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Écologie De La Cécidomyie Du Sapin (Paradiplosis Tumifex) : Relations Avec La Cécidomyie Inquiline Des Galles (Dasineura Balsamicola) Et Ses Parasitoïdes

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Écologie De La Cécidomyie Du Sapin (Paradiplosis Tumifex) : Relations Avec La Cécidomyie Inquiline Des Galles (Dasineura Balsamicola) Et Ses Parasitoïdes PAYSE MAILHOT ÉCOLOGIE DE LA CÉCIDOMYIE DU SAPIN (PARADIPLOSIS TUMIFEX) : RELATIONS AVEC LA CÉCIDOMYIE INQUILINE DES GALLES (DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA) ET SES PARASITOÏDES Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en biologie végétale pour l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) DÉPARTEMENT DE PHYTOLOGIE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DE L’ALIMENTATION UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2006 © Payse Mailhot, 2006 Résumé Les infestations de la cécidomyie du sapin (Paradiplosis tumifex), un ravageur important du sapin baumier (Abies balsamea), surviennent périodiquement et ont été observées dans les plantations du sud du Québec de 2000 à 2002. Divers ennemis naturels causent probablement les fluctuations cycliques d’abondance, tels que la cécidomyie inquiline des galles (Dasineura balsamicola) et diverses espèces de parasitoïdes. Cette étude réalisée en Estrie, visait à documenter leurs interactions, afin d’évaluer leur rôle dans l’effondrement des populations de P. tumifex survenu en 2003. Cinq espèces de parasitoïdes associés à P. tumifex ont été identifiées. Des données relatives à la présence de plusieurs parasitoïdes dans une même galle (multiparasitisme) suggèrent des interactions négatives (interférence) fréquentes entre les ennemis naturels de P. tumifex. De plus, les forts taux d’inquilinisme et de parasitisme indiquent que ces ennemis naturels sont probablement responsables de l’effondrement des populations de ce ravageur, en 2003 dans les plantations du sud-ouest du Québec. iii Remerciements Durant la période où j’étais étudiante à la maîtrise, j’ai accouché trois fois. La première d’une fille, la seconde d’un garçon et la troisième de ce mémoire. Ces trois «délivrances» m’ont apporté une grande fierté mais n’auraient pas été possibles sans l’appui de nombreuses personnes. Tout d’abord, je voudrais remercier mes directeurs de recherche, messieurs Jacques Brodeur et Conrad Cloutier pour leur soutien, leurs conseils judicieux, leur compréhension et surtout pour m’avoir transmis leur passion de l’entomologie et de la recherche du savoir. Ensuite, j’aimerais remercier le Réseau Biocontrôle du Canada, l’Association des Producteurs d’Arbres de Noël du Québec et le CDAQ pour leur soutien financier. Merci aussi aux producteurs de sapins qui ont donné accès à leurs plantations soit messieurs Francis Côté et Benoît Bédard, ainsi qu’à monsieur André Pettigrew, agronome du Réseau d’Avertissement Phytosanitaire du MAPAQ, direction générale de l’Estrie et expert en protection des arbres de Noël, pour son soutien au projet et la collecte de données à la plantation de Racine. Merci à monsieur Georges Pelletier du Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, qui m’a soutenue dans l’identification des parasitoïdes ainsi qu’à messieurs Gary Gibson, John Huber et Lubomir Masner, taxonomistes au Ministère de Agriculture et de Agroalimentaire Canada, à Ottawa, pour l’identification des spécimens. Je voudrais également remercier Christine Jean, Simon Boudreault et Sébastien Jacob, professionnels de recherche à l’Université Laval, qui ont grandement contribué à la prise de données et qui m’ont fourni des photos. Merci, à Mylène Blais, Marie-Pierre Migneault et à tous les étudiants qui ont investi de nombreuses heures de travail à ce projet de recherche. À Steve, Méliane, Mael et à mes parents qui m’ont fait découvrir la beauté de la nature. Table des matières Résumé............................................................................................................................... ii Remerciements.................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières ..............................................................................................................v Liste des tableaux............................................................................................................. vii Liste des figures.............................................................................................................. viii Chapitre 1. Introduction générale ...........................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................2 1.2. Les galles .....................................................................................................................3 1.3. Les cécidomyies...........................................................................................................6 1.3.1. Biologie de la cécidomyie du sapin Paradiplosis tumifex....................................7 1.3.2. Biologie de la cécidomyie inquiline des galles Dasineura balsamicola ............12 1.3.3. Dynamique des populations................................................................................17 1.4. Hypothèses générales.................................................................................................21 1.5. Objectifs.....................................................................................................................21 1.6. Bibliographie .............................................................................................................22 Chapitre 2. Le parasitisme et l’inquilinisme comme facteurs de régulation des populations de la cécidomyie du sapin Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné. ......................................................26 2.1. Résumé.......................................................................................................................27 2.2. Introduction................................................................................................................28 2.3. Matériels et méthodes ................................................................................................29 2.3.1. Caractéristiques des plantations et parcelles d’échantillonnage .........................30 2.3.2. Mesure de l’activité des insectes adultes ............................................................31 2.3.3. Échantillonnage des pousses...............................................................................32 2.3.4. Élevage des parasitoïdes à partir de la récolte d’aiguilles porteuses de galles ...33 2.3.5. Identification des spécimens...............................................................................35 2.3.6. Analyses des données .........................................................................................35 2.3.6.1. Taux d’infestation........................................................................................35 2.3.6.2. Inquilinisme .................................................................................................36 2.3.6.3. Effet de la densité de P. tumifex sur D. balsamicola ...................................36 2.3.6.4. Ectoparasitisme............................................................................................37 2.3.6.5. Endoparasitisme...........................................................................................37 2.3.6.6. Relations de densité entre la cécidomyie galligène et ses parasitoïdes .......38 2.4. Résultats.....................................................................................................................39 2.4.1. Taux d’infestation de P. tumifex.........................................................................39 2.4.2. Inquilinisme ........................................................................................................39 2.4.3. Identification des parasitoïdes ............................................................................42 2.4.4. Activité des parasitoïdes adultes.........................................................................43 2.4.5. Ectoparasitisme et endoparasitisme ....................................................................44 2.5. Discussion......................................................................................................................48 2.5.1. Taux d’infestation de P. tumifex.........................................................................49 2.5.2. Inquilinisme ........................................................................................................50 vi 2.5.2.1. Taux d’inquilinisme.....................................................................................50 2.5.2.2. Relation entre D. balsamicola et P. tumifex ................................................50 2.5.3. Parasitisme..........................................................................................................52 2.5.3.1. Identification des parasitoïdes .....................................................................52 2.5.3.2. Distribution saisonnière des parasitoïdes.....................................................55 2.5.3.3. Ectoparasitisme............................................................................................58 2.5.3.4. Endoparasitisme...........................................................................................60 2.5.3.5. Multiparasitisme ..........................................................................................61 2.5.4. Impacts des ennemis naturels sur P. tumifex ......................................................64 2.6. Bibliographie .............................................................................................................66 Chapitre 3. Conclusions générales........................................................................................70
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