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Issue 05 No. 05 I QUADERNI DI CAREGGI 5 / 2013 Seminar on Landscape Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives Coordinators: Roberto Gambino (Politecnico of Torino) - Claudia Cassatella (Politecnico of Torino) Marco Devecchi (University of Torino) - Federica Larcher (University of Torino) Guest editors: Massimo Morisi (Authority in charge of communication for the landscape plan of the Tuscany Region) Daniela Poli (CIST Centro Interuniversitario di Scienze del Territorio / Inter-University Center of Territorial Sciences) Mariella Zoppi (Università di Firenze, UNISCAPE Executive Board Representative)

Summary / Indice Introduction p. 3 R. Gambino, C. Cassatella, M. Devecchi, F. Larcher, Rationale and Issues of the Seminar p. 3 E. Pelizzetti, Greetings by the Dean of the University of Turin p. 4 R. Gambino, Landscape Observatories in Europe p. 5 Awareness, Education and Participation p. 12 L. Andersson, A. Larsson, I.S. Herlin, The Landscape Observatory of Scania p. 12 B. Castiglioni, M. Varotto, Knowledge, Awareness and Sharing as Keywords p. 15 R. Cevasco, C. Gemignani, C. Gardella, D. Pittaluga, The ‘Landscape Observatory of the Golfo Paradiso’ p. 18 S. Zanon, The Project «Luoghi di Valore» (Outstanding Places) p. 19 Landscape Observatories Network p. 24 A. Rubino, Towards an Observatory of the Regional Landscape p. 24 D. Gotzmann, J. Kell, Setting up a Series of Landscape Forum Events p. 27 Documentation, Assesment and Monitoring p. 29 M. Roe, How Can Policy Be Monitored? p. 29 G. Isachenko, A. Reznikov, The Place of Natural Landscape Inside Metropolis p. 39 Y.J. Olivencia, A.C. Calvo, L.P. Rodriguez, Landscape Observatory and Archive of Andalusia p. 43 M. Zoppi, The Landscape Observatory at a Time of Crisis p. 46 Regional Landscape Observatories in Italy Workshop p. 49 R. Banchini, The National Observatory for the Quality of Landscape p. 49 D. Poli, The Landscape Plan of the Tuscany Region p. 51 Research in Progress p. 55 R. Amatobene, E. Errante, R. Germano, C. Nigro, B.M. Seardo, Landscape Observatories and participation p. 55 L. Calvo, Guidelines for the Establishment of Local Landscape Observatories p. 59 G. Carlone, Landscape Observatories p. 62 L. Di Giovanni, Italian Landscape Observatories p. 64 S.B. Milan, Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Local Development p. 73 M. Zanatta, The Historic Defensive Landscape of the Venetian Area p. 76 Relationship With Landscape and Spatial Policies, Plannning and Design p. 79 P. Sala, Ca t p a i s a t g e 2020. A New Road Map For the Landscape Observatory of Catalonia p. 79 J.M. Palerm Salazar, The Landscape Observatory of the Canary Islands p. 81 E. Rosell Mir, Landscape in Territorial Governance p. 84 B.G. Marino, The identities of the Luxembourgish Landscape p. 89 Annex A: Program of the Seminar p. 92 ISSN 2281-3195 Annex B: Florence Charter on the Coordination of European Landscape Observatories p. 95 In this number: Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Scientific Editor: Dr. Amy Strecker:[email protected] Graphic layout: Fabrizio Bagatti - Organisation: Tessa Goodman - UNISCAPE - [email protected] - www.uniscape.eu Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

Introduction shows a strong tendency towards creating networks, at the regional or international level. Rationale and Issues of the Seminar This issue of the Quaderni di Careggi presents an international overview of the activities of Roberto Gambino landscape observatories, a reflection on their Politecnico di Torino and UNISCAPE Executive Board Represen- mission and effectiveness with regard to the tative ELC objectives, and a reflection on the relation- Claudia Cassatella ships between the different subjects, thanks to Politecnico di Torino the participation of institutional bodies, public Marco Devecchi officials as well as researchers and representa- Università di Torino, UNISCAPE Representative tives of civil society. It reflects part of the sci- Federica Larcher entific contributions which will be presented Università di Torino during the V Careggi Seminar (Florence, 27-28th June 2013), but other papers could be added Having regard to Recommendation CM/Rec in the future. The participation of UNISCAPE, (2008)3 on the Guidelines for the implementa- RECEP-ENELC and CIVILSCAPE is one first result tion of the European Landscape Convention, of the Seminar, as they represent the privileged “landscape observatories, centers and insti- landscape observatories at the European level. tutes” are one of the main instruments for the implementation of landscape policies (II.3.3). The Quaderni issue is articulated in sections, They facilitate the collection and exchange reflecting the main potential areas of the ac- of information and study protocols between tivities of the landscape observatories: states and local communities. • Awareness, education and participation Some national and regional bodies have es- • Landscape Observatories Networks tablished institutional centers for landscape • Documentation, assessment and monitoring observation, which show a varied panorama • Regional landscape observatories in Italy of missions and relationships within the activi- workshop ties of spatial and landscape planning. In Italy, • Relationships with landscape and spatial for example, Regional Observatories, which policies, planning, and design should be established in each region and at The last section, Research in progress, as usual the national level by law, carry out various ac- in the Careggi Seminars’ tradition, is devoted to tivities including the collection of geographi- contributions by young researchers. From their cal data, accompanying the landscape plan- perspective, critique, current trends and posi- ning process, and, rarely, participation experi- tive ideas would be found by the reader. During ments. In Spain too, the Regional Observato- the final conclusions of the Seminar, the Flor- ries are actively involved in the elaboration of ence Charter for the Establishment of the Coor- landscape planning instruments, and some of dination of European Landscape Observatories them are working for many years, capturing was drafted and signed by many participants an international audience. under the auspices of UNISCAPE, CIVILSCAPE At the same time, a huge number of “sponta- and RECEP-ENELC (Document in Appendix). neous” initiatives from civil society lead to lo- The UNISCAPE representatives of the Università cal organizations carrying out awareness rais- di Torino and Politecnico di Torino (Italy) have ing, participation, and, sometimes, elaborat- been encharged to manage the organizational A.L. Pitulicu, Old Beer Factory, winner section Neglected Landscapes, Fourth Edition People’s Landscapes ing projects and leading concrete actions on aspects regarding the establishment of the the territory. This second kind of observatory Network of the European Landscape Observa-

2 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 3 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives tories in order to coordinate future initiatives, sion to be accomplished. The next step is inte- Landscape Observatories in Europe: From Elc mentioned above) cannot but assume a de- exchange experiences and promote scientific grating the activities of the three international Recommendations to Local Initiatives cisively critical role with respect to the way in research. Therefore creating a “network of Eu- networks by gathering universities, civil society which the activities concerning the principles ropean Landscape Observatories” is the mis- and public authorities in support of the ELC. Roberto Gambino and guidelines established by the ELC should Politecnico di Torino and UNISCAPE Executive Board Represen- be carried out. This does not imply that the Ob- Greetings by the Dean of the University of Turin tative servatories should lose their natural function of documenting, observing and describing the ex- Ezio Pelizzetti urgent, related to the environment, its protection, 1. A Changing Context periences relative to the ELC; but it does imply Dean of the University of Turin sustainability and renewable energy sources have that the experiences observed can go towards have been particularly relevant. The adoption of the ELC (European Landscape reflecting on those principles and guidelines, Dear Colleagues, Convention) in 2000 has, by general consensus, with a view to more efficient and fairer landscape I take the occasion to express my sincere appre- indicated a profound change of concepts, para- policies. This need was already clearly present in I regret to not be there with you in these two days ciation towards all of you that with various appro- digms and political and cultural attitudes which in the documents prior to 2000, which apart from of study and debate on “Landscape Observatories aches and levels work and collaborate in imple- modern times and especially in the last half a cen- pursuing the documentation of experiences, in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to the menting the European Landscape Convention. tury characterised the relationship between soci- were aimed at stimulating scientific cooperation Local Initiatives”. During my training as a research- I wish you all a fruitful work and I am confident ety and landscape. Hence the need, already felt and promoting cultural and educational activi- er, expert and University professor in Analytical that these two days will be rich of suggestions during the drafting of the Convention, to promote ties to that end. In the numerous observatories Chemistry the issues, our days more actual and and ideas for new collaborations and insights. debates, scientific research and theoretical reflec- established or in the process of being estab- tions to explain and justify the proposed changes. lished in various countries, such an aim is obvi- For this reason, the Convention places emphasis ously articulated according to the needs of pro- on awareness-raising and the promotion of edu- tection and safeguarding or of promotion and cation and training which should pave the way for valorisation specific to the territories in question. more developed landscape policies. This was the Thus, in the case of Catalonia (2004 Observatory) perspective found in the initiatives launched even which has in many ways influenced several other before the signing of the Convention for the es- experiences, the observatory’s tasks can be sum- tablishment of a European landscape observatory marised as follows: (OCEP), which then resulted in the creation of three -Identification of the means of implementation complementary organisations: the European Net- for landscape policies; work of Local and Regional Authorities (RECEP- -Identification of the criteria and actions to be ENELC), the network of universities (UNISCAPE), carried out on the landscape; and the network of non-governmental organisa- -Analysis and knowledge of the landscape; tions (CIVILSCAPE); as well as the establishment, in -Awareness and education of the population; May 2008, of the Scientific Committee, provided -Scientific collaboration, studies, benchmarking, for by the Statute of RECEP-ENELC. Despite or per- monitoring of experiences, training and infor- haps thanks to the extraordinary developments mation. at the international level, in the scientific research However, in general, it should be noted that the and publications on various aspects related to the title of ‘Observatory’ now evokes a very heteroge- landscape and its role in a changing society, the neous set of tools, institutions, places of meeting “landscape question” poses an extreme variety of or simple initiatives, with little or no coordination positions and interpretative models. In this sense, and recognition despite the research carried out the vast potential of scientific, political and cultur- by, for example, the University IUAV of Venice, al analysis, begun in 2000 by the ELC, still seems the University of Florence, the Polytechnic and largely untapped. the University of Turin (Inter-University Depart- These considerations may explain why the Land- ment Territory). In an attempt at promoting A.M. Ciubut, Looks can be deceiving, Fourth Edition Peoples Landscapes scape Observatories (from the three networks unity, Landscape Observatories could be seen

4 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 5 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives as connection knots between landscape policies protection, management and planning of should have as its objective not so much or not tional Union for the Conservation of Nature, pursued by the competent institutions at various landscapes and the organisation of European only the landscapes of the territory in question, 1994), areas conceived as ‘islands of excellence’ decision-making levels and other policies relat- cooperation in this field (Art. 3, ELC). but their relationship with contextual dynamics. which need to be reconsidered, according to ing to the territories of competence (agricultural, In the Statute of ENELC, approved in 2007, there This is a somewhat ambitious objective, but un- the ELC, as an integral part of the landscape urban, infrastructural, etc.). Such a connection looms a significant expansion of the tasks of the avoidable if we wish to influence such dynamics value of the whole territory; must ensure, in the context of the development Observatories: In addition to fostering a deeper with an effective regulation of the processes of d) territorial government, which in Europe means of the European territory, the pursuit of the ob- insight, dissemination and expansion of techni- change. And all too evident if we wish, for ex- systems including institutional apparatus, jectives set down by the ELC: cal and scientific knowledge, they should also ample, to halt the devastation or irreversible loss legal frameworks, administrative guidelines 1) Expansion of landscape policies, in terms of assist stakeholders in decision-making processes of agricultural landscapes, in which case action is for planning, public regulation and control of protection and enhancement of the entire ter- related to landscape in the individual States, Eu- needed on the new CAP (Common Agricultural processes of change; systems giving place to ritory, beyond the constraints and safeguards ropean institutions and other relevant interna- Policy); or to halt the progressive degradation of various forms of ‘governance’, largely exceed- traditionally applied to single ‘landscape prop- tional organisations; as well as promoting coop- ‘historic urban landscapes’ (following the UNES- ing the specific needs of landscape policies, erties’ or goods. It implies the definitionof land- eration with other local bodies, including bodies CO Recommendation of 2012) we must contain but interacting with them, to ensure the effec- scape as an area as perceived .by people forming of management of protected areas, non-govern- the consumption of agricultural and natural land tive participation of communities in ‘territorial a whole, whose natural and cultural components mental organisations, universities and research for non-agricultural use and the indiscriminate projects’. are taken together, not separately.(art.1 ELC). centres, and public and private agencies en- dispersion of settlements and housing. It implies 2) The strengthening of landscape policies, in gaged in activities related to the landscape. The to question, also, the consolidate mechanisms of terms of knowledge and awareness of struc- reference to protected areas is not surprising, in the ground rent. 3. A Retrospective Look tural factors, public interests and values at light of the fact that it was a great National Park stake, multi-sectoral strategies, and more effi- –that of Cilento in South Italy – which launched In an attempt to understand the structural roots To better understand the role of the Observa- cient instruments and guidelines. firstly the initiative of the European Observatory. of landscape degradation, the Observatories are tories in contemporary territories, it is useful to 3) Effective participation of the stakeholders and However, expansion is significant when we con- called to take into consideration the emerging is- briefly recall the discussions and debates that ac- local communities, based on their expectations sider the difficulty (experienced in Italy with the sues of territorial policy, such as those concerning: companied their genesis. The reasons for advis- and perceptions; recognition of the values and Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape, 2004) a) sustainability (environmental, social and eco- ing the establishment of ‘observatories’ with the issues; design of intervention strategies, social in co-ordinating the landscape legislation with nomic), which since the beginning of the ELC aim of implementing the ELC had already been control and the public regulation of processes. that of parks and protected areas. More gener- has been closely associated with landscape recognised in the debates preceding the adop- ally, the above-mentioned Statute opens a win- policies, not without ambiguities inherent in tion of the Convention in Florence in 2000. Im- dow on a tricky and not yet fully explored issue the concept same of sustainability and its as- mediately after its opening for signature, various 2. Mission of the Observatories – that of the relationship between the Observa- sociation with the concept of development; initiatives emerged in the countries involved in tories (always starting from the three networks b) cultural heritage, which in the Italian tradition the Convention. Particular interest was shown by It is in relation to these objectives that the mis- established by the Council of Europe) with the lo- (confirmed at the constitutional level – Art. 9 the initiative launched in 2001 by the National sion of the Observatories is to be defined. In the cal context, in all its historical, cultural, economic, – and reaffirmed in the 2004 Code) and in the Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano (Campania), logic of the ELC, the Observatories have a two- ecological dimensions, as well as with its political tradition of other countries includes landscape which, alongside the creation of a landscape ac- fold mission: and legal system.. values with a double meaning: on the one tion plan, pointed to the establishment of a Eu- on the one hand, they constitute instruments This consideration forces us to confront the dif- hand, ‘common goods’ which qualify the living ropean observatory for the implementation of of defence and local, regional and national ficulties, risks and conflicts involved in the ‘ter- spaces of local communities and define their the Convention in parks and protected areas. In enhancement, both with specific reference ritorialisation’ of landscape, its use as a tool for identity; on the other, universal values with 2002, the initiative, sponsored by the Council of to landscape policies, and to the policies of the overall qualification of the territory, as indi- which the local context (specific units or ar- Europe (Congress of Local and Regional Authori- growth and consolidation of identity of the dif- cated by the ELC. Each signatory state is in fact eas of landscape) represent themselves to the ties) and supported by the Region of Campania, ferent territorial systems, from the local to the committed (Art 5d) “to integrate landscape into global arena, typically but not exclusively in the was jointly promoted by the European Centre national level; its regional and town planning policies and in its World Heritage Sites recognised by UNESCO; for documentation on the planning of natural on the other hand, they are configured as knots cultural, environmental, agricultural, social and c) natural heritage, which in Europe is insepara- parks, the Italian Federation of Parks and Natu- of networks that branch off at different scales, economic policies, as well as in any other policies ble from cultural heritage and which has his- ral Reserves and EUROPARC. A technical working maintaining a territorial anchorage and a with possible direct or indirect impact on land- torically been defined through the designation group was formed, hosted by the Region of Cam- “system”functioning, in order to promote the scape.” From this point of view, the Observatory of ‘protected areas’ classified by IUCN (Interna- pania and coordinated by Prof. Gambino, who, in

6 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 7 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives close contact with the Secretary General of the need for continuous observation and exchange least to ensure that they can stimulate and nur- which therefore landscape protection intersects Council of Europe (in the person of R. Priore), proof information concerning the forces on the ture ideas and shared reflections, and be useful with ecological protection. duced a vast array of documents useful for the landscape, and thus the opportunity of creat- for policies of innovation for the landscape. This A second need concerns the role that the Obser- investigation of the initiative. ing specific Observatories as part of a broader requirement currently clashes with the difficul- vatories can play in support of policy interven- From 2003, the OELC project (Observatory on system of observation. This implies a range of ties resulting from the extreme diversification tion, as instruments of knowledge, assessment the implementation of the European Landscape activities, from descriptions to the exchange of of experiences, from the spontaneity and dis- and social communication. Since the establish- Convention) was officially presented on vari- information, to the development of indicators persion of initiatives, which also hinder mutual ment of the Observatory of Catalonia, there has ous occasions and raised in discussions in the for evaluation, to the development of future knowledge, but which reflect, at least in part, the been an emphasis on the need to configure the Commission for sustainable development of scenarios. Since 2008, therefore, the functions inherent meaning of landscape, the irreducible Observatories as meeting places, where expert the Council of Europe. In 2004, it was presented of “observatory” of the ELC, which the above subjectivity of the landscape experience, and knowledge intersects with ordinary and com- and discussed in the draft of the Statute, but the initiatives of the early 2000s intended to be car- the indispensable role of local options in land- mon knowledge, gathering scientists, techni- Observatory was defined with the new acronym ried out by a single European body, are divided scape protection. For this reason, the attempt cians, administrators and members of civil soci- of RECEP-ENELC. With this title, the Observatory into three distinct networks, to promote the im- to “create a network” of activities carried out by ety. If the activities of evaluating and monitoring was officially established in Strasbourg on the plementation of the ELC with respect to three observatories can only start from the coordina- and critical knowledge are part of a rational con- 30/5/2006, under the aegis of the Congress of different areas of competence: RECEP-ENELC for tion of the three networks already established text (such as for example the one proposed by Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of local and regional authorities, UNISCAPE for uni- at the European level: RECEP-ENELC, UNISCAPE the EEA, the DPSIR), the problem of comparison Europe. It was established by regions, municipal- versities, and CIVILSCAPE for non-governmental and CIVILSCAPE. A move in this direction could becomes complex. In particular, ‘data’ should not ities and other types of European local authori- organisations. consist of a concerted redefinition of the tools be considered as totally neutral and objective, ties, following the activities set out in the prepa- The three networks, which have their head- and tasks of each of them, with more explicit and such as the data provided by the indicators of the ratory works with its headquarters in Strasbourg quarters at the Villa Medicea of Florence, have direct references to the relevant social targets: various ‘sectors’ (biological quality, environmen- and Florence. assumed by various means a coordination role local and regional authorities, universities and tal quality, quality of urban life, tangible and in- In the course of the debates surrounding the with respect to the inter-governmental coop- non-governmental organisations. In this way, we tangible culture, aesthetics, institutional action, establishment of RECEP-ENELC, the opportuni- erating activities carried out by the Council of could also better define the role of the Scientific education, social communication). ty was identified for establishing a network for Europe in the implementation of the ELC, as well Committee, to be reconsidered as a transverse This reiterates the need, already mentioned, scientific research and monitoring carried out as the initiatives carried out at national, regional instrument at the service of all three networks. that the Observatory take into consideration the by universities and research centres in Europe. and local levels that have found correspondance Co-ordinated action of the three networks may whole territory concerned, the plurality of territo- Thus, in January 2008, the Network of Univer- in the establishment of the Landscape Observa- also be able to respond more effectively to the rial, urban, environmental and cultural issues oc- sities for the Implementation of the European tories. Particular mention must be made of the needs of pan-European policies that significantly curring there, and the social processes through Landscape Convention – UNISCAPE – was es- Landscape Observatory of Catalonia, which since affect cultural heritage and the landscape, but which local communities react to such problems tablished with its headquarters in Florence. the initial years after the Convention’s adoption, which are beyond the powers of the Council of regardless of administrative boundaries and ar- At the same time, considering the importance together with other regional and local Observa- Europe, and to invest instead in those of the Eu- eas of competence of the institutions concerned. that the ELC accords the role of civil society in tories of European countries, has provided great ropean Union (EU), such as agricultural policy or The scope cannot be reduced to a few areas of landscape policies, in February 2008, the Inter- impetus to the guidance and monitoring of the mobility and transport. A more direct relation- special interest, somehow detached from their national Network for Non-Governmental Orga- implementation process of the ELC. ship with organs of the EU (reinforced if possible context, or to areas of “excellence”, “natural beau- nizations for the Safeguarding of the Quality of by the EU’s accession to the ELC) is particularly ty” or “natural monuments” which for a long time Landscape in Europe – CIVILSCAPE – was estab- opportune in order to take into account the pos- were the focus of traditional action of protection. lished. The creation of the network completed 4. Perspectives and open questions sible impact that community policies have on Not in the sense that the action of protection the initiatives surrounding the Landscape Mani- regional and local landscape policies. A field of should give up defending the hallmarks of pub- festo in the Netherlands. CIVILSCAPE also has its In the light of past experience, it is time to con- action of great interest to the network of ob- lic heritage and save the unsavable, combating headquarters in Florence. sider the prospects for the development and servatories is that of the relationship between the risks and emergence of degradation, but in The initiatives of the Landscape Observatories qualification of the Landscape Observatories, landscape policies implemented by the ELC and the sense that the new focus on the relationship find support in the Recommendations of the in accordance with the tasks and objectives as- those of parks and protected areas and especially between cultural heritage and territory cannot Committee of Ministers of the CoE, 6/2/2008 signed to them. The first requirement that arises those of “Natura 2000” sites (Sites of Community avoid questioning the traditional logic of “pro- (Guidelines for the implementation of the ELC. concerns the coordination of initiatives, experi- Interest and Special Areas of Protection) which tected areas”, in particular the criteria for inclu- Annex 1, paragraph 10) which recognise the ences and activities underway or planned, not cover a substantial part of the EU territory, in sion in the UNESCO World Heritage List and in

