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Monitoring and Managing Blueberry Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Rabbiteye Blueberries

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Monitoring and Managing Blueberry Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Rabbiteye Blueberries MONITORING AND MANAGING BLUEBERRY GALL MIDGE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES By CRAIG RICHARD ROUBOS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Craig Richard Roubos 2 To my family for their unfailing support 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank everyone who helped in preparing this dissertation. I thank my major professor, Dr. Oscar E. Liburd, and the members of my graduate committee, Drs. Robert McSorley, Paul M. Lyrene, Frank Slansky, Jr., and Dakshina Seal, for their guidance. Thanks to Dr. Blair Sampson at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Small Fruit Research Station in Poplarville, Mississippi for use of his laboratory space and his helpful input. I would like to thank the members of the Small Fruit and Vegetable Integrated Pest Management Laboratory for their help in collecting and processing data. Special thanks go to the blueberry growers who allowed me to use their farms and collect data. This research was funded by the Florida Blueberry Growers Association, USDA Pest Management Alternatives (P- MAP) program, and the Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR-4). Finally, I thank my parents for their continued support and my wife, Gayle, for her encouragement and patience through this whole process. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 13 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 16 Blueberry Production Around the World .................................................................................. 16 Blueberries in Florida.................................................................................................................. 17 Arthropod Pests of Blueberry ..................................................................................................... 19 Diseases of Blueberry ................................................................................................................. 22 Blueberry Gall Midge ................................................................................................................. 22 Taxonomy............................................................................................................................. 22 Life Cycle ............................................................................................................................. 23 Pest Status ............................................................................................................................ 26 Emergence ............................................................................................................................ 27 Mating Behavior and Pheromones...................................................................................... 28 Monitoring............................................................................................................................ 30 Management ......................................................................................................................... 31 Insecticides ................................................................................................................... 31 Biological control ......................................................................................................... 31 Cultural control............................................................................................................. 32 3 EVALUATION OF EMERGENCE TRAPS FOR MONITORING BLUEBERRY GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA OXYCOCCANA (JOHNSON) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) ................................................................................................................... 33 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 34 2006 Pilot Test ..................................................................................................................... 35 2007 Experiment .................................................................................................................. 36 2008 Experiment .................................................................................................................. 36 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 37 2006 Pilot Test ..................................................................................................................... 37 2007 Experiment .................................................................................................................. 38 2008 Experiment .................................................................................................................. 38 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 39 5 4 WITHIN FIELD DISTRIBUTION OF BLUEBERRY GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA OXYCOCCANA (JOHNSON) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) ........................................... 49 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 50 2006: Experiment to Investigate Dasineura oxycoccana Distribution Patterns with Variation in Field Borders ............................................................................................... 51 2007: Experiment to Investigate Dasineura oxycoccana Distribution Patterns in Isolated Plots with Potential Edge Effects...................................................................... 52 2008: Experiment to Investigate Dasineura oxycoccana Distribution Patterns in Isolated Plots with Potential Edge Effects: Second Year .............................................. 52 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 53 2006: Experiment to Investigate Dasineura oxycoccana Distribution Patterns with Variation in Field Borders ............................................................................................... 53 2007: Experiment to Investigate Dasineura oxycoccana Distribution Patterns in Isolated Plots with Potential Edge Effects...................................................................... 54 2008: Experiment to Investigate Dasineura oxycoccana Distribution Patterns in Isolated Plots .................................................................................................................... 54 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 55 5 BLUEBERRY GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA OXYCOCCANA (JOHNSON) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), PUPATION AND EMERGENCE UNDER VARYING TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ......................................................................... 64 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 66 Development of Midges in the Laboratory ........................................................................ 66 Temperature Models ............................................................................................................ 67 Trapping Midge Adults in the Field ................................................................................... 68 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 69 Linear Model ........................................................................................................................ 70 Nonlinear Model .................................................................................................................. 70 Field Data ............................................................................................................................. 70 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 71 6 EVALUATION OF REDUCED-RISK INSECTICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT OF BLUEBERRY GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA OXYCOCCANA (JOHNSON) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) .............................................................................................. 78 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 79 2006 Efficacy Trial .............................................................................................................. 80 2007 Efficacy Trial .............................................................................................................
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