population: about 12½ million, majority Mashona people, with approximately 2,000,000 Matabele approximately 100,000 European, Coloured and Asian History: Inhabited by the Bushmen for 20,000 years – hunter/gatherers ♦ Decimated by southerly push of Bantu due to desertification of the Sahara from 200 BC, now extinct. ♦ Bantu grew cereals herded cattle. ♦ Kingdom of Monomatapa ruled for 150 years until arrival of Portuguese who signed treaties and gained suzerainty for a further 150 years – mining and agriculture established ♦ Driven out by the Rosvi, who were in turn decimated by ♦ 1830 the Matabele - a branch of the Zulus ♦ 1890 Pioneer column arrived following a treaty signed by Chief Lobengula and negotiated by Cecil John Rhodes ♦ population of half a million - density of approx 200 acres per person ♦ Settlers received 6,000 acre farms and in the most densely populated areas, reserves were created for the indigenous people and Europeans were not allowed to use this. Land available to Africans to purchase, not many could afford to do so - by 1925 only 19 farms amounting to 47 000 acres had been sold to Africans. ♦ Rapid population growth due to preventive medicine and education as well as cessation of tribal wars ♦ 1923 the colony paid Britain for unalienated land and was given self-government ♦ 1931 – Land Apportionment Act introduced – Europeans 49 000 000 acres; Native reserves 21 600 000 acres; Native purchase areas 7 465 000 acres; unassigned land 18 000 000 acres; forest areas 600 000 acres; undetermined areas 88 000 acres. ♦ 1980 - European owned land reduced - 45% of available land communal or set aside for African farmers and 39% was commercial farming under freehold tenure. ♦ Government acquired 3,500,000 hectares of commercial farm land for resettlement through help from the British Government. Acquisition slowed due to lack of finance, no evidence of suitable land management and inadequate infrastructure. ♦ most land given to party faithful and ceased to be effectively used for farming purposes. ♦ 1992 - Land Acquisition Act was promulgated enabling Government to designate farms for resettlement without compensation. ♦ 1997 - a list of 1471 properties declared subject to a preliminary notice of acquisition. ♦ 2000 - 30% of the country held under freehold tenure; 41% communal lands; 4% small scale commercial farming, 9% resettlement. The remaining 16% National Parks and State forests. ♦ Government prepared a new Constitution to remove requirement for compensation had to be paid, declaring that compensation payable should be paid by Britain. ♦ February 2000 - referendum held to approve the new Constitution was rejected by the majority of voters in Zimbabwe. ♦ August 2001 Government states it will take 95% of all commercial farms for resettlement (See articles : The History of land ownership – pp 14 Author unknown, but facts are accurate also Mugabe’s Mess – Wall Street Journal – pp 20 ; CFU Update – pp 34) 4 LAND : expropriation June 2000 804 farms to be taken The Economic folly of President Mugabe's decision to expropriate no fewer than 804 of Zimbabwe's white owned commercial farms, is matched only by its political dishonesty … (see article The Times : Up for Grabs – pp Zim facts) August 2001 7,132 farms listed (The Director of the Commercial Farmers Union) … said government had listed 7 132 farms and of that total, 2 335 were repeats or duplications which meant that 4 797 farms measuring 9 183 069 hectares had been listed under Section 5 of the Land Acquisition Act. (See report : 35 000 people settled : CFU :pp 132) August 13th, 2001 95% of farms to be taken On Saturday, Mugabe announced new plans to increase the amount of land targeted for seizure still further - to 9.5m hectares (24m acres) or 95% of that in white hands. And he issued a warning: "We have seen of late some of those who have not repented who are organising them selves to attack the landless people who have been resettled on some farms. But we warn them to desist immediately continuing in these kinds of organised attacks, they will of course ricochet." (See article : The Guardian : Mugabe leaves farmers to grim fate pp 22) July 2000 SIXTY war veterans and landless villagers occupying Sandown North Farm have threatened farm owner Max Rosenfels with death if he does not sign away the farm to them. (see article : Land grabbers become more belligerent … pp _) horror continues August 2000 Gen Shiri's name appears on a list of 28 senior government and military figures given farms seized from white farmers. These were supposed to be handed to landless people… (see article Topple Mugabe, Mandela Urges – pp 26 ) November 10th, 2000 LATE ON THE AFTERNOON OF FRIDAY 10TH NOVEMBER THE FULL SUPREME COURT BENCH SIGNED AN ORDER BY CONSENT WHICH EFFECTIVELY NULLIFIES ALL ASPECTS OF THE FAST TRACK RESETTLEMENT PROGRAMME. THIS IS IN RESPONSE TO A SUPPLEMENTARY … (See document : High Court judgement – pp 64) December 16th 2000 AFTER telling his central committee on Wednesday that Zanu PF was at war with the country’s white commercial farmers, an embattled President Mugabe yesterday intensified his racial rhetoric to whip up nationalist indignation against a growing list of enemies — at home and abroad — in his battle for political survival. Two days after war veterans murdered former MP Henry Elsworth in Kwekwe, he said his party should “strike fear into the heart of the white man, our real enemy”. (see article Mugabe declares race war – pp 80 ) July 2001 A CABINET minister and governor are orchestrating the acquisition of Macheke-based Sariview farm, threatening the production of maize, export grass seed, tobacco and cattle breeding worth $55 million in annual turnover. (See article : Minister incites farm seizure pp 126 5 July 2001 As I write I am close to the phone because a family in my province, in the district of Macheke, has been under seige. So called war-vets broke down their security fence last evening and converged on the homestead chanting blood curdling threats, built fires around the house, on the lawns and verandah, fired shots randomly, and the neighbours stood-by all night in case things got really out of hand ... (See Letter from a farmer – pp