8 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 9 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives the IUCN classification for the conservation of - invest largely in the intangible aspects, such as This last observation draws attention to the need Hence the proposals in 2011 for the creation of nature. It is enough to think of the requirement those typically aesthetic or anthropological- for an “alliance” between the policies of landscape a World Landscape Convention, to gather the of ‘Outstanding Universal Value’, and of the cat- cultural. conservation and nature conservation, in particular new initiatives occurring at the international egory of “protected landscapes”, which in Europe In this sense, the Observatories can play a central the conservation of parks and natural protected level. These proposals were obviously destined cover over half of the total protected surface role in the definition of quality objectives to pur- areas, both inside and outside the city. In both cas- to clash due to insurmountable difficulties pre- area. It is within this setting that the highly sym- sue in each landscape, “taking into account the es, landscape is currently in danger. The risks and sented by the enormous socio-environmental, bolic European Landscape Award, established by particular values assigned to them by the interested processes of environmental degradation related economic, political and cultural differences in- ELC, can also be found. parties and the population concerned” (Art. 6, ELC). to global changes in climate and ecological – as volved. However, against this dramatic back- The central challenge that the ELC has launched Here, it is crucial to distinguish between “quality” well as economic and social – dynamics, meet the ground of change, the conservation, manage- concerns, in essence, an attempt to develop (somehow measurable and rationally compa- new imperatives of fairness required by the world’s ment and enjoyment of the landscape - in the landscape policies effectively extended to the rable) and “value” as the integrated expression of population, calling for new visions and new strate- broad meaning provided by the ELC - poses un- territory as a whole and not – mainly or exclu- “subjective” appreciation and “common sense” of gies of development. In the “new frontiers of con- avoidable instances of public regulation of the sively – to individual objects of particular pres- landscape. servation” that are emerging, the “western view” is transformation processes that occur at all levels. tige, as single cultural or landscape goods. This After almost a decade of the first experiences of increasingly being questioned. It may be interest- The “right to landscape” implies that new citizen- shift from single properties to large landscapes ap- the Observatories, it is questionable whether and ing to recall that in the early 2000s the problem of ship rights should be protected by public author- plies in all European countries, albeit in different to what extent they provide feedback on the per- extending the application of the ELC to the euro- ities, against any limitation or incapacity. At the ways due to the various apparatus of protection spectives outlined here. The optimism reflected Mediterranean context was raised, in particular same time, public regulation, as required by the and consolidated administration cultures in the in landscape rhetoric, the declamatory empha- the scope of the ARCO LATINO. More generally, the ELC, must strengthen the role of local communi- countries and regions. Typically, in the case of sis that often pervades every public discourse strong convergence between the philosophy of the ties in creating and managing their landscapes, Italy, the “Code of cultural goods” (2004) outlines on landscape, the illusions or hopes that many ELC and the “new paradigms” for the establishment ensuring their openness, accessibility and free a two-pronged approach: communities (in fact, especially the ‘losers’ mar- and management of “protected areas” launched by enjoyment. In this double direction, the task of - on the one hand, it extends the protection of ginalised by the current processes of economic the IUCN World Congress in IUCN (Durban, 2003) the networks of Observatories is of utmost im- landscape properties, identified by agree- and social development) attach to the image of has been highlighted (CED, 2008). portance. ment between the Regions and the Ministry landscape as a flag of civil redemption, should of Heritage and Cultural Activities (taking into not obscure the critical analysis of delays, failures account studies, analyses and proposals of na- and inconsistencies that occur at all levels. At the tional and regional Observatories). regional and sub-regional levels, crucial ques- - on the other, conservation and management tions concern the consistency and effectiveness policies are articulated through territorial plan- of landscape planning, apparently a powerful ning and with reference to landscapes, as areas weapon in the hands of the public administra- so defined by ELC. Planning activities (in par- tion (regional and state); but too often weakened ticular, ‘landscape’ planning) therefore assume or rendered ineffective by the detachment of the autonomous relevance, also for the purposes choices of protection from those inherent in the of the Observatories, regardless of the pres- range of territorial policies impacting on the ence in these areas of ‘landscape goods’ of spe- landscape: a detachment that threatens to con- cific value. demn the Observatories to a merely “inventory” In this second direction, landscape policies are role. At the local level (individual municipalities, ‘territorialised’ (with reference to the so de- parks or sub-areas of specific interest such as the fined areas, crossing the plurality of ‘environ- areas of eco-museums or UNESCO sites), one mental’ policies (water management, biodiver- wonders whether and how the effervescence of sity protection, energy policies, etc.). Above all, the initiatives of the Observatories may recover however, they: the relationship with “place” that represents the - claim a holistic consideration that defies the ra- promise of the more attractive enhancement of tionality of single sector of the public interven- landscape, away from “garden” flattery or street tion, furniture. R. Lingi, Ziros Lake, Third Edition Peoples Landscapes.

10 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 11 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

Awareness, education and participation concern is to achieve sustainable development based on a balanced and harmonious relation- The Landscape Observatory of Scania, a New ban expansion on highly productive agricultural ship between social needs, economic activity Means for Landscape Dialougue in Southern land that is needed for food, fuel and fibre is one and the environment. The ELC defines the word Sweden of the most critical issues; however this problem landscape as “an area, as perceived by people, has now started to gain attention by politicians whose character is the result of the action and Louise Andersson1, Anders Larsson2, Ingrid Sarlöv Herlin2 and planners at the EU and national levels (EU interaction of natural and / or human factors” 1 County Administrative Board of Scania (Skåne), Sweden 2012, Swedish Board of Agriculture 2012). In ad- (Art. 1, ELC). Furthermore, the ELC assumes that 2 Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Mana- dition, conflicts between opposing environmen- landscape creates individual and social wellbe- gement, SLU, Sweden. tal interests, such as in the wind power debate, ing and is a concern for all. Landscape is impor- Louise Andersson, County Administrative Board of Scania, show that landscape planning is facing many tant for, inter alia, economy and jobs; for identity, Kungsgatan 13, 211 49 Malmö complex problems. Some of these problems of- nature and cultural heritage. Landscape is some- [email protected] fer few opportunities for people to gain under- thing everyone has in common, and therefore standing, to share their worries or to communi- it can serve as a platform for democratic pro- Abstract cate about landscape issues (Sarlöv Herlin 2012). cesses and even as a tool for integration and so- This paper presents the Landscape Observatory of Scania in In May 2010, the European Landscape Conven- cial enablement. The contracting parties to the the southernmost part of Sweden (figure 2a), where land com- tion (ELC) entered into force in Sweden. The ELC European Landscape Convention have agreed, petition is intense. It was created in 2011 as a joint initiative aims to promote the protection, planning and among a number of general and specific mea- between public bodies on county and municipality levels, an management of the landscape and to promote sures, to spread awareness about the landscape NGO and a university. The Landscape Observatory is currently European cooperation on landscape issues. It is among their citizens, and to introduce methods organized as a web-based forum aimed at sustainable deve- the first international agreement with a focus on of stakeholder participation and local influence lopment and awareness-raising about landscape and its dri- ”the landscape as a resource for multiple uses in matters of landscape (Art. 6, ELC). This paper ving forces (figure 1). Further aims are; to foster a dialogue and as a prerequisite for sustainable develop- presents the Landscape Observatory of Scania between different stakeholders in the landscape; contribute ment” (Council of Europe 2000). Landscape as in southernmost Sweden as a means to spread to a more conscious spatial planning; change the perspective a concept has thus been given official status in awareness about the landscape. It describes the Fig. 2 (a, b, c). Productive agricultural soils in Sweden and of landscape as scenery to landscape as a system; develop the Sweden. Now it is expected that the ELC will in- underlying notions behind the observatory and high development pressure due to increasingli growing dialogue on urban and rural questions and strengthen the role fluence planning and management of the physi- some prospects for the future. population. of rural and peri-urban landscapes in planning. The paper hi- cal environment in Sweden, in order to promote ghlights and categorizes important planning themes brought a landscape perspective, so that landscape val- specific physical geographic conditions” (The up by the Landscape Observatory, evaluates its progress, and ues will be treated together, not separately. The Why a Landscape Observatory in Scania? County Administrative Board of Scania 2007). outlines some directions for future development and research, From a development perspective, the landscape all contributing to Sweden’s implementation of the ELC. The peninsula of Scania (Skåne) in the southern- is one of the county’s biggest assets. However, most county of Sweden is a cultural landscape the combination of the most productive agricul- with the highest proportion of agricultural land tural soils in Sweden (figure 2 c) and a high devel- Introduction in Sweden (about 70 %). A variety of different opment pressure due to an increasingly growing landscape types are found here; fertile plains, un- population (figure 2 b), is leading to an intense In the coming decades, society and landscape dulating agricultural areas mixed with woodland competition for land. A multiplicity of urban and will face many challenges with the increasingly groves, forests, diverse coastal areas, and also, rural services and functions need to be put into visible effects of climate change, a growing popu- the most densely populated area of Sweden ad- place; dealing with culture, recreation, housing, lation, demographic transformations, increasing jacent to the Copenhagen region. Scania was un- infrastructures, tourism, and for the benefits of conversion from fossil fuels to renewable energy der Danish governance until the Treaty of Rosk- ecosystems and species. When applying a land- systems and with this, the rise of global prices ilde in 1658. The Scania landscape is “an obvious scape perspective in planning, i.e. approach- for food, land and raw material (Fairclough and and characteristic result of ongoing changes of ing the landscape as a system, it is no longer Sarlöv Herlin 2010). This leads to increasing pres- various kinds; the interaction between a given feasible to distinguish between the processes sure on land as well as conflicting land uses. Ur- Fig. 1. The Landscape Observatory web forum society, its cultural preferences and potential and taking place in the cities from those that occur

12 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 13 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives in the rural areas. The whole region is an area gathering knowledge and expertise on land- Florence, European Treaty Series - No. 176. October 2009, CDPATEP (2010) 13E, Strasbourg, France. where values and assets meet - cultural, ecologi- scape development. It illustrates, through a County Administrative Board of Scania (Länsstyrelsen pp. 201-213. cal, aesthetic, social and economic. Landscape is landscape perspective, current events, projects, Skåne) (2007), Det skånska landsbygdsprogrammet – ett Sarlöv Herlin, I.(2012), Landskap för mångbruk. Erfarenheter utvecklingsprogram med landskapsperspektiv, Skåne i från England. (Multifunctional landscapes, examples from the arena where all individual policies eventu- reports, research, analyses, statistics, trends and utveckling 2007:10. (In Swedish) England) Formas Publisher. p. 272 (In Swedish) ally coincide and are realized. However, the links tendencies. European Union (2012), Guidelines on best practice to limit, Swedish Board of Agriculture (Jordbruksverket) (2013), Ex- between town and country are not visible in the Furthermore it explores how the landscape is mitigate or compensate soil sealing. (Luxembourg: Publi- ploatering av jordbruksmark 2006-2010. (In Swedish.) public consciousness. Today in Sweden there is a affected by political decisions; global and locations Office of the European Union), 2012. range of co-existing forums and networks work- cal trends etc. and communicates this through Fairclough, G. and Sarlöv Herlin (2010), General Conclusions ing with either the city or the countryside. The articles, videos, interviews, columns, fea- of the Eighth Meeting of the Council of Europe Work- Websites: landscape perspective is missing. Cooperation tures, visualizations and announcements. shops for the Implementation of the European Land- The Landscape Observatory of Scania: www.landskapsob- scape Convention. Landscape and Driving Forces 8-9th servatorium.se. between urban and rural areas in planning, management and development is crucial for sustainable development. Future prospects Knowledge, Awareness and Sharing as Key- There is a variety of facets through which you can At present, the future organization and possible words for a Local Landscape Observatory: The look at the landscape: the different disciplinary The Landscape Observatory of Scania new tasks for the Scanian observatory is under Experience of Canale di Brenta (Northeast Italy) points of view, the differences between expert development. knowledge and that of lay people, the different The Landscape Observatory of Scania is the re- A geographical broadening to the wider Öre- Benedetta Castiglioni, Mauro Varotto reasons for interest in the landscape itself by dif- sult of a partnership and cooperation between sund region has been discussed, as well as co- Department of Historical and Geographic Sciences and the An- ferent stakeholders and so on. This multiplicity public, private, and academic bodies at regional, operation with other observatories in Europe. A cient World, University of Padova becomes not so much an element of weakness municipal, and local levels aiming to observe and seminar on the Catalan observatory by Prof. Ma- via del Santo, 26 - 35123 Padova; [email protected] , (for example, when you cannot specify the “ob- take notice of landscape from the geographical ria Goula was arranged in May 2013. Further co- [email protected] ject” you are dealing with), but rather a strength, viewpoint of Scania. operation and common projects together with because this “instrument” is very useful and The small and the large, the local and the global, the FUSE program (Future Urban Sustainable Starting from the approach proposed by the Euro- serves a range of objectives. are in focus. The observatory aims to achieve a Environments) at SLU (the Swedish University of pean Landscape Convention (ELC), which focuses We can therefore use the landscape – for being a sustainable (socially, economically and environ- Agricultural Sciences) are also in progress. As a on the active role of people and their awareness of “means of communication” – on the one hand to mentally) use and development of landscape part of this, but also as a part of the university’s landscape values, new perspectives are at present “make” the territory “talk”; on the other hand, we resources by: long-term environmental monitoring program, arising and opening up new operational oppor- can use the landscape to “talk about” and share • increasing the dialogue between landscape Foma, one of the projects involved, deals with a tunities, considering landscape not only as “ob- territorial issues, from the perspective that French stakeholders and increase awareness of the Landscape Portal where methods for landscape ject” (for research, spatial policies and planning scholars call “médiation paysagère” (Fortin, 2007; context and consequences; assessment could be gathered and communi- as well as for educational and awareness raising Joliveau et al., 2008; Bigando et al., 2011). • strengthening the conditions for a more con- cated with stakeholders. activities), but also as “instrument”, through which The experience of the Landscape Observatories, scious planning; Combining research with stakeholder commu- research, planning, education and awareness rais- especially at local level, can be framed in this con- • changing the notion of landscape as a picture nication, but also engaging in education of, for ing can be made (Luginbühl, 2004; Derioz, 2008; text, moving around three key words, strongly to landscape as a system; example, landscape architects will be essential Ferrario, 2011; Guisepelli et al., 2013). connected to each other: knowledge, awareness • developing a conversation about the relation- aspects of the future observatory. In this work, The perspective of landscape as a tool is a natural and sharing. ship between rural and urban; inspiration from other Landscape Observatories consequence of its “esprit” (Farinelli, 1991), that Knowledge means on the one hand the imple- • highlighting and strengthen the rural and the around Europe and how these are organized is is, its conceptual ambiguity derived from being mentation of studies on the issue of landscape urban landscape’s significance in land use most valuable. at the same time the thing and the image of the in general and/or on specific local features, and planning; thing, the reality and the representation of real- the monitoring of landscape change, too; on the • strengthening and raising-awareness of the ity, becoming a place of encounter between ma- other hand it means the dissemination of these landscape and the processes that drive the de- References teriality and immateriality, an intermediary be- studies, through specific education and training velopment of the landscape. tween the territory and the people who perceive projects. The perceptions and social representa- Printed sources: that territory and who build representations of it tions should also be included in landscape analy- The landscape observatory is working through Council of Europe (2000), European Landscape Convention, (Castiglioni and Ferrario, 2007). sis: the ELC, in fact, asks parties to take into ac-

14 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 15 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives count the values attributed by the people, which developed between 18 June 2011 and the final - With special attention to the multiscalarity of riferimento, in Castiglioni B., De Marchi M., a cura di, Di need to be understood through specific surveys. event (Festival of Landscape) on 25-26 May 2012, processes and participation, the local Observa- chi è il paesaggio? La partecipazione degli attori nella indi- viduazione, valutazione e pianificazione, CLEUP Editrice, Awareness is instead linked to sensitisation ac- concerning different fields: tory directed its action towards the enhance- Padova, pp. 73-86. tivities, both addressing young people and the - Animation and communication activities (adver- ment of the local dimension, but without Castiglioni B. (2012), Education on landscape for children, in general public. The increased awareness mainly tising activities in local markets and festivals, ever falling into the trap of being overly local Council of Europe, Landscape facets. Reflections and propos- concerns the acknowledgment of a personal and info points, newsletters and a website updating in its approach: a strategic role in this direc- als for the implementation of the European Landscape Conven- community relationship with the landscape, and www.osservatorio-canaledibrenta.com) tion was provided by the framework that sup- tion. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, pp. 217-267. the values on which this relationship is based. - Survey about the perception of landscape with ported the experimental phase, i.e. the coop- Castiglioni B., Ferrario V. (2007), “Dove non c’è paesaggio: Sharing is finally referred to as the need to assign almost 1,000 questionnaires collected eration among universities, local institutions indagini nella città diffusa veneta e questioni aperte”, Rivista Geografica Italiana, CXIV, 3: 397-425. an “active role” to the population, both in specific - Educational activities about the local landscape and regional management. This allowed the phases of proposals and in decision-making – for with the schools, with the training of 80 teach- strengthening of the identity of the valley and Chemin A., Fontanari E., Patassini D., a cura di (2012), Pae- saggi del Canale di Brenta. Osservatorio locale sperimen- improving the quality of the landscape – and in ers and the direct involvement of over 1300 its centrality against marginalizing trends. The tale: dossier didattico, Urban Press, Padova. broader terms as the widespread growth of a school children European Landscape Convention underlines Derioz P. (2008), “L’approche paysagère: un outil polyvalent sense of belonging to the landscape and respon- - Advanced Training Course for those who work that no landscape is “marginal” and has less au service de l’approche opérationnelle et interdisci- sibility towards it, at community level. directly in the territory (35 participants: techni- dignity than others: the valley has acquired plinaire des problématiques environ-nementales”, 1éres The three key words are closely intertwined, cians, professionals) through the project a visibility that placed it at Journées scientifiques ARPEnv, Université de Nîmes, 6 one reinforcing the other. As we will see in the - Focus groups and participation activities, with June, http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00363625 the centre of regional, national and also inter- (last accessed: 18 April 2013). presentation of the activities proposed in the 4 panels for discussions on the main topics for national attention. Farinelli F. (1991), “L’arguzia del paesaggio”, Casabella, 575- specific case of the Brenta River Valley (Canale the valley (environment, society, mobility, em- - The landscape questions also revealed great 576, pp. 10-12. di Brenta), a single action promoted by the Ob- ployment) potentiality for the implementation of new Ferrario V. (2011), “As perceived by people”. Alcune consider- servatory almost always takes root not in one of - Festival of landscape, with a symbolic human economic activities, not only or not so much azioni su paesaggio e percezione, in Anguillari E., Ferrario these references, but often in the all three. chain through the valley composed by the for touristic goals, but also for innovative proj- V., Gissi E., Lancerin E., a cura di, Paesaggio e benessere, The Landscape Observatory of Canale di Brenta school children, a representative “relay” with ects related to the heritage, in the context of Milano, Franco Angeli, pp. 23-33. is the first “local” observatory in the Veneto Re- the involvement of public administrators and sustainability. Ferrario V. (2011), Il paesaggio e il futuro del territorio (osservare gion. The initiative was launched in June 2011 on local associations, a final conference and an e programmare), in Paolinelli G., a cura di, Habitare. Il paesag- - The participation and in some cases also the gio nei piani territoriali, Franco Angeli, Milano, pp. 159-171. the basis of a specific agreement between the exhibition. enthusiasm for the Observatory grew along Fontanari E., Patassini D., a cura di (2008), Paesaggi terrazzati Veneto Region (Bureau of Urban Planning and At the end of the first experimental phase of ac- the way. The main risk is not to live up to the dell’arco alpino. Esperienze di progetto, Marsilio, Venezia. Landscape), Comunità Montana del Brenta, the tivities, we can underline some important points community’s expectations, appropriately Fortin, M.J. (2007), Le paysage, cadre d’évaluation pour une University of Padua (Department of Geography) for the evaluation of the project: stressed by constant awareness-raising activi- société réflexive, in Terrasson D., Berlan-Darque M., Lug- and the University of Venice IUAV. - Due to the significant articulation of activities, ties: local observatories that are not perceived inbühl Y. (eds.) De la connaissance des paysages à l’action The Observatory project in its start-up phase both in terms of the variety of initiatives and as “places of all”, and that close themselves in paysagère, Versailles, Éditions Quae, pp. 223-231. set itself the aim of promoting the knowledge, differentiation of the involved stakeholders, bureaucratic structures are likely to lead to de- Guisepelli E., Mieville-Ott V., Perron L., De Ros G., Peyrache-Gad- awareness and sharing, concerning policies and the Observatory has attempted to broaden its legitimization. eau V. (2013), Paysage et développement durable : un mariage contre nature?, in Luginbühl Y., Terrasson D., Paysage et dével- actions of protection and transformation of the action, avoiding specialist visions and defini- On the contrary, the Observatory is expected to oppement durable, Edition Quae, Paris, pp. 115-128. landscape of the Brenta River Valley. The aim tions such as those from sector-based or elitist play a strategic role as incubator of active citizen- Joliveau, T., Michelin Y., Ballester P. (2008), Eléments et mé- was thus to overcome the general idea of a land- approaches. ship, through innovative forms of participation thodes pour une médiation paysagère, in Wieber T., Bros- scape seen only as a bureaucratic constraint or - The action of the Observatory has been char- and rewarding projects. sard J.C. (eds.), Paysage et information géographique, Paris, as a postcard for tourists or as a matter solely for acterised by the effort to be inclusive, and to Hermes, Lavoisier, pp. 257-286. experts (planners, architects, public authorities). engage the whole population (inside and out- References Jones M., Stenseke M., eds. (2011), The European Landscape Given the slogan that was chosen (“OP! Land- side the valley). Bigando E., Bercovitz R., Quintin A., Tesson F., (2011), “Every- Convention: Challenges of Participation, Springer. scape is part of you”), the Observatory was - Although the Observatory has been supported day landscapes and participations. Landscape as a media- Laganà G. (2012), Osservando il paesaggio. Il progetto come tor to involve inhabitants in the decision-making process: processo partecipato fra diagnosi e interpretazione, Libria, strongly oriented towards promoting participa- by strong external inputs (primarily academic a singular method implemented in the town of Pau”, pa- Melfi. tion and involvement of the citizens in an inclu- institutions), during the first year of activities per presented at the Colloque international Paysages de Lodatti L. (2012), Paesaggi terrazzati tra eredità storica e innovazi- sive manner, as an intermediary between civil the involvement of local people and local au- la vie quotidienne, Perpignan-Girona, 16-18 marzo 2011. one: il caso del Canale di Brenta, Tesi di Dottorato, Scuola di society and public administrations. The activities thorities increased. Castiglioni B. (2009), Aspetti sociali del paesaggio: schemi di Dottorato in Scienze Storiche, Università di Padova.

16 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 17 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

Luginbuhl Y. (2004), Programme de recherche politiques opment. Challenges of the European Landscape Convention, and aerial photographs, this growth was shown The documentation obtained from this research publiques et paysages analyse, evaluation, comparaisons. Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing, pp. 165-207. to have taken place at the expense of open areas/ represent the first steps taken in the activities Synthèse des résultats scientifiques, Cemagref, in inter- Scaramellini G., Varotto M. (2008), Paesaggi terrazzati meadows, as demonstrated by investigations of the centre and will form the basis of a more net: http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/ dell’arco alpino. Atlante, Marsilio, Venezia. DGALN_ synthese_PPP.pdf (last accessed 19 April 2011). into an area of land between Megli and Faveto. detailed information system, namely a ‘histori- Trentini M., Romano M. (2002), Piccola terra (libro + dvd), Nogué, J., Puigbert L., Sala P., Bretcha G. (eds.) (2010), Paisat- The process of landscape depletion highlighted cal database’ concerning changes in the land- ge i participació ciutadana, Observatori del Paisatge de Cierre, Verona. by the loss of biodiversity had spread to the deg- scape of the Paradise Gulf. The creation of such Catalunya, Olot. Varotto M., a cura di (2012), Piccola terra. In equilibrio sulle radation of historical buildings. From another an archive for the area will contribute to the rich Perco D., Varotto M., a cura di (2004), Uomini e paesaggi del masiere, Cierre edizioni-Antersass, Verona. perspective, the readily identifiable farm man- legacy of knowledge accumulated by research in Canale di Brenta, Cierre, Verona. Visentin F. (2012), “Gli Osservatori del paesaggio tra istituzi- agement practices permitted the verification of geography, history and environmental studies at Prieur M., Durousseau S. (2006), Landscape and public participa- onalizzazione e azione dal basso”, Bollettino della Società their validity in terms of the conservation of local the LASA Doctoral School and the DAFIST SEM- tion, in Council of Europe, Landscape and Sustainable Devel- Geografica Italiana, XIII, V: 823-838. resources. PER at the University of Genoa.

The ‘Landscape Observatory of the Golfo Para- the landscapes as collective heritage. The Ob- diso’. Educational Experiences and the Creation servatory therefore aims to provide services to The Project «Luoghi di valore» (Outstanding The focus is therefore on the point of view of the of a Database the local populations in the area, to universities, places) individuals and communities that live and work schools of all levels and administrations. in these places, with their different social and cul- R. Cevasco*, C. Gemignani*, C. Gardella**, D. Pittaluga*** After an intervening period, the first step in the Simonetta Zanon tural backgrounds, their daily needs, their aspira- * Laboratorio di archeologia e storia ambientale, DAFIST, Uni- activation of the initiative was the opening of Fondazione Benetton Studi Ricerche, Treviso: www.fbsr.it, si- tions and their feelings. versità degli Studi di Genova; a course at the centre in November 2012. This [email protected] People take part in this cultural project by re- ** Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici e Paesaggistici del- course was an introduction to issues of protec- sponding to a public announcement and com- Keywords: landscape, awareness, place, community. la Liguria; tion, restoration and conservation of the archi- pleting a form on which they name and describe *** Scuola Politecnica – Università degli Studi di Genova tectural landscape and environmental heritage their outstanding place. The announcement has Email: [email protected]; in the Tiguillo and Paradise Gulfs. Originally in- As its scientific and experimental work on the been published annually, so far six times, and [email protected] tended for young surveyors and first year archi- knowledge, design and management of land- welcomes submissions from anyone and every- tecture and civil engineering students, a number scape has evolved, the Benetton Foundation has one in the Province of Treviso. Based on the initiatives of the Fondazione G. B. of individuals from higher-level education also increasingly felt the need to investigate the uni- The latest announcement was designed espe- Massone, in May 2010 the town of Recco saw the participated. However, whilst this course dem- versal links between place and the human con- cially to stimulate collective involvement and to birth of the Landscape Observatory of the Golfo onstrated the significant cultural interest in is- dition and to encourage awareness raising, edu- explore participants’ ideas about the future of Paradiso. This initiative had two key purposes, sues it addressed, it also highlighted the need for cation and participation amongst local people, the places nominated. the first of which was to collect memories of further thought concerning the involvement of a communities and schools. Almost one thousand people have responded so places with the help of various disciplinary ap- wider range of subjects. With this in mind, at the end of 2006 the Foun- far: individuals or groups, ordinary citizens, prop- proaches and sources, such as textual transcripts, The most recent work has focused on the analy- dation devised a new initiative, a project called erty owners, students, teachers, civil servants visual, sound, literary and artistic depictions. In sis of the landscape on the diachronic side of the Outstanding Places, inspired by the principles of and many others. Their reasons for taking part doing so, this initiative provides an understand- Recco Valley (Genoa). In 1997, in-depth research the European Landscape Convention. are varied and many do not have the knowledge, ing of the individual landscapes located within of the a site in the Arbora Valley was conducted Outstanding Places takes the form of a direct the sensitivity or the taste of experts in the field, this coastal area between Bogliasco and Camogli concerning the relationship between the local appeal to the general public in which they are but their submissions are illuminated with the and the interior mountain municipalities of Us- agro-forestry-pastoral management practices asked, explicitly and very simply, to nominate light of people who live in these places and who cio and Avegno; this geographical transect also and local knowledge of the conservation of plant and describe a place (or places) that they be- are part of them. including information concerning the historical species that were considered to be culturally im- lieve to be of outstanding value and to explain When the project started, it was clear at an in- relations of exchanges with Genoa, the Ligurian- portant and of high natural value, given their why; the invitation is therefore for everybody to ternational level that the time was right for this Emilia Romagna Apennines and the Po Valley. links with the production of ‘typical’ Ligurian cui- identify and to appraise “their” landscapes and to experiment. Over the last few years there have Secondly, this initiative activates a widespread sine. More than fifteen years after the students express their aspirations for the environment in been many projects to do with exploring per- network of citizen participation regarding issues recorded the dynamics in the increase of forest which they live, and in so doing to put into con- ceptions of people’s immediate environments, such as the conservation and enhancement of growth based on the analysis of historical maps crete practice the contents of the Convention. their awareness of place, their alertness to the

18 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 19 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives role they could play in the decision-making pro- We therefore organize a number of public meet- nevertheless represent further useful material tively experienced relationship with the place and cesses concerning territorial issues within a cul- ings, around twenty to date, the latest just a for the research project. from an existing joint commitment, a situation that tural framework that was the product of a slow month ago, with the nominators, those respon- Finally we created a “digital box” which contains introduces different perspectives as regards both evolution which finally found expression in the sible for the places nominated and all the stake- all the data, the information and the opinions appraisal and proposals for the future. In most cas- European Landscape Convention and in the con- holders; we work with local press to ensure fre- assembled through the nominations, the inter- es the nominators come from the municipal area sequent “revolution” in the idea of landscape. quent mentions in the local media and also in views and the questionnaires, in other words a where the place they have proposed is located and Another observable factor was a growing desire the specialist magazines; we have been to visit complete database with easy access to all the they are often already engaged in action to safe- on the part of ordinary people in some way to more than 60 of the “outstanding places”, meet- documentation. guard and promote appreciation of it. retake control of the places where they led their ing there first of all the people who had nomi- Attachment to a place and commitment to its lives and of their personal or collective relation- nated them and, when possible, also the owners, A rapid overview of the nominations and a few well-being inevitably start «in one’s backyard». ship with those places in light of a broader sense the administrators and all the other precious wit- comments about their interpretation.727 differ- “Nimby” (not in my back yard) is not a syndrome, of their value. nesses involved in the life of the place. ent places have been nominated in 749 submis- nor is it a synonym of opposition and mindless These visits to the places with the people involved sions; the places are located in 92 of the 95 mu- hostility; rather it is increasingly a point of de- Our concept does not include the acceptance or show us that many citizens have very clear and nicipal areas within the Province of Treviso. parture for an enlightened and participatory at- rejection of nominations nor the proclamation cogent opinions and expectations about “their” The list of participants shows that they belong to titude to the whole world, the world we can join of winners; all the places nominated, observed places and that in many cases they are waiting every social rank, live in every part of the Prov- Gilles Clément in calling our «planetary garden». and described from the personal viewpoint of for an opportunity to express them. ince (and even elsewhere in a few cases), and The variety of means used to speak of the places those who live or work there constitute, in their All the documentation produced (interviews, represent every cultural condition; so we can say and to explain why they are judged as outstanding extreme variety of form, size and character, an in- video footage, photographs and a variety of oth- that place is not something that exists “around” also reinforces the idea of universality in the rela- dispensable resource for any attempt to identify er materials) is very important for research into people and communities, it is not an optional tionship between person and place, a relationship and understand the needs, the modes of expres- these topics. context; on the contrary it is an essential compo- that appears to be independent of possession of sion, the tastes of the community and their pro- nent of our sphere of life, necessary to the hu- tools to express it. Everyone loves, in their own way, posals and projects. The richness and interest of the material submit- man condition. To the point, in not uncommon to recount a personal relationship with a place that Many of the participants documented their nom- ted along with the nominations and collected cases, where the traumatic transformation of a has a special meaning for them and we have the inated places and the value that made them “out- afterwards with the interviews led us to organize place may cause a person to suffer as if the loss impression that participation in the project has be- standing” not only by completing the submission an annual exhibition, admission free, for about were of part of him- or herself. come a way in which many nominators have been form but also with a variety of other materials, three months, on the premises of the Founda- The relationship of the nominator to the nomi- able to recreate a connection with the places that including photographs, written texts, drawings, tion. In the exhibitions all the material received nated place also varies considerably. Sometimes had dulled or blurred over the years, or it has pro- audio-visual aids and maps, a real treasure chest with the submissions is set out together with the it is the owner, the designer or the person re- vided an opportunity to bring the connection to of information. documentation of the meetings held in the “out- sponsible for the site or it may be a civil servant, the surface and with it the realization that it implied Moreover, to gain a better understanding of the standing places”, with photographs and short a scholarly expert or a group of schoolchildren; passion and commitment; in both cases it demon- reasons underlying nominations and the nature video clips of each interview. but perhaps the most significant element is the strated how the “need for place” exists but needs of the links between people and places, we pre- The six exhibitions held so far have been visited participation of citizens who have no role or di- stimulation and proper “cultivation”. pared a double questionnaire, which was sent by over 13,000 people. rect responsibility for the places they nominate; to all the nominators (year after year) with ques- To engage everyone actively we asked all visitors people who, individually or together with others, The variety of means used to respond is connect- tions relating to personal details, in order to be- to express a preference for one of the places illus- nevertheless want to have their say, with an ob- ed to an even greater, though less unexpected, va- come better acquainted with those who had re- trated in the exhibition and to leave comment on jective that often goes beyond simply knowing riety of situations, stories, dimensions, functions sponded to our appeal and to the place or places their choice or on the project in general. Every- and sharing and extends, more or less explicitly, and conditions of the places nominated: places nominated. one is given a card or a form for this purpose on to participating in decisions as to their use, pro- in which nature is the principal feature, such as The project was originally launched as a simple entering the exhibition, together with a leaflet tection and modification. stretches of agricultural landscape, natural areas gathering of nominations but it has gradually commenting briefly on each of the submissions. Individual nominations often contain interesting and man-made experiments, places with water; been enhanced with other elements all aimed at Of course the visitors’ comments and preferences and constructive suggestions and they are in any examples of built environment such as squares, increasing participation of people in this collec- are not solicited in order to grade the places or to case important examples of “active citizenship”, but roads, public and private buildings, suburban tive reflection and at raising citizens’ awareness acclaim winners; since they now number several the nominations presented by more or less numer- districts, schools, parks and gardens; large-scale of these topics. thousand (all transcribed and ordered) they do ous groups of people frequently arise from a collec- environments and routes, eco-museums; coun-

20 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 21 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives try houses, hamlets and historical settlements; key to understanding the value of smaller things, too loosely used it must nevertheless be acknowl- lioteca Nueva, Madrid 2007, 343 pp., El paisaje en la cultura memorials and sepulchres, churches, convents tiny country churches, wayside altars, little signs edged that it plays an important role as a “warn- contemporánea, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid 2008, 301 pp., and Altri paesaggi, FrancoAngeli, Milan 2010, 328 pp.; and monasteries; archaeological sites of antiquity of devotion scattered around the countryside. ing light” indicating an ever-more-common sense Sa l v a t o r e Se t t i s , especially Paesaggio costituzione cemento. and modernity, including industrial areas; artistic Similarly, the attachment of special value to na- of unease and disorientation consequent of the La battaglia per l’ambiente contro il degrado civile, Einaudi, places and places of social gathering. ture or landscape is not confined to parks and homogenization of places and the cancellation of Turin,2010, 326 pp., where, on p. 296, in the chapter Noi, i So it is not easy to answer the often-asked ques- gardens or areas managed with the stated pur- variety and difference that has characterized the cittadini, pp. 282-313, he mentions the Outstanding Places tion «what “types” of places have been nomi- pose of nature conservation; more especially it transformation of our Province in recent decades, (Luoghi di valore) project; nated?» and «why?»; indeed it may actually be concerns places of botanical or agricultural ex- devastating landscapes and feelings. Gi o v a n n a So n d a , especially her articles Luoghi di valore nel Vene- to. Che territorio stiamo raccontando?, «Foedus», 24, ii quarter, impossible because “outstanding places”, as we perimentation, places in which the key words are Finally, and it is worth underlining the fact once 2009, pp. 97-106, and Narrare il paesaggio: un processo di mentioned earlier, shun typological sub-divisions ecology, biodiversity and recycling, so also sites again, many of the nominations can be seen as costruzione di valori e significato, «Rivista Geografica Italiana», and objective classifications and when we try in whose exceptional “naturalness” is only apparent spontaneous and generous gestures made by 117, 2010, pp. 157-167, both of which are based on research any case to define them we can never shake off because it is the consequence of abandonment a society that intends to play a part in the work she conducted in the framework of the project; the relationship the nominators had with these and decay, and fragments of the third landscape. of understanding and governing its places and Fr a n c e s c o Va ll e r a n i , especially Il grigio oltre le siepi. Geografie smarrite e racconti del disagio in Veneto (ed. together places, the ways they perceived and experienced The same parks and gardens are often nominated whose attribution of value also expresses a will- with Mauro Varotto), Nuova Dimensione, Portogruaro them; that relationship itself becomes part of the because of additional value and not only for their ingness to contemplate planning, action and 2005, 298 pp., and the just published Italia desnuda. Per- connotation and “type” in a complex and unre- good design. People are frequently appreciative change. This enthusiasm for planning is a prom- corsi di resistenza nell’Italia del cemento, Unicopli, Milan peatable fusion of formal attributes, functions, of a more “natural” concept of garden, one which ise of commitment for future landscapes and this 2013, 191 pp.; Ma u r o Va r o t t o , especially Geografie del declino civico? Il future prospects and subjective points of view. is less conditioned by aesthetic criteria; in many needs to be underpinned by carefully prepared fenomeno dei comitati spontanei in Veneto, «Bollettino The subjective judgement of the value of a place cases too the prevailing value in the nomination cultural competence. della Società Geografica Italiana», XIII, V, 1, January-March does not generally derive from its prestige or of a park or a garden is its social utility. Education and training are therefore (or should 2012, pp. 43-58, based on the report he presented at the from the accumulated historical, artistic, cultural And again, nominations tend to cite small historic be) “pre-conditions” if it is agreed that the peo- Landscape Study Days entitled Luoghi di valore. Valori del or natural importance attributed to it by critical towns and “minor”, little-known country houses ple involved are the mainstay of any definition luogo organized by the Foundation as part of the Out- standing Places project; tradition and acknowledged as a general percep- rather than the heritage sites for which the Province of landscape and that looking after places must Ma s s i m o Ve n t u r i Fe r r i o l o , especially Percepire paesaggi. La po- tion; rather it is the product of the sedimentation of Treviso is famous throughout the world; small take account of their recognized characteristics tenza dello sguardo, Bollati Boringhieri, Turin 2009, 282 of personal memories, of events experienced or country graveyards and not the sepulchres and and of the values attributed to them, always with pp., where, under the heading Luoghi di valore: un’altra recounted, of the evidence of change introduced memorials designed by world-famous architects; the participation of the local communities and postilla on pp. 172-175, he gives a brief description of the by previous generations; it is due, in short, to a there are places associated with work mainly if they always taking their aspirations and proposals Outstanding Places project and a suggestion of how the results might be interpreted. complicated array of factors, many of them per- recall the past and belong to cultures clearly per- into account. On the “Nimby” phenomenon, the recent study by Mi c h e l e sonal, almost never easy to pin down, that cul- ceived as more “man-centred” or when they com- Ra c c o n a t o and Te r r i Ma n n a r i n i Non nel mio giardino. Prendere minate in a sense of being part of the long-term prise large, disused buildings that offer interest- References sul serio i movimenti Nimby, Il Mulino, Bologna 2012, 170 process that has made the place what it is. ing prospects of re-use; places that are apparently pp., is the only one that needs to be listed here, given that Though we cannot go so far as to say that the more devoid of “objective” qualities but able to attract The Outstanding Places project was developed in the frame- the bibliographical references published on pp. 153-170 work of the scientific work that the Fondazione Benetton offer thorough coverage of other relevant publications. “traditional” values – those which in theory are more groups and communities and to satisfy their need Studi Ricerche conducts in the field of landscape studies, Similarly, as regards Osservatori del paesaggio, published objective and easily shareable, almost “universal”, for to meet and spend time together; places that as- design and management (www.fbsr.it). works on landscape monitoring units are well covered instance those relating to historical or artistic, envi- sume importance at the moment it becomes clear The huge bibliography associated in one way or another in the recent study by Fr a n c e s c o Vi s e n t i n , Gli Osservatori ronmental, natural or didactic qualities – are ignored that their fragility and weakness exposes them to with the project is currently being reorganized in prepa- del paesaggio fra istituzionalizzazione e azione dal basso. ration for a forthcoming publication that will illustrate or underestimated by the nominators, it is neverthe- the threat of decay or destruction. Esperienze italiane a confronto, in «Bollettino della Società and discuss its aims, methods and results. Geografica Italiana», 12, 2012, pp. 823-838. less remarkable that they choose such unusual, even So in the construction of the person-place con- We nevertheless consider it useful to mention certain es- The mention of the «planetary garden» and of the «third land- surprising, ways of interpreting them. nection a central role is played by all the factors sential reference points, starting with the writings of: scape» pertain to the writings of Gilles Clément, especially Thus, to cite a recurrent pattern amongst the associated with the sphere of personal experi- Yv e s Lu g i n b ü h l , especially Qualité du paysage - qualité de la vie. Le jardin planétaire (ed., together with Claude Eveno), Édi- submissions, we see that the sense of the sacred, ence and knowledge, of familiarity and other re- L’évolution de la domande sociale de paysage en Europe, tions de l’Aube, La Tour d’Aigues 1997, 199 pp.; Le jardin th the need for meditation and prayer is not (or not lations, whether personal or shared at the small which he gave in Florence on 19 October 2010 on the planétaire. Réconcilier l’homme et la nature, catalogue of occasion of the tenth anniversary of the signing of the the exhibition of the same name mounted at the Parc de only) translated into nominations of the numer- community level; equally central, however, are European Landscape Convention, and in general his work La Villette, Éditions Albin Michel, 1999, 127 pp.; Manifesto ous examples of monumental religious architec- the factors associated with “identity”, a recurrent on the subject of landscape and social well-being; del terzo paesaggio, Quodlibet, Macerata, 2005, 87 pp. and ture in the Province but rather they become the term in nominations, and although it is perhaps Jo a n No g u é , especially La construccion social del paisaje, Bib- Il giardiniere planetario, Rizzoli, Milan 2008, 95 pp.

22 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 23 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

Landscape Observatories Networks forums. People can point out landscape emer- 1. A hypotheses for the Landscape Observatory of gencies and detracting factors on the map in the the Tuscany Region Towards an Observatory of the Regional Land ties, in order to define fields of interest, spheres section “Segnalazioni” (advisory), or intervene in scape: an Hypothesis of the Tuscan Network of action, activities, organizing structure and role the discussion in the section “Forum”, or contrib- The surveying process of European and national that such agencies would have to fulfill during ute to the narrative of the Tuscan landscape and case studies suggested some reflections and led Adalgisa Rubino and most importantly after the process of edit- its transformations in the section “Il paesaggio ci to the formulation of some hypotheses concern- University of Florence ing of Regional Landscape Plan. riguarda” (The landscape concerns us). Moreover, ing the structure, organization and aims of a pos- Via dell’Orto 51, Firenze The research, currently in progress, was devel- in the section “Automappatura” (self-mapping), sible Landscape Observatory. Through a selec- [email protected] oped through an integrated activity of research- citizens’ organizations and associations concur in tion of aspects deemed important in each of the action, which allowed the development of both the drawing up of the active citizenship Tuscany experiences analyzed, a hypothesis of the Tuscan Key words: network observatories, participation, active citizen- parts devoted to in-depth and operative theoret- map by indicating their presence. The map, an observatory emerged. ship. ical study. The exploration of the diverse norma- ongoing process, represents the first step in the tive and organizational contexts within the coun- definition of the local observatories network into 1.1 Territorial organization Introduction tries that have signed the European Landscape which the Regional one will be subdivided. In Italy, landscape observatories can be divided The hypothesis of the Tuscan observatory was Convention, the international literature on the into three different macro-types which, in order born concurrently and in close connection with link between the social perception of landscape to simplify, could be defined as top down (Um- the editing of the variation of the Landscape Plan and the growth of regional observatories, and bria, Abruzzo, etc.), bottom up (Piedmont) and a of the Tuscany Region, amending the regional the analysis of Italian regions that have activat- combination of those two (Puglia and Veneto). In PIT (Integrated Territorial Plan). It is the result of a ed said “institutions”, was accompanied by field this latter case, the regional structure is the main research project1, entrusted by the Region to the research which included data gathering on the hub of a local observatories network, born of CIST providing advisory services for the develop- forms of active citizenship in Tuscany (citizens’ their own accord or through an initiative by the ment of the Plan. The Plan is based on a remark- networks, committees, eco-museums, etc.), a se- Region itself. And it is precisely this third solu- able knowledge device, cartographically well ries of interviews with leading figures of the ex- tion that has been chosen as the organizational referenced both at the diachronic and perspec- isting local observatories and their respective ref- hypothesis for the observatories of the Tuscany tive level, and on division of the regional territory erents within the regional and local government, Region. The idea is in fact to structure landscape into about 20 areas of landscape. Hopefully, each as well as the organization of a series of events observatories in a central structure and a net- one will have its own local observatory. The idea such as the “Landscape Tours”, organized in vari- work of local entities, one for each area identified is to organize the Regional landscape observa- ous territorial contexts, or the meetings with ac- by the Landscape Plan, interfacing and integrat- tory as a central structure, equipped with local tive citizenship, in which an exchange with local ing into the regional one. In this way, regional “antennas” organized in the “places” where there communities was initiated, on the progress be- observatories and local ones become links in the exist requests for civic commitment in favour of ing made by the Plan and the hypothesis of the same chain and preserve their capacity as local the themes of landscape and territory. observatory. The “listening process” also includ- agencies to channel participation by local com- In order to accomplish these results research was ed the elaboration of a questionnaire, aimed at munities, both in the phase of knowledge of the carried out with the following aims: high-school students in the main Tuscan cities. A Plan and in the evaluative phase, and to exert - to follow the editing of the landscape plan with dedicated interactive website was created (www. more influence in the decision-making process. a course of information and participation; paesaggiotoscana.it) in which the Landscape The network should be formed by those organi- - to create “infrastructures” and organize said in- Plan of the Tuscany Region is being discussed zations (museums and eco-museums, landscape formation and participation process and in par- and promoted, through a continuous dialogue producers’ associations, etc.) which in their func- ticular a network of central and local observato- with all citizens, organized and non-organized, The goal is to link up the directions and prescrip- tioning cover issues such as landscape culture ries via an interactive network, to push landscape interested in contributing to its editing and im- tions of the diverse landscape areas in which the and territorial culture, or which carry out actions as a propelling power and as a theme for a large plementation over time. Thanks to its simple and Regional Plan is articulated with the local project to heighten awareness and involvement of local regional “social forum”. intuitive interface, it is possible to participate in and to identify those figures which, if properly communities working with agencies, institutions, - to open up a reflection on the definition of the the interactive construction of the Plan, including stimulated, can shape the territorial observatory, associations, and local experts. The goal is to ac- observatory on the regional landscape and its events, projects and best practices of protection giving direct operation to the social construction tivate places, both in the physical and functional territorial articulation in a network of local reali- for Tuscan landscapes, and to activate discussion of the Plan and its implementation over time. sense, in which active citizenry and its associa-

24 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 25 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives tions cooperate with the local administration not yet involved in such experiences and to start Tuscan museum network, over which the Region seen the structure of the Plan itself, objects of in order to wisely develop their territory and to up the experimentation of the network of lo- has much invested in the past decade, restoring the monitoring process could be constituted by manage the future of that landscape in a shared cal observatories. Beginning a phase of experi- and revitalizing 670 structures. the evaluation of the preservation of quality of manner. ments would allow changes in the course over the invariables and reaching the quality objec- the model used, but given the fact that we are 1.3 Relationship Landscaping Plan. Observato- tives. Following the examples of the experimen- The choice arises from several reasons. The first dealing with network organizations which do ries tations carried out in the European context and concerns the will to address “sound” structures, not reach the territorial extension level of the In order to individuate closer ties with the struc- in some Italian regions, quality objectives could expressing a high level of cultural vitality and pre- entire area of the Plan, would also allow for the ture of the Plan and to warrant more efficiency moreover lead to the individuation, within senting an analysis and proactive capacity, spe- involvement, over the course of time, of other as- in its management over time, it is hypothesized each area, of certain strategic projects or proj- cific present day situations notwithstanding. The sociations, agencies and organizations active in to insert Technical notes of implementation of ect themes to be successively developed, also second concerns the fact that these are already the field of interest and therefore to consolidate the plan, as done in Puglia, about the territo- by the activation of tools such as the Charte du articulated as clusters of a network operating in and structure ever more as an element of evalua- rial organization, the structure, the work and paysage and Plan du paysage in France, Cartes the territory for the promotion of local culture, tion and management of the Plan. activities of the observatory and in reference to del Paisatge in Catalunya, Supplementary Plan- collaborating with volunteer groups and associa- what has been experimented in the European ning Document in Great Britain, represent an tions. They could therefore be the connective tis- We must highlight the fact that we are dealing context, to individuate modes by which to carry important tool of governance, aimed at imple- sue of a more or less vital world and, according with associations that even presenting analogies out the monitoring of the Plan and the tools of menting directions and strategies to defend to circumstances and moments, interact among among themselves, are not born as observato- participation to use. The Plan there could be and heighten the value of the landscape. themselves on relevant landscape issues. ries, but already operate on the themes of the individuated the dependent and independent landscape, are provided with offices and facilities variables, i.e. arguments and themes which the 1.2 How to make a network that, boosted by the website, could constitute Observatory must keep under control in a deter- Note The hypothesis is to identify a pattern that can the basis of the experimentation. In this sense, mined period of time, in order to evaluate both 1 The research was carried out by a team coordinated by prof. be structured by degrees, step by step, that are the idea of grounding itself to already existing the degree of transformation of the landscape M. Morisi and composed by Francesco Chiezzi, Maddalena virtually duplicable everywhere, to be proposed structures, particularly museums, could work itself and the efficacy of the Plan. In particular, Rossi and Adalgisa Rubino. also to other agencies and local governments also in relation to the wealth and capillarity of the

Setting up a Series of Landscape Forum Events diversity, the landscape is our living natural and cultural heritage, be it ordinary or Dirk Gotzmann, Johanna Keil outstanding, urban or rural, on land or in water“ (Council of Europe). In this context, CIVILSCAPE is setting up a number of land- “Landscape means an area, as perceived by scape forum events that aim to increase people, whose character is the result of the dialogue between civil society, regional and action and interaction of natural and/ or hu- national authorities. The conferences are man factors“ (European Landscape Conven- focusing on the interaction between actors tion (ELC), Chapter I, Article 1a). In reverse, and stakeholders, including the role of civil the only way to create sustainable land- society. The conferences will highlight na- scapes is to pay a greater attention to the tional and international examples and land- voice of the European people. To give peo- scape perspectives in seminars and during ple a say on their landscapes was therefore excursions. They offer furthermore oppor- the central intention of the ELC. 40 countries tunities for exchange of experiences and in Europe have already signed the success- discussions in an inspiring environments. ful convention for this specific reason. CIVILSCAPE is looking for partners which Landscapes record natural, cultural and would like to join this efforts. social diversity. The participation-chances As a reflection of European identity and that arise from the implementation of the

26 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 27 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

European Landscape Convention support ments or the improvement of existing ones. and rights that come with EU citizenship possible part of every citizen‘s experience. A the evelution of a proactive European citi- In this sense landscape forums - set up at a on the other hand. CIVILSCAPE as a mem- democratic citizenship implies that Europe- zenship. In this way the implementation of transnational level - create a platform for an ber of EYC2013 Alliance (EYCA) has already an institutions enjoy public confidence and the ELC contributes to an European feeling ongoing trans-border exchange about new conducted conversations to enable an in- can secure active involvement of citizens as of identity. The great and evident impact of methods, instruments, problems and as a tegration of these kind of events in the an- well as organised civil society players in the the European policy on European landscape result enhance the implementation pro- nual programme of the European Year of decision-making processes at all levels, from development and shaping - e.g. in terms of cess. Further key aspect of the discussion citizens. local and national to European one. the European Common Agricultural and will be the promotion of outcomes and con- European Year of Citizens Alliance (EYCA) EYCA furthermore outlines that a democrat- European Energy policy to name only two sequences of European decision-making was created by major European civil society ic citizenship guarantees that all citizens can aspects – underlines the importance of civil at different levels, experiences concerning organisations and networks such as CIVILS- participate in the life of their communities participation on all relevant levels in regard protection, management and planning as CAPE to put forward proposals aimed at and the shaping of public policies. to the European Landscape Convention. Ac- well as public participation. As favoured placing European citizenship at the heart of CIVILSCAPE is planning to pursue the idea cording to that, European policies influence in the guidlines, CIVILSCAPE wants to sup- the EU political agenda. It specifies citizen- of ‚landscape forum‘ events even after the the living environment of every citizen. In port an exchange of opinions and collabo- ship primarily as active involvement of citi- European Year of Citizens 2013. Especially fact the bigger part of citizens is neither ad- ration between different stakeholders and zens as participation in the life of their com- with a view to the upcoming election in the equately informed about European policies responsible policy-makers. In this way this munities and thus in democracy, in terms of European Parliament, CIVILSCAPE will sup- nor actively involved in political decision- proposed series of events and related ac- activity and decision-making. A democratic port these relevant issues by appealing a making on a European level. tivities could lead to a European Landscape citizenship must also operate at Member public discussion, active participation and CIVILSCAPE therefore plans to build up a Observatory. We already asked members of States‘ level, so that citizens engagement is a sustainable shaping of Europe. series of landscape forums. The planned the European Parliaments as well as national forums show the possibility for citizens for and regional Parliaments to support the dif- Documentation, Assessment and Monitoring interaction and participation at concrete ferent up-coming ‚landscape forum‘ events examples, which are exercised by all Euro- for this purpose. The last event should there- How Can Policy Change Be Monitored? De- The framework was devised as a concise, easy-to-follow step- pean countries, dealing with the landscape fore take place in Strasbourg with the aim to veloping a Monitoring Framework for Policy by-step format to aid use by policy-makers. This paper discuss- in terms of the European Landscape Con- bring representatives of European institu- Change in Relation to Implementation of the es the rationale behind the development of the recommend- vention. Furthermore our activities serve to tions, national regions and local authorities ELC in the UK. ed framework and evaluates the present (2013) position with awareness rising, reflections and debates together. regard to monitoring and other developments concerning evi- about the meaning and the consequences The forums furthermore indicate our shared Maggie Roe dence of change in UK landscape-related policy. of the European policy on everyday life of responsibility for the future of the European Landscape Research Group, citizen. Landscape forums as planned by Union. Tolerance and cultural knowledge due School of Architecture, Planning & Landscape, Keywords: European Landscape Convention; policy monitor- CIVILSCAPE illustrate the values, rights and to personal meetings help to meet shared Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU ing; policy change. chances that are arising from the Europe. challenges. In practice this includes cam- Tel: +44 (0)191 222 8722 Email: [email protected] Landscape can be seen as a vital resources paigns, discussions and reflections about linked to the development of a stable and the European citizenship and democracy, Abstract Introduction. What is meant by ‘monitoring’ in rela- inclusive economy. shared values, shared history and culture by tion to the ELC? In the sense of ‚landscape observatories‘ as cooperation of civil society organisations. In 2009 a policy baseline was created as the starting point for described in the Guidelines for the imple- CIVILSCAPE is going to publish and furnish monitoring policy change in the UK (see Roe, 2013). The objec- When considering monitoring of the European mentation of the ELC by the Committee of the results of the transnational forum events tives of the proposed monitoring framework were to monitor Landscape Convention the fundamental prin- Ministers, these landscape forums could act at a separate webpage created for this pur- changes in legislation, policy and activities at the UK national ciple is about how compliant States Parties are as an interface between different landscape pose. level and the level of the devolved administrations of England, in relation to the Articles of the Convention. In observatories. Instruments for landscape The idea of landscape forums was devel- Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Based on a review of rel- Article 101 of the Convention, monitoring of policies and methods are already being put oped in the context of the European year evant literature and stakeholder discussions, a procedure and implementation is identified as a high level exer- into use in several countries. The Guide- of citizens 2013. This years declared motto policy indicators to provide the evidence required was speci- cise. Existing competent Committees of Experts lines point out that each of them can be a emphasises the chances that can generate fied. The review identified the need for monitoring policy at all designated by the Committee of Ministers of the model for either the creation of new instru- from a stronger civil voice on the one hand levels local to national to effect better consistency with the ELC. Council of Europe are responsible for monitoring

28 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 29 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives and their work is reported to the Committee of • How the tangible and intangible condition of It is assumed that a measurement of change can derstand the likely impact of policy on the land- Ministers by the Secretary General. The basis for the landscape changes and the identification of be made, as long as some kind of starting point scape through a monitoring process. Although implementation is set out in Articles 5 & 6, and in trends and patterns of change over time has been identified; that is a baseline that sets the assumption is that implementation of the the Guidelines (Part 1.G.)2. • How communities and societies regard and use out existing conditions. Change can then be as- Convention will induce desired change, we can- Section 11.2 (Criteria and instruments for land- the landscape – or the way landscape is framed. sessed in relation to those existing conditions, not be sure about this at this stage. However we scape policies) of the Guidelines suggest that one • How communities, society and government re- whether it is in the physical landscape, in soci- can identify indicators that provide a picture of of the fundamental stages in the process leading spond to change through policy. ety’s attitudes or in policy content or discourse. change in policy and a picture of change on the to landscape action is the ‘monitoring of changes, It is important to identify change, observe change Although drivers of change can often be identi- ground independently; we can also then com- evaluation of the effects of policies, [and] possible and record change in any monitoring strategy. fied, there are considerable difficulties in trying pare these against baseline conditions which redefinition of choices’. In Appendix 1 (Section 2, Policies and guidance help determine how we to attribute the causes and effects of change, par- should be useful as long as we have good quality No 7) of the Guidelines it is suggested that ‘it is manage the condition of the landscape and how ticularly in relation to policy. For example, Juntti and relevant data. essential to have a means of monitoring landscape change is driven; they are expected to reflect and Potter (2002) emphasise the importance of In research carried out for the UK government changes and the effectiveness of operations. This national values and community attitudes to the understanding the knowledge, understanding Department for Environment, Food and Rural should help in the process of reviewing and refor- landscape. If we regard the Convention as encap- and framing of all actors in the process of policy Affairs (Defra), we aimed to develop a method- mulating landscape quality objectives and of re- sulating the present European overall attitude to implementation. One of the main problems with ology for monitoring change in policy in the UK defining all phases of landscape policy and its re- landscape, then the States’ policies should also re- monitoring landscape change is to understand in relation to the implementation of the Conven- sources on a periodical basis’. This then provides flect this attitude and monitoring policy change at the impact of policy on the managers and others tion, and to propose a monitoring framework a clearer indication that monitoring should oc- State level in relation to compliance with the aims that effect landscape change. As Antrop (2005) within which baseline data would be used to cur at a number of levels and that although the and intent of the Convention is important. suggests: ‘Land use changes are made by numer- assess change in national policy within the four responsibility of ensuring monitoring occurs is The assumption is that the Convention will en- ous users acting in a non-concerted manner each devolved nations of the UK (England, Scotland, primarily at a high level, the monitoring process courage change that increases the quality of on their own plot of land. The result is a rather cha- Wales and Northern Ireland). The research was itself should be carried out on an inclusive basis landscape, thus the overall objective is better otic autonomous development of the landscape. led by specialists at Newcastle University with and should entail monitoring of policy change quality over time as indicated in Figure 1. ‘Quality’ Planning [and policy] aims to steer, control and co-investigators from Sheffield and Manchester and the impacts of policy on the landscape is assessed in relation to change on the ground, guide this process. Interference with the autono- Universities. The baseline was constructed in and landscape quality. In practice, discussion change in society use and attitudes towards mous development starts at the moment the inten- four parts (see Roe et al, 2009; Roe, 2013) that in- throughout States Parties suggests that moni- landscape and change in landscape policy. How- tion of a planned action is announced’ (p.31). Thus corporated an assessment of the present under- toring is much more complex than it sounds in ever there are many different routes to achiev- policy and plans do not necessarily have the de- standing of change, and the patterns and trends these documents and, as the Guidelines suggest, ing that desired change in quality (Figure 1) and sired or anticipated effect; we need to try and un- of change as well as a policy assessment digest it is thus important to devise monitoring strate- monitoring in relation to the Convention aims gies appropriate for each State, as well as meth- to help us understand what change occurs over ods for carrying out the monitoring itself in a way time with policies acting as drivers of change us- that is suitable for the landscape issues and in a ing a myriad of routes that will achieve the de- way that is relevant to the cultures and commu- sired objective. nities living within them.

Compliance, Monitoring and Measuring Change

As is clearly stated by the Articles and supporting text, the aims of the Convention relate to planning, designing and managing all landscapes and monitoring relates to compliance with these aims. The overall indicators of compliance can be used as key elements of change for monitoring Fig. 1. Measuring change: A variety of routes may lead to purposes, thus we can identify: the same change. Fig. 2. Final baseline structure and content (Source Roe et al., 2009).

30 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 31 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

(Figure 2). As more work is done in relation to the of agricultural commodities over other potential • A further 19% of new landscape characteristics which the economy is managed. This programme Convention, it may be possible to make some strategies for farm business management’ (p.90). were emerging. aims to strengthen the evidence base for policy, clearer connections between the implementa- The slowing of change in the landscape was at- The assessment suggested that the erosion of not least by addressing the uncertainties that re- tion of the Convention and policy change in each tributed to the combination of ‘increased policy landscape character as shown by the 1990-1998 main about the impacts of climate change and State through monitoring frameworks that use incentives for conservation, alongside decreased assessment had been stopped or slowed in some the links between natural capital and human baselines such as this. market and policy incentives for increasing output places. There was also evidence to suggest that in well-being. per hectare’ (Ibid, p.91). Studies such as this ex- a number of places the existing landscape char- The Character and Quality of England’s Land- amine the impact of policy on the landscape by acter had been sustained or strengthened It was scapes (CQuEL)7 programme, was developed by Policy as the Driver of Change in the Landscape examining past examples. Such evidence is use- identified that the areas where the landscape Natural England (the government advisor cov- ful in trying to develop future policy but there is character was neglected or diverging were gen- ering English landscape issues), however recent Change in the physical landscape is commonly also danger in taking evidence on a single issue erally those close to major centres of population progress on this project seems to have stalled measured through the quantification of loss of basis without looking at the broad picture of and transport routes. due to reorganisation of the Agency and uncer- features such as hedgerows, walls and wood- drivers of change3 and how such drivers interact According to landscape monitoring reported by tainties over funding and staffing to support the lands, the change in grain size of fields, the in- to produce landscape change. Natural England carried out over the last century project. It seems that although monitoring of el- crease in roads, buildings and other infrastruc- in England the key change issues have been5: ements of the landscape – such as biodiversity ture, and through qualitative methods relating • A gradual erosion of local distinctiveness in – are still being carried out, the emphasis on the to the change in land use, practices, in attitudes How has change relating to landscape been moni- some areas, through a process of standardisation holistic approach that landscape monitoring and and perceptions (e.g. see Hanley et al., 2009) us- tored in the UK? and simplification of some of the components implementation of the Convention brings has ing indicators and other methods such as scenar- that make up landscape character. been lost. This is in spite of an enormous focus ios to try and understand the impacts of future Using Landscape Character Assessment tools for • A loss of some natural and semi-natural features by the present UK government on public par- change (see Dramstad and Sogge, 2003; Evans, monitoring change has been important in the and habitats such as ancient woodlands and un- ticipation, interest in infrastructure development 2008). examination of change on the ground in the UK. improved grassland. and other projects, in the benefits landscape can Studies in the UK have shown that during the In England, the Countryside Quality Counts4 proj- • A decline in some traditional agricultural land- provide through ecosystem services (particularly 1970s and 1980s farms in lowland areas be- ect measured landscape change by assessing scape features such as farm ponds and hedge- cultural and community identity) and in the con- came bigger and more specialised and land uses landscape character for two periods 1990-1998 rows, and a loss of archaeological sites and tradi- siderable benefits to health and welfare that evi- therefore became more uniform over large areas and 1999-2003. The project used England’s Na- tional buildings. dence has shown that landscape quality brings. of land. Spaces in between the intensively cul- tional Character Areas (NCAs) as the geographical • Increased urbanisation, often accompanied by The focus on gathering a good evidence base at tivated areas reduced and field sizes increased framework for reporting and assessing both the poor design standards and a decline in the variety a strategic landscape level in England has been and boundary features such as hedges and magnitude and the direction of landscape change of building materials, and the importation of ur- lost by this present UK government. stone walls, ditches and trees, which gave much for each NCA, using four assessment categories: ban and suburban building styles into rural areas. In Scotland SNH produced a National Assess- of the character to the landscape, were removed 1. maintained • A loss of remoteness and reduced tranquillity ment of landscapes (2005) which acts as a de- or became derelict (Parry and Gaskell, 2006). In 2. enhancing because of built development and traffic growth scriptive overview baseline of the state of Scot- the 1990s the process of change slowed, but 3. neglected tish landscapes and the changes that they are there was still change affecting landscape char- 4. diverging More recently The Living With Environmental undergoing, in addition they prepared a SWOT acter and the quality was still seen to be in de- Key findings of the project suggested from the Change (LWEC)6 partnership and programme has analysis of Scotland’s activity against the aims of cline. Parry and Gaskell (2006) suggest that the second assessment period (1999- 2003) showed been established in the UK to develop an inter- the Convention in 2009. This identified key chal- features of value were still being lost such as that (Natural England, n.d.): disciplinary evidence base, tools and processes lenges and opportunities. The gaps included the ‘diversity, local character, visual interest and bio- • Existing landscape character was being main- to inform public and policy debates and people’s need ‘to establish or strengthen the links between diversity – but on the positive side farmers were tained in 51% of England’s landscapes based on choices about mitigation, management and ad- natural and cultural/historic approaches to land- becoming more aware of the value of landscape. NCA assessment. aptation options and opportunities. This is a ten scape; to engage more fully with communities and The farmer questionnaires revealed how economic • A further 10% of existing character was being year research programme, designed by govern- the general public in landscape assessment ap- considerations, influenced by market trends as well enhanced. ment and non-governmental partners. It aims to proaches and decisions; to strengthen the focus on as CAP[Common Agricultural Policy] support poli- • 20% of English landscapes were showing signs provide decision makers with the best informa- landscape/place in education; and to ensure that cies, were apparently a key driver for these kinds of neglect (i.e. past loss of character had not been tion to effectively manage and protect vital eco- policy was informed by engaging with wider Euro- of change, promoting cost-efficient production reversed). system services on the time and space scales on pean experience’ (SNH, 2012 p.2).

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In 2009 following on from research led by Newcastle general policy cycle, including monitoring, and key issues in relation to tools for monitoring and positive planning for the future. It also showed a University to investigate the construction of a base- clearly shows this as part of an ongoing process assessment number of other useful points such as an inconsis- line for monitoring policy change in England (Roe of feedback, appraisal and evaluation. An evi- Part 3: A data digest that provided a quantitative tency in UK policy in the way it reflected all the Con- et al., 2008), Natural England produced guidance dence baseline is clearly set out as the important and qualitative analysis of relevant policies vention’s Articles. For example, the definition and for a range of organisations on how to integrate starting point for the process. Part 4: A short summary of the whole of parts 1-3. articulation of ‘quality objectives’ in UK policy was the intent of the Convention into plans, policy and The methods for the construction of the monitor- The methodology we used was primarily policy not clear and the relevance of policies to landscape strategies (LUC, 2009). It recommended a number ing framework ran in parallel to the construction analysis. In this project we reviewed academic issues was generally not set out well. of actions or principles which were derived from of baseline information (see Roe (2013) for a full theories, approaches and methods for policy the Newcastle research and tested through expert description). Monitoring tasks and responsibilities analysis8. Three key points have been identified and stakeholder workshops. These were: were explored through scenarios constructed by as important in policy analysis: 1. Ensure clarity in the use of terms and definitions the research team and discussed with the Steer- 1. Examining the processes by which policy mean- 2. Recognise landscape in a holistic sense ing Group of the research project which acted as ings are transmitted to its intended audience; 3. Apply to all landscape a policy stakeholder focus group. Scenarios were 2. Identifying the intended audience; 4. Understand the landscape baseline presented to an expert discussion group (the 3. Establishing how the audience interprets the 5. Involve people Steering Group) in the form of a short presenta- meaning of the policy. 6. Integrate landscape tion and paper. As this was primarily about organi- The first issue of transmission was being dealt 7. Raise awareness of the importance of landscape sational and responsibility issues, a number of key with in a number of ways by the Council of Europe Following the investigation relating to England, areas were summarised for discussion: and the UK Government. In relation to the second a further research project was established fund- • Principles of monitoring responsibility (in rela- point, the audience of the Convention is clear, it is ed by Defra to propose a monitoring framework tion to the Convention) all stakeholders of landscape or everyone in the for understanding how relevant policy in the UK • Recap on the existing situation in terms of re- States of the Convention. In the case of policy it would change in response to implementation of sponsibilities can be seen as primarily the various stakeholders the Convention. The starting point was to look • Options for responsibility who interpret and implement government policy at theoretical approaches to policy monitoring, • Tasks that needed to be done and what needed and guidance. The third point was particularly im- Fig. 4: Diagram Key (Based on Roe et al., 2009). and existing government guidance. The ROAMEF to be monitored portant in developing the overall research ques- The green arrows indicate the main monitoring process; Cycle (HM Government, n.d.) provided us with Four possible scenarios for responsibility streams tion related to the baseline: to what extent and other arrows indicate the feedback and information to the basis for our work (Figure 3). This sets out the including a summary analysis of the strengths how is the meaning of the Convention presently be fed into the process. Baseline: and issues/problems with each possibility were reflected in policy? Our investigation therefore • Provision of data that is the basis for comparative analysis illustrated and key points for discussion identi- looked at ‘what’ each policy examined in relation in future years. fied. The scenarios were fully discussed within to landscape issues set out by the Convention, UK Reporting to CoE by Defra: the group and the preferred strategy identified. and also ‘how’ it was interpreted in relation to the • Obligatory under the terms of the ELC; it is a biennial cycle • The devolved administration reporting cycle is biennial and policy discourses the analysis revealed. feeds into the Defra UK report. The findings suggested that the UK policy was pos- • Any relevant information emerging from CoE reporting Research Findings: Monitoring Components itively related to the intent and objectives of the process fed into reporting cycle to be reviewed in Year 3 and Year 6. Convention. Although there was variation in the Year 3 Interim Monitoring and Reporting (Stages 2-10): A baseline provides a snapshot of the current way policy in the four devolved administrations of • Review of activities relating to CoE and other countries state using available data. The baseline there- the UK reflected the Convention, the findings sug- relevant to monitoring process in UK and devolved administrations fore provides the basis for monitoring change gested a general point about the way landscape • Overview monitoring of selected indicator sectors (Part 2 & and identification of particular issues that arise. language was used in policy. Often policies reflect- 3 of Baseline) The evidence baseline we constructed was com- ed the Convention implicitly rather than through • Comparison against relevant Baseline information • Information fed into Stage 1 of full monitoring process posed of four parts: explicit policy wording and objectives. Thus the Year 5 Full Monitoring Process (Stages 1-10): Fi. 3: The ROAMEF Cycle: This sets out the broad policy Part 1: A Landscape change analysis, which was a use of more explicit links to the Convention in clear • Includes a review of Year 3 interim analysis and any fur- cycle that includes identification of various stages re- qualitative analysis ‘landscape language’ would be useful. The analysis ther information that has emerged from the CoE and other lating to the process: Rationale, Objectives, Appraisal, countries. Monitoring, Evaluation and Feedback (based on HM Part 2: A Sectoral Policy and Tools overview which revealed that UK policy tended to emphasise land- Year 6 Reporting Government, n.d.). was a qualitative analysis and identification of scape protection and management, rather than • Occurs following the full monitoring process.

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The full monitoring cycle within which the base- of policy-makers, planners, and those in organi- framework, initiation of the monitoring process conformity. In order to focus clearly on ob- line was situated was proposed as a five year sations involved in the production of environ- each cycle (Stage 1) would be with a review of served change, we recommended that five key cycle with interim monitoring occurring at three mental policy, guidance and assessment. This the Monitoring Framework components and areas should be examined and discussed in years (Figure 4). This framework was based on framework was devised in relation to national methods (in light of monitoring objectives and particular: important principles: policy, but it was also important to consider how feedback from Stage 10). Stage 2 would be the 1. New thinking and initiatives • The framework should be flexible in order to be vertical integration with policies at regional and evidence gathering phased using the existing 2. New tools able to respond to changes in policy and admin- local level and horizontally across sectors might baseline as template and basic methods set out 3. New policies istrative structures. be monitored. in the report (see Roe et al., 2009). Stage 3 would 4. Distinct trends relating to implementation of • It needed to be straightforward and readily un- Thus the framework was designed to act along- consist of an analysis of data relating to each part the ELC derstandable by a range of stakeholders. side a number of other monitoring initiatives and of the baseline, including a summary analysis. 5. Performance related to that provided in the • Parts of monitoring process responsibilities processes that would cover policy change moni- Stage 4 would be the comparative evaluation previous baseline could be delegated if necessary to the devolved toring at other levels and monitoring of change of new data against the baseline to identify the administrations, agencies and others. on the ground etc. In order for the comparison extent to which policies are consistent with the The feedback would also then be fed into Stage • The proposed cycle should take into account against the baseline to be meaningful and useful target of Convention implementation in the UK, 1 of the next monitoring process. A transparent the normal policy cycles within UK government a high level of consistency and continuity would and how the situation had changed since the pre- and efficient record system would be needed in (e.g. the UK government elections are held every be needed within the assessments. Discussion vious monitoring process. This Stage would be a order for this process to work well. No consulta- 4 years) and the time it would take to carry out with the Stakeholder (Steering) Group sug- key activity of the monitoring process. Criteria tion of a wider public or stakeholder group is em- the monitoring reporting process. gested the possibility of the need for a national for such a comparison should be discussed with bedded within this system. • The framework would ensure change was prop- level moderator to provide assessments with the Defra/UK Monitoring Group but the key point erly monitored while also considering the finan- knowledge, expertise and capacity to undertake is to examine overall change in the response to cial implications of a full monitoring process, the assessments. the Convention; this may increase or decrease in Conclusions and Reflections thus interim monitoring stages were identified. conformity with the principles and intent of the • The importance of clear reporting and commu- Convention. Briefly, the key conclusions in relation to policy nication of results In Stage 5 (Reporting and Interpretation) it was monitoring are that consideration needs to be • The need for a dynamic and reflective feedback important to identify both who was doing the re- given to how often monitoring needs to occur; system to allow for knowledge gained at every porting and to whom the report was being made. how feedback occurs, what is important to moni- and all levels to be fed back into the develop- This would determine the format of the report . tor, who should do the monitoring, how can data ment of a monitoring process and to ensure re- It was assumed that government body, Defra, be stored, what long term plan can be devised sponse to the demands of changes in policy, the would retain overall responsibility for overseeing for monitoring and how the system can be fi- environmental conditions, societal needs etc. the monitoring process with others involved at nanced. different stages. In addition it was assumed that Our work suggests that provision for further Defra reports to the Council of Europe biennially, Defra and others identified specifically within consultation to be embedded within this system this is obligatory under the terms of the Con- the process would continue to have institutional would be useful. At various stages consultation vention. The devolved administration reporting capacity to carry out the relevant monitoring re- with a wider stakeholder group is probably desir- cycle is also biennial, feeding into the Defra UK sponsibilities. able. report. Any useful information emerging from Stages 6-10 were seen as the important reflec- On-going evidence of policy change is important the two-year reporting process to the Council of tion, action and feedback stages. Information, because policy is a vital driver of change in the Europe would be fed into the reporting cycle to evaluation and feedback are fed into the pro- landscape. Although local monitoring and partic- be reviewed in Year 3 and Year 6. In Year 3 there cess and of course into planning other actions ipatory processes are important, overall strategic would be Interim Monitoring and Reporting. relating to implementation of the Convention. landscape vision is also needed by our politicians In constructing the monitoring framework it Fig. 5: The Monitoring Stages – Full Monitoring Process Criteria for the comparisons to be made would and policy-makers. In particular, an emphasis on (Source Roe et al., 2009). also became clear that the monitoring process need to be discussed with Defra/UK Monitor- monitoring the ‘parts’ of landscape (e.g. biodiver- could take on an additional important function: ing Group but the key point is to examine over- sity) without seeing the whole picture will lead it could play a key role in Convention implemen- The recommended monitoring process has ten all change in the response to the Convention to a partial view of what is going on. tation through awareness-raising and education stages (Figure 5). Since this is seen as an iterative to see if there was an increase or decrease in The economic situation seems to be the main

36 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 37 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives driver of decision-making in the UK at present. 5 See http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/land- Lancashire County Council (nd) A Landscape Strategy for pact on UK national policy of the European Landscape Unfortunately cutting back means there is a scape/cquel.aspx Lancashire - Landscape Strategy. Available at: http://www. Convention’, Landscape Research (Special Issue Living 6 See http://www.lwec.org.uk/ lancashire.gov.uk/environment/landscape/landscapeful- landscapes, Research Challenges of the European Land- critical loss of knowledge and skills amongst 7 See http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/land- lstrat/chap4.1.asp [accessed 20.06.13]. scape Convention, guest editors: B. Pedroli, T. P. Correia professionals working in this field. It also scape/cquel.aspx LUC (Land Use Consultants) (2009) Guidelines for Implement- and M. Antrop). Online early, DOI:10.1080/01426397.20 seems to affect the vision of policy-makers: 8 Particularly useful sources of information were the Magen- ing the European Landscape Convention (Part 2) Integrat- 12.751968 there is a need for a more interpretative ap- ta Book (HM Treasury, 2007) and Fischer (2003). ing the Intent of the ELC into plans, policies and strategies. Roe, M. H., Selman, P. Mell, I.C., Jones, C. and Swanwick, C. proach at the landscapes scale; a holistic and Report to Natural England. (2009) Establishment of a baseline for, and monitoring of Natural England (nd) Countryside Quality Counts Project re- the impact of, the European Landscape Convention in the analytical approach to feed into policy plan- References ports. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives. UK. Report to Defra (and a Steering Committee) Research ning and implementation. Government seems gov.uk/20101219012433/http://countryside-quality- Contract: CR 0401. to regard development as the only economic Antrop, M. (2005) ‘Why landscapes of the past are important counts.org.uk/results.html and http://www.naturaleng- Roe, M. H., Jones, C.J. and Mell, I.C (2008) Research to sup- driver without care for the impact that devel- for the future’, Landscape and Urban Planning 70 (1–2): land.org.uk/ourwork/landscape/englands/character/ port the implementation of the European Landscape cqc/default.aspx [accessed 08.07.13] Convention in England (Contract No. PYT02/10/1.16), Re- opment may have in the longer term on the 21–34. Burgi, M., Hersperger, A. M. and Schneeberger, N. (2004) Parry, H., Ramwell, C., Bishop, J. Cuthbertson, A., Boatman, search Report for Natural England. landscape. It also sees communities as drivers ‘Driving forces of landscape change – current and new N., Gaskell, P. Dwyer, J., Mills, J. and Ingram, J. (2006) Agri- SNH (Scottish Natural Heritage) (2012) Refreshing SNH’s and controllers of development, without fully directions’, Landscape Ecology, 19: 857-868 cultural Change and Environment Observatory Programme Landscape Policy Framework: A New Position Statement on thinking through the implications this may Council of Europe (2008) Guidelines for the Implementation OBS 03: Quantitative approaches to assessment of farm level Landscape, SNH/12/11/B1160724 (Draft 3 - October 2012). have in a strategic sense. of the European Landscape Convention, (Adopted by the changes and implications for the environment, Final report, Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B1164798.pdf Committee of Ministers on 6 February 2008 at the 1017th October 2006, Central Science Laboratory, York and Coun- [accessed 08.07.13] Monitoring needs to be part of a larger and meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies) Available at: http:// tryside and Community Research Unit, University of Glouc- SNH (Scottish Natural Heritage) (2002) Natural Heritage positive concept of landscape action related www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/landscape/ estershire. Zones: A national assessment of Scotland’s landscapes. to the Convention: landscape is not just a spa- versionsorientation/anglais.pdf [accessed 24.06.13]. Roe, M. H. (2013) ‘Policy Change and ELC Implementation: Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B464892.pdf tial unit and it cannot just be thought of as ‘a Evans, N. (2008) Monitoring Landscape Change: AONBs and Establishment of a baseline for understanding the im- [accessed 08.07.13] service’. We need to build up what I would term Landscape Character Assessment in the Malvern Hills. Pa- per presented to the Landscape and Heritage Research ‘landscape intelligence’ to understand the real Focus Conference, University of Worcester, 3rd November impact of policy change and how the Conven- 2008. Available at: http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/559/1/Nick_ The Place of Natural Landscape Inside Metro- courage the conservationist tendencies and cre- tion can influence change in policy, the physi- Evans’_paper_Research_Focus_conf_(3).pdf [accessed polis: Planning, Conservation, Monitoring ation of environmental framework, including the cal landscape and the way communities frame 20.06.13]. (the Case Study Of Saint-Petersburg) network of protected natural territories (PNT). Fischer, F. (2003) Reframing Public Policy: Discursive Politics the landscape. and Deliberative Practices (Oxford, OUP) Per contra, needs of city infrastructure develop- Dramstad, W. and Sogge, C. (eds) (2003) Agricultural impacts Gr. Isachenko*, A. Reznikov ment and non-stopped growth of land cost pro- on landscapes, Proceedings from NIJOS/OECD Expert St.Petersburg State University, St.Petersburg, Russia voke countless land-use conflicts and taking off Meeting on Agricultural Landscape Indicators in Oslo, *E-mail: [email protected] natural landscape plots for residential, industrial Norway, October 7-9, 2002. Norsk institutt for jord- og building or communications. Note skogkartlegging, Ås2003, NIJOS rapport 07/2003. Avail- able at: http://www.skogoglandskap.no/filearchive/net- Keywords: natural landscape, protected natural territory, lan- The authors have been carried out the analysis 1 Article 10 - Monitoring of the implementation of the Con- trapport07-08.pdf [accessed 20.06.13] dscape-dynamical approach. of St. Petersburg’s natural landscapes, which are vention Hersperger, A.M. and Bürgi, M. (2010) ‘How Do Policies understood as territories basically covered with 1 Existing competent Committees of Experts set up under Shape Landscapes? Landscape Change and its Political Saint-Petersburg is the largest city in the world natural vegetation. Conclusions are based upon Article 17 of the Statute of the Council of Europe shall be Driving Forces in the Limmat Valley, Switzerland 1930– designated by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of 2000’, Landscape Research 35(3): 259-279. in a natural zone of taiga (boreal forest). The city our own field research data, the analysis of maps 2 Europe to be responsible for monitoring the implementa- HM Government (n.d.) The Green Book: Appraisal and Evalu- area makes 1439 km and includes natural land- and remote images as well as surveys of the forest tion of the Convention. ation in Central Government Treasury Guidance, London: scapes of boreal forests, bogs, marshes, coastal service. In 2011 the first detailed map of the land- 2 Following each meeting of the Committees of Experts, the TSO. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/up- sites. In spite of the fact that practically all these scapes of St. Petersburg was made by the authors Secretary General of the Council of Europe shall transmit a loads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/179349/ landscapes at more than 300-year history of the in scale 1: 50 000. On the map are presented 30 report on the work carried out and on the operation of the green_book_complete.pdf.pdf [accessed 08.07.13]. Convention to the Committee of Ministers. HM Treasury (2007) The Magenta Book: guidance notes for city were exposed to various human impacts, types of landscapes of non-built areas with natu- 3 See: http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/ policy evaluation and analysis (London, Government So- the character of contemporary processes here ral or partly natural vegetation and 18 types of landscape/versionsorientation/anglais.pdf cial Research Unit/HM Treasury) is close to their natural form. The place and the urban landscapes with close building and trans- 3 See Bürgi et al. (2004) and Hersperger and Bürgi (2010) for Juntti, M. and Potter, C. (2002) ‘Interpreting and Reinterpret- destiny of the natural landscapes inside big city formed relief and upper ground layer. The gener- useful discussions of the relevance of drivers of change. ing Agri-Environmental Policy: Communication, Trust 4 See: http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/land- and Knowledge in the Implementation Process’, Sociolo- are quite contradictory. On one side, the growing alized version of the map of natural landscapes of scape/englands/character/cqc/default.aspx gia Ruralis 42(3): 215-232 environmental consciousness of the citizens en- St. Petersburg is presented on fig. 1.

38 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 39 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

the city forests falls on the planning zones where of sandy-boulder abraded coasts has increased. partial or full cutting is permitted, that can lead Plant overgrowth and the greater shallowness to a sharp decrease in the city woods area. of the water area due to the construction of the The territory of St. Petersburg has about 30 dike that protect the city from floods (finished in peat-bogs with total area of 76 km2. Most of 2011) have led to an increase in the proportion of these peat-bogs have been essentially changed overgrown and bogged coasts at an expense of by drainage and peat excavation. The majority sandy beaches. Vacant sites on in-washed coasts of the bogs are situated on the lands of urban have gradually built up. Besides, on some coastal forests. The attitude of the authorities and of sites port constructions have completely de- the population of St. Petersburg towards bog stroyed natural landscapes. To the moment the protection is ambiguous. Bogs are perceived by main threat for the sandy beaches of Sestroretsk many people as ‘bad lands’, unsuitable for rec- area and coastal fen ecosystems with rare shrub reation. Most peateries are allocated by city au- Myrica gale of all-Russian value is the realization thorities for industrial and residential building. of the ambitious project of inwash of the terri- Nevertheless, under the insistence of scientists tory of 3.8 km2 at the expense of the Gulf of Fin- the main massifs of natural bogs are included in land water area. PNT. Among St. Petersburg’s bogs and marshes the oligotrophic (raised) bogs prevail; most of The network of PNT of St.Petersburg, being them are to some extent drained and completely formed from 1990, in 2013 includes 12 PNT covered with wood. On the low marine terraces with a total area 57.4 km2. With the projected and on Kotlin island there are a lot of transitional PNT (13.8 km2) and those suggested by way of (meso-oligotrophic and mesotrophic) bogs and legislation initiative (287.6 km2) the total area of eutrophic fens. Fens and marshes covered with the city PNT can reach in near future almost 25 black alder groves, willow and reed thickets are % of the territory of St. Petersburg (fig. 2). The the most unattractive for people, and due to it authors have developed and realized the algo- many species of waterfowl and shore birds nest rithm of landscape planning and monitoring of and feed here, and some rare plant species oc- PNT in St.-Petersburg based on landscape-dy- cur here as well. namical approach (Isachenko, 2007). Process of planning involves creation of the maps of land- Figure 1. Natural landscapes of Saint-Petersburg: 1 – pine woods, 2 – spruce woods, 3 – birch and aspen woods, 4 – Within the limits of St. Petersburg there are about scape sites, actual vegetation, influences on black alder groves, 5 – treeless bogs, 6 – valleys and flood-plains of small rivers, 7 – heterogenous coastal landscapes 200 km of a coastal line of the Gulf of Finland. The landscapes, modern processes in landscapes, (including reed and bulrush thickets). Other territories: 8 − parks and cemeteries, 9 – area with compact building. length of the natural coastal landscapes reaches undesirable dynamic trends, functional zoning, At present, approximately 250 km2 (17 % of the built up first, therefore now black alder groves 52 % of the total coastal line. The most pictur- planning of nature protection actions. For the city area) remain wooded, with a dominance occupy only 0.8 % of the city woods (Isachen- esque are the coasts formed by sands and sandy- control of processes of long-term changes of of taiga tree coniferous and small-leaved spe- ko, Reznikov, 2011). boulder deposits (27 % of the total coastal line). landscapes and an estimation of efficiency of cies: pine (Pinus sylvestris) – 44 % of wood It should be noted that many territories regarded The greatest extent of sandy beaches is in the nature protection actions the network of land- area, spruce (Picea abies) – 13 %, birch (Betula as city parks are really parts of natural woods. north-western part of the city. Much less attrac- scape monitoring has been created in 2006. To pendula, B. pubescens) – 38 %, asp (Populus Some woods are located on the lands which have tive are low coasts with fragments of fens and the moment the network includes 52 perma- tremula) – 4 %. The greatest share of the most no special status and, thus, do not enter into any marshes (25 %), but it is here that the biotopes of nent key plots; area differs from 100 to 2500 valuable coniferous woods is concentrated in accounts of wooded area. As a rule, these are specific and rare coastal plants and animals are square meters. the north-western part of the city, where the small-leaved woods (including those of grey al- present. Some parts of artificial coast also are of Periodicity of observations on the key plots var- sandy terraces and kame hills dominate. In the der – Alnus incana), which have grown on former value for their natural peculiarities. ies from once a year to once in four years. Ob- past, the significant area, especially on coastal agricultural lands, wastelands and peat fields, and St. Petersburg’s coastal landscapes are chang- servations include tree stand valuation, survey sites, was covered with black alder (Alnus glu- also on the sandy inwashes prepared for building ing very rapidly. Owing to wash-out of coasts, of the horizontal structure of vegetation cover, tinosa) woods; however these territories were and later abandoned. Approximately 40 km2 of the area of beaches has decreased and the area registration of species of vascular plants, moss-

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Landscape Observatory and Archive of Andalu- and photo-comparison has been applied. The sia (Oa p a ) Observatory is based on the systematic classification of landscapes, which are monitored by a Yolanda Jiménez Olivencia, Andrés Caballero Calvo, Laura periodic follow-up of these photographs from Porcel Rodríguez the same perspective. The basic principles of [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] this technique have been validated in a range of Regional Development Institute, University of Granada studies related to monitoring of ecological, geo- morphological and urban processes and more Keywords: Landscape evolution, photographic observatories, recently to that of landscape evolution (Carré landscape monitoring, Spain. and Métailié, 2008). The Archive, developed in parallel to the Obser- Introduction vatory, aims at creating a database for the landscape heritage of the studied area allowing for Profound transformations in the functioning and the interpretation and evaluation of the history configuration of the landscape are an essential ele- of its transformations. It also forms an intrinsic ment of recent changes in the earth´s surface as a part of the Observatory as it contributes to gener- consequence of territorial, socio-cultural and eco- ating documentation for the implementation of nomic processes. These alterations affect not only activities for generating awareness. Additionally, fundamental environmental issues, such as local the old photographs that represent the cultural climate, biodiversity or the state of the soil and wa- imagery and which are collected in the Archive ter, but also influence the quality of our living space orientate the selection of some points of obser- and the visual resources of the territory. For all these vation. The fixed network of points also serves as reasons the evolution of the landscape, especially a base for localizing old images which can extend in terms of changes in vegetation cover and land the time-span of series of certain views. use, has become an object of great scientific inter- The implementation of the Observatory consists est in recent decades. The Landscape Observatory of three main phases, preceded by a preliminary and Archive of Andalusia was designed as an op- study. The last phase has a transversal character. erational tool that implements a specific protocol for collecting, archiving and classifying data aimed 1. Preliminary study. at the systematic monitoring of the processes and The first part of the preliminary study aims at un- dynamics that affect landscape. Furthermore it derstanding the configuration and current char- provides a base for identification of functions and acteristics of the landscapes and recent dynam- Fig. 2. The development of the network of protected natural territories (PNT) in Saint-Petersburg. 1- existed PNT (2013), 2 –PNT in process of creation, 3 – PNT suggested by way of legislation initiative. values that society attributes to its landscapes ics of the studied territory. It included an analysis and therefore it contributes to raising awareness of the bibliographical documentation of the his- and fostering participation in the management of torical evolution of the landscapes (Jimenez et es and lichens and certain taxonomic groups of References landscape resources (Conrad et al., 2011). The final al., 2010), and also the results of the processes of animals (e.g. birds, ants) as well. The exogenous objective is to contribute to the elaboration of spe- sectorization of the analyzed area and of photo- processes that change relief, upper ground lay- cific tools to provide technical support for public interpretation of two sets of aerial photographs: er and soils (water and wind erosion, abrasion Isachenko G.A. Long-term conditions of taiga landscapes of administrations in the process of decision-making. the series of 1999 and 2009. of sea coasts etc.) are also fixed with the regis- European Russia. In: Landscape Analysis for Sustainable The sectorization has triple functionality: it re- tration marks. Development. Theory and Applications of Landscape Sci- ence in Russia. Moscow: Alex Publisher, 2007. P. 144-155. sponds to the natural division of different types Design And Implementation Of The Method of landscape of each region; it structures the The first results of monitoring observations al- Isachenko, Gr. A & Reznikov, A.I. Natural landscape inside metropolis: example of Saint-Petersburg. In: Landscapes, territory for subsequent configuration of the low to foresee necessary corrections in PNT de- Identities and Development. Chapter 17. Farnham, UK: In order to conduct the study of landscape dy- network of points for observation of the het- velopment plans. Ashgate. 2011. P. 257-274. namics a method of photographic observation erogeneity and richness of the landscape, cap-

42 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 43 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

of change identified and the territorial actions or series of images. This database facilitates mon- planned, forms the base for regular and system- itoring of landscape transformations and, above atic monitoring (Houet et al., 2010). all, it allows qualitative analysis which is only For each point of observation an information file possible through photos taken at ground level. is elaborated. It is composed of an image taken in In this sense, and in comparison to cartographic each photographic campaign, technical informa- and aerial documents, photographs taken in the tion of the point and the analysis of the character- framework of the observatory will constitute a istics and dynamics of its landscape. This enables tool for the appreciation of landscape in terms of future repetition of exactly the same image. human perception (Council of Europe, 2000). It is this point which leads to the other branch of the 3. Interpretation. Observatory: Public Participation. All the images, both from the Observatory and Archive, form a database of landscapes. The anal- Examples of images from the network of points ysis of the images is conducted comparing pairs for monitoring:

Map 1. Network of points for monitoring in the studied territory “Metropolitan Area and Vega of Granada”.

Fig 1. Cortijo of Tafia. Author: Andrés Caballero Calvo Fig 2. Road CN-340, vicinity of Casarones. Author: Laura turing the natural and cultural diversity of the 2. Data collection. Porcel Rodríguez studied zone; and, finally, it articulates the area A network of fixed observation points, represen- 4. Public Participation tool for raising awareness and responds to one of in the functional form, introducing already in this tative of all the types of landscape in the studied The OAPA is designed as a participative tool serv- its main objectives which is to contribute to the phase elements of the design of the processes of territory, is designed to permit regular capturing ing as a platform for analysis of landscape dynam- democratic governance of landscape resources. public participation. of images of selected areas. The objective is to ics as well as a basis for dialogue on landscape obtain a series of images which can be used for values among key local actors such as research- References The methodology of photointerpretation is comparative analysis in order to monitor land- ers, public administration and local communities based on the identification of changes. This pro- scape evolution over time and provide data for (Laurian and Shaw, 2009; Sgard, 2010). Carré J., Metailié J-P. (2008). De los paisajes de ayer a los cess, using ArcGIS 9.3 of ESRI España, is conduct- future scenarios. This allows estimating gains paisajes de mañana. Metodología de un observatorio Diachronic and synchronic analysis of photo- fotográfico para el análisis de las dinámicas paisajísti- ed by superimposing two sets of images. In this and losses in the value of landscape resources, a graphic series enables the construction of al- cas: el valle de Vicdessos, Pirineos de Ariége (Francia). way we detect on the most recent photo those key factor in the quality of territory. ternative scenarios aimed at sustainable future Cuadernos Geográficos de la Universidad de Granada, areas that have been affected by transformations The configuration of the network of monitoring management of the landscape according to the 43(2008-2), 123-149. of the elements of the landscape. This enables points of the landscape is based on exhaustive Conrad E., Cassar L.F., Jones M., Eiter S., Izaovičová Z., Ba- demands of the population. To ensure the par- rankova Z., Christie M. and Fazey I. (2011). Rhetoric and the identification of dynamics of change of the fieldwork. With the support of the results of the ticipative character of the observatory, a specific Reporting of Public Participation in Landscape Policy. landscapes in the last decade. preliminary study and through the implementa- methodology, which gathers information about Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 13:1, 23-47. The last element of the preliminary study is the tion of public participation processes, which are the perception of the landscape for each of the Council of Europe (2000). European Landscape Convention. analysis of the territorial planning documents. It described below, the final network of points is areas of study, is applied. It aims at identifying Florence. enables the identification of potential changes established. This network, covering all landscape Houet T., Verburg P.H., Loveland T.R. (2010). Monitoring and functions and values that the society attributes modelling landscape dynamics. Landscape Ecology, 25, and existing threats for the landscape. types and taking into account the dynamics to their landscapes. In this way OAPA serves as a 163–167.

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Jiménez Y., Porcel, L., Piñar A. (2010). Evolución histórica Laurian L. and Shaw M.M. (2009). Evaluation of public par- 1. The Catalonia Model is a “centre of ideas and gathers institutional, administrative, research de los paisajes del Parque nacional Sierra Nevada y ticipation: The practices of certified planners. Journal of actions” related to the landscape. It responds to and conservation approaches, and concrete and su entorno. In Proyectos de investigación en Parques Planning Education and Research, 28(3), 293–309. Nacionales: 2006-2009, ed. L. Ramírez & B. Asensio, Sgard A. (2010). Le paysage dans l’action publique: du patri- the need to study the landscape, to prepare pro- daily knowledge. As highlighted on the Brenta pp. 109-128. Madrid: Organismo Autónomo parques moine au bien commun. Développement durable et ter- posals and to raise awareness in Catalan society Website, “The Observatory management model nacionales. ritoires, 1(2) to protect, manage and plan the landscape. It is will be developed during the project activities, also a point of reference for scientific and techni- on the basis of the guidelines established by the cal research, publications and international rela- Regional Government. This experience will eval- tions. The structure is composed of one main re- uate the feasibility of a network of architecture The Landscape Observatory at a Time of Crisis 2. Landscape is one of the main factors in people’s gional centre with some associate local reference which enhances simultaneously horizontal and quality of life and it involves many components centres. vertical relationships and allows work at differ- Prof. arch. Mariella Zoppi (e.g. social, psychological and aesthetic). ent spatial scales.” University of Florence – CLM in Architettura del Paesaggio (Pre- 3. The responsibility for landscape belongs to the 2. The Piemonte Model is a network of local obser- sident) public and it involves collective actions: the vatories related to specific situations. It is based 3. The Landscape Photographic (Observatoire pho- [email protected] policies and planning are up to the public ad- on a network of small associations comprised of tographique du paysage) Model – It is a French ministration, but participation in all the deci- engaged groups of people focused on the under- experience based on a large aerial-photographs Abstract sions is up to all active citizens. standing and protection of their own territories. (high and low definition) database with geo- Starting from the new Regional Law Proposal on Land Control/ The Council of Europe Convention also points The people’s actions define the programs and the reference points, related to a non-bureaucratic Management in which the role of landscape-monitoring and pe- out the tools to reach these achievements with management of the landscape, considered as a model of observatory, based on the collection ople’s awareness in decision-making is emphasized, and consi- two operating leverages: historical, natural, social and economic resource and comparison of documents related to the dering the present economic situation, a new model of Landsca- People: a) awareness-raising and b) training and also in relation to sustainable development. The representation (e.g. cartography, photos, paint- pe Observatory must be conceived as a light “non-bureaucratic” education, construction of landscape consciousness is one ings, novels, and travels) of a region. Each region central structure (mainly as an open-access web database) con- and of the most important aims of this type of ob- is related to the other and is part of a national nected to a dispersed network of local observatories scatte- Instruments: a) to identify the actual landscapes; servatory, because only with this set-up is pos- system of landscape information. It is a great ar- red throughout the territory. People’s direct actions in the local b) to analyse their characteristics and the forces sible to have a wide democratic participation in chive of land-memory and it is available on the structures will be the soul of the Observatory System in the deba- transforming them; c) to design futures scenari- decision-making. This model is conceived as an web where everyone can have access, in order to te around political decisions (at the different levels). The regio- os; and d) to monitor the changes. active instrument to study, understand, interpret have a clear idea of the region’s modifications so nal structure will be the main actor in collecting and dissemina- and compare different situations. It is the start- as to become more aware of the landscape as a ting information, and in monitoring landscape transformations. People and instruments are related and they are ing point for understanding and designing the collective and cultural resource. Among the most Its biennial report on “The State of the Regional Landscape” will both aimed at determining (i) the quality of land- landscape of tomorrow, which can be built only interesting examples are the Observatoire photo- become the main source of information for landscape-issues scape objectives; and defining (ii) the implemen- on an in-depth analysis of the ancient landscape graphique du paysage dans le cadre du Contrat de and a fundamental document for planning decisions within the tation plan for protecting, managing and plan- and its transformations (territorial database) re- rivière Semois-Semoy from 2003) and the Obser- framework of developing, improving and preserving policies. ning the landscape. lated to socio-cultural growth. vatoire CAUE (Loire-Atlantique, Loiret, Maine-et- Loire, Nièvre, Nord, Sarthe, Val-d’Oise). Keywords: Observatory models, population’s awareness and The Observatory must be seen as an “ideal site” A combination of these two models (1 and 2) can It is established on the following ground rules: participation, monitoring. where people and instruments meet together be found in local institutions such as the Brenta a) Periodic observations of the landscape’s status to check if the landscape objectives are reached Mountain Development Agency and the Cimone (pictures and maps); The European Landscape Convention was ad- and the policies have been successful or not. del Grappa Valstanga, San Nazario, Campolongo b) Historic observations (ancient maps and docu- opted in 2000: almost 15 years ago. sul Brenta, Solanga and Pieve del Grappa Munici- ments); A first assessment may be conducted, also The observatory does not have a research or palities. c) Information and prevention actions. by highlighting some important and positive planning role, but it monitors the territories and In the Brenta experience the local bureaus achievements: promotes the citizens’ active participation in all come together with the aims of both land- These types of observatories works side by side, 1. Landscape is considered as the focus of all ac- landscape changes. scape research and the promotion of people’s and in a multi-scale way, building a wide and tions on the territory. Every transformation on participation. well-oriented documentation with respect to ur- the land is related to the landscape and is, it- At the moment we can illustrate four different This observatory model is conceived as a venue ban and rural structures and infrastructures, and self, landscape. models of observatories. for comparing different landscape practices. It natural areas.

46 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 47 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

Related to models number 2 and 3, is the “Obser- – to exchange information on policies and expe- The regional structure must also constitute a every two years, the observatory report on “The vatoire Citoyen du Paysage, Inter-environement rience concerning protection, management “smart” information collection of data/inputs pro- State of the Regional Landscape” which will be the Vallonie, Namur”. This experience was established and planning, public participation and imple- vided by the local units: it must be able to com- main source of information on the landscape and to develop people’s consciousness of the land- mentation at different levels; pare the local situations, to implement the infor- a fundamental document for planning decisions scape, with 3 main actions: (i) to give the tools – to provide data on historical documents (e.g. mation and to be the sentinel of local social fric- within the framework of developing, improving to “decode” and interpret the landscape (for ex- archives, text, and photographs) and to pres- tions. All these functions are necessary to develop, and maintaining local and regional policies. ample, through the comparison of historic pho- ent data on the socio-economic situation and tos), (ii) to help the people to become landscape existing planning instruments; Regional Landscape Observatories in Italy Workshop “makers” and (iii) to give them the instruments – to provide data for understanding the present and the knowledge to manage and protect their regional land situation as well as the trends of The National Observatory for the Quality of President of the Republic (hereafter DPR) of 26 landscape. forecast scenarios. Landscape November 2007, n. 233. The Observatory (for which other Decrees of the 4. The Blog Model – It is developed on a very light Thus, we can design a new contemporary model Roberto Banchini Minister issued between September and Novem- structure as shown by the examples in London of Landscape Observatory, and given that we (Direttore del Servizio “Tutela e qualità del paesaggio” – Mi- ber 2008 had specified its tasks and composition) and Rotterdam. Generally it belongs to associa- are in the Tuscany Region, we can try to apply BAC, Direrzione Generale per il Paesaggio, le Belle arti, l’Archi- was then established in May 2009 and began its tions or spontaneous groups of people, which these ideas in line with the recent Regional Law tettura e l’Arte contemporanee) activities, which then suffered somewhat due to aim to create landscape awareness in the absence Proposal on Land Control/Management (L.R. sul the necessity of extending the duration of the of an institution as per the European Landscape Governo del territorio/2013), in which the role of body - prior to an examination by the Presidency Convention. Both London and Rotterdam groups landscape-monitoring and people’s awareness First of all I wish to extend a warm welcome to of the Council of Ministers regarding its “utility invite citizens to create a gallery to illustrate “my in decision-making is emphasized. you all on behalf of the Director General Madd- in the long term” - according to art. 9 of the DPR landscape” by posting images on the web. In this context, the Catalan model seems outdated. alena Ragni. I would also like to express my ap- 14 May 2007, n. 89 “Regulation for the rearrange- In the London case the “gallery shows some ex- Thus, considering the present economic situation, preciation and congratulate the organisers for ment of the bodies active within the Ministry for amples of London’s landscape, its historic features, a new model of Landscape Observatory must be this initiative, which certainly represents a signifi- Heritage and Cultural Activities”. land, nature and popular use”. On the other hand, developed as a light “non- bureaucratic” structure cant moment for gathering together and mutual Further to its confirmation, and of its extension the Sustainable Rotterdam association invites us- (mainly as a web open-access database) connect- reflection – considering the wide participation for another two year period approved with a De- ers to collect all the news (e.g. books, pictures, and ing to a dispersed network of local observatories of the representatives of the Regions and the cree by the President of the Council of Ministers exhibitions) and images about the landscape and scattered throughout the territory. The local units Autonomous Provinces – on such an important (hereafter: DPCM) of 9 November 2009, the DM to make them available on the web. collect the information and debate the problems theme as the one of Landscape Observatories. of 18 May 2010 again re-established its tasks and related to their territory and landscape with two My aim is to first and foremost provide, in the composition. These four models are built on the need to un- main objectives: to raise people’s awareness most synthetic and clear way possible, an update The latter are defined by paragraph 1 of art.3, derstand and monitor landscape transforma- through in-depth landscape knowledge and to on the rather complex and cheerless situation of according to which the Observatory promotes tions, to monitor the protection, management promote a real democratic participation of peo- the national body, and then some reflections re- studies and analyses for elaborating propos- and planning process and to create a forum for ple in territorial planning and management. garding the prospective of the latter, obviously als suitable for the definition of policies for the exchanging information. open to debate and confrontation. protection and enhancement of the Italian land- Moreover, we can also say that it is important to People’s direct actions in local structures will be The National Observatory for the quality of landscape, and in particular, it: have a network of local observatories connected the soul of the Observatory System in the de- scape, provided for by art. 133 of the Codice dei a) proposes the network of the ministerial infra- to a regional centre. bate around political decisions (at the different Beni culturali e del Paesaggio [the National Code structures and regional- local structures which, levels). for Cultural Heritage and Landscape] was estab- in accordance with the initiatives that elaborate In this outline, the creation of a Regional Land- This democratic participation is possible only if lished with the Decree of the Ministro per i Beni e and approve the landscape plans, are in charge le Attività culturali [Minister for Cultural Heritage of providing to the Observatory itself the data scape Observatory (regional department, centre the regional structure becomes the main actor th or institute) becomes a useful unit to collect and in collecting and disseminating information, and and Activities] (hereafter DM) of the 15 of March regarding the landscape areas at a regional, in- compare local information, policies and experi- in monitoring landscape transformations. The 2006, integrated with the DM January 2008 ac- terregional and national level, regarding their ences. Its main functions will be: Observatory must be a kind of “giant” database, cording to the changes of the new organisational characteristics, the state of landscape goods, – to describe the condition of landscapes at a always up-to-date, accessible via the web, easy structure of the Ministry implemented through landscape restoration interventions, re qualifica- given time; to consult, and absolutely “transparent”. the Regulation issued with the Decree of the tion and recovery of degraded areas;

48 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 49 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives b) identifies emblematic case studies and re- a climate in general not at all in favour of a deci- vatory: I wish to highlight in particular amongst in my opinion, that there is the opportunity, in search topics regarding Italian landscapes; sive launch of the body, which is still inactive. the actions currently undertaken – all part of the coinciding with the hopefully imminent reacti- c) proposes methodologies for assessing the The Directorate General for Landscape, Arts, Ar- strategic objectives assigned to the structure and vation of the Observatory, to rethink its tasks – landscape values of the Italian territory; chitecture and Contemporary Art that I am rep- in particular of the “protection and quality of the an action probably consequent to it activation. d) proposes the criteria for landscape value; resenting today recently submitted to the atten- landscape” of which I am in charge –, the research This new organisation should be accompanied e) proposes guidelines for drafting projects of ar- tion of the new Minister Bray (who has assured and case studies focussed on the issues of soil by an operative cut that strengthens the moni- chitectural quality with an impact on landscape his commitment) the necessity of proceeding consumption, hydro geologic risk (with regard to toring and verification activities, and orientates goods; with the reactivation of the Observatory, which the prevention and identification of strategies of these towards the outcomes of landscape plan- f) proposes the adoption of parameters and will need to take into account the new circum- intervention compatible with landscape values), ning and some crucial aspects related to it that landscape quality objectives and proposes rec- stances and the experiences that have taken the definition of “guide-lines” or “good practices” are evident (for example the procedures of ad- ommendations for the policies of restoration, place in the meantime, in particular in the field for the right landscape integration of large infra- justment of spatial planning tools in the land- recovery and landscape re qualification of goods of landscape planning. structures (networks), and the verification of re- scape plan): a reinforcement which seems more and degraded areas; Among such circumstances and experiences, is gional law concerning land use according to the necessary than in the past because of the state g) proposes the methods for identifying land- the first thing to note is the advancement of the orientations and provisions of the Code. of advancement of some – important – new scapes at risk, by analysing the vulnerability fac- work implemented by the co-planning round In conclusion, it is relevant to take into account generation plans and their forthcoming approv- tors of the landscape; table meetings between the Ministry and many what emerges from the minutes of the meetings al. This would allow the evaluation of how and h) examines and evaluates the information re- Regions, during which the awareness of their that took place in 2009, which record a richness to what extent they can assure effectively the garding the dynamics of landscape modifica- respective areas has registered a significant in- of debate and also a certain difficulty in estab- “government” of territorial transformations and tions and the monitoring process regarding crease, and also both the evaluation criteria of lishing the details of the organisation and func- the achievement of the conservation and quali- large-scale interventions in the landscape; the landscapes and the protection and enhance- tions of the body perhaps due to its excessive ty aims established; all of this, obviously, carried i) indicates the cases of particular relevance in the ment orientations regarding the landscape (in range of tasks. out in the context of maximum coordination sector of protection, enhancement and manage- addition to the decision to provide all the areas It would appear that it is possible to conclude, possible with the regional Observatories. ment of the Italian landscapes to be proposed for with landscape restrictions with specific man- the European Landscape Award; agement regulations, in accordance with art. j) elaborates every two years a report on the state 140, Paragraph 2 of the Code). The Landscape Plan of the Tuscany Region: an renewal of planning tools. The planning discipline of landscape policies. One cannot fail to take into account the other Occasion to Enhance the Knowledge and Awa- has also widened its remit with procedures and in- bodies which have in the meantime been active reness of Place struments that fostered a new form of democracy Paragraph 3 of the same article also provides that or reactivated, and with which the necessary links and inclusive planning (at least in its intention), the Observatory, when in function, should in par- need to be established, such as the National Ob- Daniela Poli increasingly open to social participation and to ticular: servatory for Rural Landscape established by the CIST - Centro Interuniversitario di Scienze del territorio- Univer- safeguarding the constitutive characterises of the - ensure the connection with the Observatories Ministry for Agricultural, Forests and Food Poli- sity of Florence. Email: [email protected] territory and the landscape. New planning mod- established in each Region with the same tasks cies in November 2012, the Observatory on Re- els include the interactive dimension which in and aims, through the regional Direction offices newable Energy Sources of the Ministry for Eco- Keywords turn generates objectives and actions. These new of the Ministry; nomic Development or the Working Group on Landscape, planning, landscape regional plan, structural ap- procedures have even managed to penetrate the - coordinates its activity with the other Observa- Climate Change activated by the “Environmental proach, heritage, normative framework. normative realm, traditionally the exclusive do- tories at a national level and with similar organs Network” that is coordinated by the Ministry for main of technical expertise. In this contribution, I at a European level. the Environment and the Ministry for Economic will try to explain the path leading to a definition Development, bodies in which the Ministry for Introduction of the Tuscan landscape present in regulations The additional provisions on the reduction of the Cultural Activities and Goods is present and ac- and standards. public costs have therefore required a new verifi- tively committed. The emergence of participatory mechanisms and cation of the “utility in the long term” of the body The Directorate General that I am here represent- the relevance of social perception in the process and another extension of its functions (DPCM, ing – due to the nature of the tasks assigned – has of territorial government (quality objectives, the 1. Structural invariants 3 August 2011), evidently remarking – together carried out a de facto coordination, orientation, territorial statute, structural variants etc.), along- with the well-known variability of the Italian po- study and monitoring role at a national level at side the typological extension of the protection The structure of the new landscape plan of the litical context that has marked the last two years- least in part attributable to the aims of the Obser- and promotion of landscape, produced a sudden Tuscany Region contains rules both at regional

50 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 51 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives and at local level.1 Apart from its rich cognitive ductive. The sequence of the three maps frames to multi-productive farming methods, of many out using a design with colours that enables description, the plan identifies in the “Structural the heritage content of the territorial structure; abandoned agricultural areas. the observer to grasp the sense of what norma- Invariants” the heart of the normative and regu- it defines its state of health and identifies strate- tive result is being communicated by words. The latory mechanism. The structural invariants are gies to open up a new phase of coherent valori- colouring of the gap between the two urbanised present at the regional level and are elaborated sation of the territory. The maps are drawn using 3. Territorial figures and standards areas simulates a presence of agriculture in the at the local level. The plan identifies four types a visual repertoire of simple and complex graph- area between Calenzano and Florence, and adds of invariants with landscape value: hydro-geo- ics whose inter-linkage as in storytelling, illus- To give more clarity to the proposed actions and a deep meaning to the definition: “to restore the morphological characteristics of watersheds and trating the consistency of heritage, the dynamics communicate them in as clear a manner possi- rural continuity between the Travalle Park and morphogenetic systems; ecosystem characteris- of change and the actions to be undertaken ac- ble, we use a more detailed imagined standard: Piana Park”. The image creates a reality of what tics of the landscape; polycentric characteristics cording to the quality objectives. the graphic representation of one or more of the the words merely allude to. The detailed ‘envis- of urban settlement systems and infrastructure; actions in a defined territorial context. The so- aged standard’ helps possible technical users and morphotypological and functional charac- called ‘envisaged standard’ is an aid for the ob- (technical officers of local or regional bodies) or teristics of the agri-environmental systems of 2. Heritage, weaknesses, landscape quality objectives server to localise the action in the territory and ordinary users (citizens, student, stakeholders, rural landscapes. place him/herself mentally in a place. The stan- environmental activists, entrepreneurs, etc.) to “The description of the structural invariants de- The heritage description shows the complexity dard is located on a qualitative representation, a better understand the treatment of that portion fines the state of preservation and / or crisis of of the structure and the co-evolutionary inter- ‘bird’s eye’ view, able to communicate the struc- of the territory, placing it in its structural dimen- the heritage, the rules and the norms that guar- action that produced the territory and its highly ture, form, and image of the territory. The figure sion and in relation to the wider context. antee its safeguarding and reproduction in the complex landscapes. The interwoven system represents the minimum territorial unit in the face of present and future transformations of the of graphic and pictorial signs helps to appraise organization of the landscape context. It emerg- Notes territory, its potential uses and performance as a which eco-systemic services the landscape could es in a clear and unambiguous way the form in 1 2011 saw the activation of the process of landscape inte- resource. The identification, description and rep- deliver; it should intrigue the observer and lead which the four structural variants are reported in gration in the PIT – which is already in the course of comple- resentation of structural invariants involves the him/her to re-read the details and appreciate the space and how they are uniquely combined, de- tion. Tuscany, as other Italian regions, has chosen to integrate the landscape plan into the territorial plan. The regional whole region, including its critical, degraded and maps as well as the individual variants therein. In fining a particular territorial identity. landscape plan is compiled by the Tuscany Region and the de-contextualised parts, and not just excellent the maps displaying critical areas, sketches show Within this complex representation the areas Inter-University Centre of Territorial Sciences (Cist), made up examples of monuments, settlements, nature the dynamics, the pressures and the elements of concerned are located by the actions for obtain- of the five Tuscan universities (Florence, Pisa, Siena, Superior and landscape; it also covers cultural and land- degradation or threat. The map containing ob- ing quality objectives. One of these contexts was Normal School and Sant’Anna School). 2 Magnaghi A. (2012), “Proposte per la ridefinizione delle in- scape heritage, as specific components of the jectives is selective and partial, as it shows those graphically enlarged and used as an example varianti strutturali regionali”, in Poli D. (ed.), Regole e progetti 2 structural invariants which make the region.” heritage elements and portions of the territory of good practice to adopt in similar situations. per il paesaggio. Verso il nuovo piano paesaggistico della The aim of the four invariants is connected to treated as a priority for the resolution of critical Even in this case the reconfiguration is carried Toscana, Florence University Press. the local level in three closely related synthetic issues. The map implies an idea of the overall maps: 1. The territorial and landscape heritage, project, which is not a simple resolution of risk which synthesise the content of the four struc- factors or impacts, but which instead brings into tural descriptions and the relationships between play the desired dynamics: light arrows cross them; 2. the heritage values and elements; map the territorial system indicating the need for re- of critical issues that synthesises the descrip- lieving polarised areas (costs, plains, valleys) for tion of the dynamics of transformation creating the benefit of inland areas in order to reactivate negative impacts on the territory and related carefully balanced relationships. The river basins problems; and finally 3. Landscape quality objec- regain colour and depth and go back to being tives which summarize and integrate the policy the centre of a multipurpose landscape and the oriented goals emerging from the four structural ecological backbone of the whole system; the invariants. The objectives are to support the dy- settlement system is represented as a polycen- namics of transformation, the course of action in tric urban network, fitting in with the need for response to the various weaknesses identified re qualifying the urban fringe; in the hilly and and the general strategy of protection and po- mountainous areas of Tuscany the central objec- tential use, whether ecological, economic or pro- tive is new sustainable development, according I. Fleishe, Underground Landscape, Fourth Edition Peoples Landscapes (detail).

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Research in Progress

Landscape Observatories and Participation in - Landscape Observatories supported by uni- Landscape Planning Processes. An Experimen- versity research, developing as partly “infor- tal Method to include Community Evaluation mal” institutions, can “fill the gap” between expert and non-expert points of view about Roberto Amatobene landscape, in the perspective of a more wide- [email protected] ly shared landscape vision and planning/ Eugenia Errante management tools. [email protected] Raffaele Germano Among their aims, Landscape Observatories [email protected] could specifically focus on catalyzing public par- Carmine Nigro ticipation within planning processes, both due to [email protected] their usually more informal approach and to their Bianca Maria Seardo proximity to citizens, thus encouraging their in- [email protected] volvement (Observatories’ members, usually be- Institution and contact information: longing to the same milieux, have more capabili- Politecnico di Torino, C.d.l. in Pianificazione territoriale, urbani- ty to share site-specific knowledge and “common stica e paesaggistico ambientale. language” with citizens; see Art. 6, ELC). From the strictly planning perspective, scientific and re- Keywords: participation, method, observatory, “Anfiteatro Mo- search fields have quickly developed a variety of renico d’Ivrea”, scenic assessment, web-survey. quantitative and qualitative tools to describe the landscape, as well as a technical lexicon. These provide a patrimony which is not usually shared The key ideas with citizens, and does not lead to many practical involvement consequences. This research method contribution is underpinned by the following key ideas: Given such a context, we show our experience of - People’s involvement in landscape planning pro- supporting the “Osservatorio del Paesaggio per l’ cesses is no longer just an option, but methods Anfiteatro Morenico di Ivrea” (“OdPAMI”, a newly re- have to be learned and tested so that expert shaping Observatory in Piedmont) with an experi- and non-expert views may come together to- mental process method tool, newly designed by wards a definition of landscape backed by the our group (“Percezioni”) within the Planning Mas- wider participation of citizens as required by ter degree (PTUPA) of “Politecnico di Torino” aiming the ELC (as well as many EU and CoE directives to combine “expert” with “non-expert” landscape and suggestions); assessment within the planning process. - The costs and time for participatory methods A relevant background are generally a real limitation to their implementation, due to various kind of difficulties Piedmont has a large number of sub-regional such as the awareness of citizens about land- Landscape Observatories (7) receiving benefits scape issues, implementation and improve- from the previous ecomuseum experience (since ment of experimental tools, time needed for 1995) and with a common strong commitment to elaboration of survey tools and relevant data territorial planning issues and to supporting civil mining; society and community action groups and asso- L. Micu, Canary Yellow, winner section Light in Landscapes, Fourth Edition People’s Landscapes

54 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 55 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives ciations to carry out their initiatives. Moreover, The suggested method: mixing patterns in a four- Step 2: to define and implement involvement Step 4: operational phase (recommendations and established as associations, in 2006 Piedmont Ob- step process tools and to connect “expert data” and “real per- criteria for the evaluation of interventions). servatories started up a coordination process with ceptions”. Designing and diffusing a web-survey Here useful tools were created for evaluation: the aim of developing shared issues together. The method is organized in the structure de- and a web-open-map, it is possible to overlap the “Map of possible transformation capability scribed below. the theoretical evaluation of visibility (with dif- and interventions needed”, connected also to In the experience reported “OdPAMI” (N-W Pied- To include the participatory structure in a gen- ferent degrees of relevance) and identification various intervention criteria which have been mont) has a strong planning-focused approach eral planning process, the choice was to develop of detractions (i.e. antenna towers, high voltage formalized. although the methods for its implementation still two mixed patterns: the is the ‘place’ for deciding lines, quarries, industrial areas and buildings) The participatory method was tested for about have to be clearly defined, shared and thus insti- the method of public involvement; the refers to with the survey results (extracted via matrices*) one month (16 Dec.-14 Jan. 2013) with the above- tutionally programmed and implemented. While the technical tools and the following steps. in relation to these two aspects; mentioned OdPAMI and local associations. this research was starting, the OdPAMI was an Step 3: strategic phase (levels of relevance of The necessity of reducing costs was also ob- “arm” (even if relevant) of the wider organization The method aims to convert scenic assessment “impairment”/“integrity” of areas). Thanks to tained through a web-based photographic sur- of the “Ecomuseo del Paesaggio di Chiaverano”. (creating above all a previous “analytic atlas” for the information from both sources of the pre- vey also circulated via posters directing people The present form of the OdPAMI is recent and is definition of types) into cartographical values vious step, this phase highlights the relevance to a web-site (Blog) and a Facebook page (http:// also based on this research experience and on the (via GIS). To always have a chance to be amend- in terms of visibility of jeopardized areas (due paesaggicondivisi.blogspot.it/; http://www.face- need for the organization to have a more relevant ed, the process needs a clear structure, therefore to the presence of detractions) and the intact book.com/paesaggicondivisi?fref=ts )1. structure. it was separated into the following steps: areas (i.e. without any detraction); the study Step 1: for initial insights and preliminary meth- moves to a joint interpretation of both aspects surveyed as a means of defining the important The core role of local Landscape Observatories wi- points to consider for future developments thin landscape planning processes: a look towards and projects; the future

Fig. 2. Analytic atlas and poster for advertising and addresses)

Being in its start-up phase, and composed by and planning institutions in the context of plan- Fig. 1. The structure of the method) a heterogeneous team of volunteers, the AMI ning processes, especially focusing on its role of odological choices, through various “desk anal- elements” to be assessed and how people had Landscape Observatory needs to prefigure its people’s involvement and education about the yses”, to give a complete frame of “typological to be involved; role as a participatory facilitator between citizens following issues:

56 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 57 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives a) strong attention to landscape transformations, Final considerations After a testing period, such an approach can References helping people to increase their capability to un- be envisaged leading to “plan hypothesis revi- Cassatella C., 2009, “La percezione sociale del paesaggio e derstand landscape transformations; First, the limited time used to test the tools can- sion” by citizens under the supervision of Ob- l’Atlante”, URBANISTICA, pp. 13-17, Vol. 138. b) capability of questioning modern landscape not give us a completely accurate result, but the servatories. Ciaffi D.; Mela A., 2011, “Urbanistica partecipata. Modelli ed esperienze” , Carocci, Torino. transformations and to suggest alternative sce- exercise has been useful to prove that the par- Peano, A. and Cassatella, C., 2009, “Gli Osservatori del pae- narios for landscape, according to individual and ticipatory method can be used for a vast area in a saggio: primi risultati di un’indagine in Europa e in Ita- collective “shared aspirations”. Meanwhile the limited period, while also receiving a tremendous lia”. in “Urbanistica Informazioni n.225/2009” , CED-PPN, whole process was effective and appropriate for backing by citizens. Furthermore, web-based Note Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio del Politecnico e those purposes and for investing the OdPAMI surveys could exclude important portions of the dell’Università di Torino. with a double role: population (older people and those who are not 1 For further informations please consult the authors ( ref. full The Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage, 1) as the centre of the network of associations al- able to access the web) that are representative of report “ Costruiamo insieme il Paesaggio dell’ AMI: un meto- “Landscape Character Assessment Guidance for England do per la partecipazione e la valutazione degli aspetti scenici And Scotland”, Written by Carys Swanwick, Department ready linked together and well known as use- different perceptions of a place (25% of 104 total percettivi”, PARTE 3 “Strumenti partecipativi territoriali per il of Landscape, University of Sheffield and Land Use Con- ful for a better delivery of the survey (posters answers are over 65). miglioramento e la gestione dell’assetto percettivo” ). sultants, 2002. and mail lists) and to give it a structure more Moreover a second consideration can be made shared by the action groups; about the importance of the support given by 2) as leader of the process itself, given that OdPA- experts from academia: such a link does not exist MI is an organization with a wide remit, appro- in the Observatory. Guidelines for the Establishment of Local Lan- tionship that they establish on the territory and priate to support the range of issues coexisting For this reason, networks and links with the tech- dscape Observatories among themselves. The need for models stems in the landscape. nical world should always be provided in such from the necessity to find, in the heterogeneous Moreover, as required generally by the core of an organization to maintain a defined frame of Letteria Calvo ensemble of existing Observatories, the factors participation, the Observatory represents a “half action. While not always possible, this can be PhD, Università di Messina, e-mail: [email protected] determining or impeding success, which would way” institution - well regarded by citizens, but achieved by stimulating interest for the area to then allow for a greater consciousness of the role also recognized by higher tiers of government. involve interested researchers. Keywords: knowledge; consciousness; sharing; participation; that this innovative tool can play in the territory. action. In the first model, denoted top-down, the administrations coordinate the Observatories, The European Landscape Convention (ELC) not and sometimes include them in the planning only promotes the development of landscape poli- process. The individual inhabitants and/or their cies in the whole territory, but states that all citizens associations are requested to evaluate the land- should have an active role in the transformation scape quality of their living environments and to processes of the landscapes in which they live. In notify the administration of their possible degra- this perspective, the Observatories can represent dation. In this model, which is quite bureaucrat- a helpful tool to cope with the need for protection, ic-administrative, and is typical of the central and restoration, and enhancement of the landscape, as regional Observatories, the objectives are set by they are able to connect scientific research and citi- the “expert know-how”, and their controlling and zens at the same time. intervening activities, as well as their functions, are generally homogeneous in the various fields. Moreover, since citizens are able to control the The regional Observatories of Sardinia, Veneto, evolution of landscape, they can also offer use- Marche and Puglia belong to this class of model. ful hints to build or update Landscape Plans, thus The Observatory of Sicily would seem to belong contributing to steering away from the current to this class too, but it is not fully operative yet. consumerist and destructive use of the land. From the experiences analysed through this in- The second model is denoted bottom-up, and vestigation, it is possible to classify Landscape includes those Observatories, often local and Observatories into three models, based on the “spontaneously” established, which are created Fig. 3. “Map of Transformation and Intervention Capability”) type of promoter-coordinator, the type of rela- and managed by individuals and/or associations

58 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 59 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

ect, and its functions are diversified according to the form of a decalogue, and are briefly reported the nature and the problems of each field and de- below. sign activity. The Piedmont and Canale di Brenta 1. Definition Observatories belong to this model. The Observatories are centres of thought and ac- The third model, denoted network, is inspired by tion on the landscape for the application of the the principles of cooperation established by the ELC. They are laboratories of ideas and projects, ELC, and implies the involvement and the coop- contributing to the formation and the develop- eration of various entities of any nature (usually ment of “landscape culture”. They are key tools institutional), which have a common interest in for the transfer of knowledge and principles of the landscape. These Observatories are charac- landscape planning. terised by an open technical-administrative struc- 2. Aims and Objectives ture, with interaction between the “expert know- To protect, restore and enhance the landscape, how” and the people’s “diffused know-how”, by based on three fundamental principles: knowl- working usually at the interregional level, and by edge, consciousness, sharing (Noguè, 2009). objectives stemming from a shared project. The 3. Level of Application decisional process is horizontal, democratic and Sub-regional, limited to the territorial level, i.e., participation-based. The activities, usually of a limited to areas homogeneous with respect to design nature, refer to the indications of the net- natural and cultural characteristics. work; objectives and processes are diversified ac- 4. Structure cording to the characteristics and the problems Can have the structure of a consortium, regulat- of each field. Finally, by sharing all information ed by public and private entities. in the network, it is possible to implement the 5. Participants knowledge of each by means of everyone’s ex- May be public (Superintendence Organs, Prov- perience. Among the most successful examples inces, Municipalities, Local Institutions, Civil Pro- of this model includeThe Observatory Network tection, Universities, Research Centres, Schools) of the Piedmont Region, the Pays Med Project, or private (Associations, Foundations, Profession- the European Observatory for the Landscape, al Associations). and the Experimental Network of the Landscape 6. Professional Figures Involved Observatories of the Veneto Region. Being a complex and multidisciplinary subject, The heterogeneous nature of the Observatories the landscape involves several professional shows that these tools, particularly those acting figures including: agronomists, researchers in at the local level, are not supported by exhaus- natural science, anthropologists, landscape ar- tive legislation. Moreover, they are not yet offi- chitects, teachers at every level, landscape ecolo- cially recognized as being fundamental for the gists, geologists, engineers, lawyers, territorial protection, planning and management of the planners, town planners, managers of the public landscape at the national and regional level. administration, researchers, sociologists, experts While waiting for such legislation to come into in public participations, historians of territory being, the elaboration of Guidelines for a Local and landscape. Landscape Observatory aims at designing a new 7. Functions sensitive to landscape issues. These Observato- These Observatories are based on a participation generation of Observatories which, based on the The aims of the Observatories can be accom- ries often have a successful outcome, as they are model, according to which the involvement of knowledge acquired by means of research, are plished through: training, education, divulgation, created with social or cultural objectives in mind, the citizens (from the bottom) and in which the able to establish general principles, recommen- listening, monitoring of landscape transforma- in order to promote the protection and the en- “expert know-how” interacts with the people’s dations, strategic choices and orientations, able tions, decision support, promotion of awareness, hancement of their own territory, coping with “diffused know-how”. This model has an open to establish the essential elements of the new enhancement, exploitation, action, participation, the shortcomings of the local administrations. structure, its objectives stem from a shared proj- structure. These guidelines were developed in shared project planning.

60 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 61 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

8. Activities Acknowledgements tory of the Mediterranean Urban Landscape. Following these cations and possible applications in using specific Can be structures mainly in the form of projects: Dr. Salvatore Federico (The University of Calgary, Canada), examples, could a specific Urban Landscape Observatory help urban landscape observatories to preserve, man- professional development courses, education in for support in the translation of the work from Italian and to preserve, manage and enhance the urban landscape and in- age and enhance urban landscapes. for proofreading. the culture of landscape in schools, question- crease awareness of its features? If yes, how? The aim of Madrid’s Plan is to define and reshape naires, focus groups, competitions and exhibi- References the image of the city by defining recommendations, web portals, monitoring. AA.VV. (2012), Progetto OP! “Il paesaggio è una parte di te”, Re- Keywords: Landscape observatories, urban landscape, urban tions, programs and projects. For its implemen- 9. Relationship with Territorial, Town Planning and port finale delle attività (giugno 2011- giugno 2012), pub- planning and design. tation, the Plan foresees the establishment of Sectorial Planning lished on the website www.osservatoro-canaledibrenta.it. an Urban Quality Commission and Office, and Landscape Observatories provide valuable as- Bellmunt J., Goula M. (2009), Cataloghi del paesaggio in Cata- The ELC highlights the importance of integrating an Observatory. The Urban Quality Commission sistance to territorial landscape planning, as they logna. In: Urbanistica, vol. 138. landscape into regional and town planning poli- (Comisión de Calidad Urbana) has an advisory Cassatella C., Peano A. (2009), La proposta metodologica cies. To integrate the landscape into town plan- play a consulting, proposing and collaborating dell’atlante per valorizzare il paesaggio piemontese. Urban- status with the functions of management, plan- role aimed at the implementation of the ELC. istica, vol. 138, pp. 9-13. ning and design is a complex and hotly-debated ning and coordination of the city’s planning and 10. Code of Reference Ciabatti S. Gandolfi C. (2010),Per un Osservatorio del paesag- issue, even for its inevitable trans-disciplinary, design. The Commission is composed of repre- International norms and recommendations, na- gio, Pisa, Ed. ETS. multi-scale and multi-actor nature. The richness sentatives from municipal entities and profes- tional laws and decrees, regional norms. Noguè J. (2007), L’Osservatorio del paesaggio della Catalogna of theoretical and operative development of ur- sionals and is superordinate to CIPHAN Commis- According to Zagari (2011), “whenever a commu- e i cataloghi del paesaggio: La partecipazione cittadina ban landscape is ascertained in some planning sion (Comisión Institutional para la protección del nella pianificazione del paesaggio, Ciclo di seminari “Di chi nity creates a Landscape Observatory in a given è il paesaggio?”, Università di Padova. tools that have been developed in several cities Patrimonio Histórico Artistico y Natural). To support region, there is a tangible sign of diffused cultural Noguè J. (2009), L’Osservatorio del paesaggio della Catalogna in Europe (such as Lyon, Madrid, London, Paris, Commission work, the Plan has established an sensitivity and of civic maturity”. This requires the e i cataloghi del paesaggio: La partecipazione cittadina Rotterdam), that are tackling the issue of manag- Urban Quality Office and an Observatory entitled collaboration of several entities at several levels, nella pianificazione del paesaggio, Ciclo di seminari “Di chi ing urban transformations. The analysis of these Observatorio municipal sobre la demanda, el uso y and it also assumes education and awareness of è il paesaggio?”, Università di Padova. cases highlights that to integrate landscape into el reconocimiento social de los espacios libres. As set Peano A., Cassatella C. (2009), Gli Osservatori del Paesaggio. urban planning and design we need to innovate the landscape. The Observatories shall therefore In: Urbanistica Informazioni, vol. 225, pp. 61-62. down in the Plan, the Observatory’s aim is to in- the data on which to develop plans and projects, not only be the consequence of a mature and civi- Polci S. (a cura di) (2010), Il paesaggio è solo una convenzione? corporate the perspectives and needs of the users lised society, but also one of the most suitable tools Gli Osservatori e la Convenzione Europea del Paesaggio, and to innovate procedural aspects. Dealing with within the planning and design of public urban for establishing this civilised society.This is certainly TAU Editrice, Todi (PG). landscape leads to the identification of ad hoc spaces. The observatory is thus both a technical a long and complex journey, and a continuingly im- Visentin F. (2012), Gli Osservatori del paesaggio tra istituzi- subjects - such as specific administrative sectors tool of analysis and divulgation of general prob- proved knowledge of the processes of protection, onalizzazione e azione dal basso. Esperienze italiane a and commissions – in order to engage inter-dis- lems and practices linked to public space and the confronto. Università di Padova, Dottorando in Geografia ciplinary skills and to activate processes of popu- recovery and enhancement is required. However, Umana e Fisica. citizen’s perception of it. Within the Plan, the ob- “a pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity; an Zagari F. (2011), Al centro dell’oceano – Osservando/Pro- lation involvement in various forms and phases. servatory’s specific tasks of analysis, evaluation optimist sees opportunity in every difficulty”, and gettando. Observatorio del Paisaje de Canarias, Colegio While there is a certain acquisition of methods and monitoring are defined. The observatory has has the courage to take advantage of it. de Arquitectos de Tenerife, 27-28 gennaio 2011. and methodologies that can investigate useful el- to draw up reports on the use of public spaces, us- ements to work on the urban landscape, the tools ers and utilities in the AURAS’s areas of interven- and procedures to integrate landscape knowledge tion, using social-perception indicators. Included Landscape Observatories: Perspectives for the we need to innovate: - the “data” on which our planning and in planning and design processes, as well as the in this report, specific analysis and recommenda- Urban Landscape? design actions can be developed; - the traditional process of involvement and awareness-raising of the popu- tions for design criteria and functionality of urban planning and design in order to allow actors to create con- lation, are to be decided. Among different tools, furniture is foreseen. After the intervention, the Giulia Carlone gruence between the goals of development - which should in- specific urban landscape observatories are of in- observatory has to report on the social and urban Architect and PhD in Landscape Planning and Design, Univer- clude goals of landscape quality - and the operative expression terest: the Observatorio municipal sobre la deman- impact of the transformation. sity of Florence of these goals into projects. da, el uso y el reconocimiento social de los espacios The Virtual Observatory, developed by the PAYS. [email protected] Among the different tools that were developed to preserve, libres provided by the Plan de Calidad del Paisaje MED.URBAN project, aims to create a shared sys- manage and enhance the urban landscape, two specific ur- Urbano de la Ciudad de Madrid and the Virtual Ob- tem of recognition and observation of urban and Abstract ban landscape observatories are of interest: the Observatorio servatory of the Mediterranean Urban Landscape. peri-urban Mediterranean landscapes, in order During my PhD research, which dealt with the integration of municipal sobre la demanda, el uso y el reconocimiento social Although Madrid’s Observatory has not yet been to identify issues and transformation processes landscape into today’s urban planning and design, an analy- de los espacios libres provided by the Plan de Calidad del Pai- established and the Virtual Observatory refers to that they are facing. Each country partner in the sis of how different cities are tackling the issue reveals that saje Urbano de la Ciudad de Madrid and the Virtual Observa- a concluded project, these cases highlight impli- project has selected specific observation points

62 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 63 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives from which problems and transformation pro- er unclear how to carry out the monitoring phase increasing the value of this environmental and thority, which have ratified the European Land- cesses of the urban landscape can be visible. For and how make their work effective, the latter be- cultural heritage, as well as promoting and orga- scape Convention, need not only be outstand- each observation point a common framework to ing strictly dependent on the integration of their nising cultural events, on the other. Article 131 of ing landscapes, but also ordinary ones and even describe and interpret, based on photographic role in the process of city planning and design, as the Code of Cultural and Landscape Heritage safe- devastated ones”; this implies a united vision support, is given. On top of the identification of well as on the political will and the technical possi- guards, protects and enhances the landscape “as of landscape which will be the subject of inter- the urban typology, the scenario and the geo- bility of involving the communities in the process regards those aspects and characteristics which vention by European States “regardless of how graphic location, positive and negative values of of knowledge building. Even if the Madrid case is constitute material and visible representation of beautiful or ugly they may be”: ultimately, the the visible landscape are highlighted. To these still not finalized, it shows that the efficiency of national identity, as an expression of cultural val- beauty of landscape is not noticed, whether it is descriptive contents are added a more detailed the observatory has to be guaranteed thanks to ues”. All the provisions of the European Landscape outstanding or exceptional, but rather only the photographic analysis and recommendations of a wider innovation of procedure in which specific Convention are geared towards the protection, shape of the territory and the environment are management. commissions and offices are established to create management and planning of landscapes in Eu- taken into consideration, considered in all their Even though the two cases illustrated are charac- congruence between development goals - which rope. It is clearly evident how the topic of land- visual manifestations and as a result of the action terized by different approaches, both the obser- has to include goals of landscape quality - and scape has acquired central importance not only in of natural and/or human factors and of their in- vatories are action-oriented thanks to the settings concrete design actions, as well as feedback. the Italian legal system but all over Europe. terrelation, as well as how they are perceived by of criteria and recommendations for facing prob- In 1948, the year in which the Italian Constitu- the local population, which is a source of specific lems and pursuing goals of landscape quality. In tion was written, “landscape” became recognised values of identity. reference to the issues that the urban landscape References as an absolute value and fundamental principle The variation in the notion of landscape implies poses (highly transformative dynamics and high Ayuntamento de Madrid (2007), Plan Director del Paisaje of the Republic: therefore, the mere promotion acknowledging its greater importance for local density of “demand/need of landscape”), the cas- Urbano de Madrid. of heritage of the landscape was no longer suf- populations, which carry out important func- es in question develop a certain complementar- Bradbee C., Forte F. (2010), Do you like it? Perceiving, en- ficient; action was required to protect it. tions of general, cultural, ecological, environ- ity. Madrid’s Observatory focuses on public spaces joying and understanding urban sustainability. In Living However, the perspective of analysing the land- mental and social interests, and at the same time and on the integration of perspectives and needs Landscapes. The European Landscape Convention in re- scape has changed from 1948 to today. establish a resource which is favourable for com- of citizens in public space planning and design, search perspective, 18-19 October, Florence. Conference Initially the meaning of the term “landscape” was mercial activity, because, as underlined by the Materials. Pondera, Pisa: Bandecchi & Vivaldi. involving them in a specific way. The Virtual Ob- close to “natural beauty”, or rather “individual Convention’s Preamble, if protected, managed Carlone G. (2012), Il ruolo del paesaggio per il progetto della servatory instead adopts a broader perspective città contemporanea / The Role of Landscape for Contem- beauty and beauty of the whole” , bringing out and planned, it could contribute to the creation of the city that may also relate to the whole city, porary City Planning and Design. Ph.D. Thesis. University the aesthetic and panoramic meaning of the of more jobs. by framing problematic issues that are related to of Florence: Italy. term, but as the years went by the term “land- In order to plan and then implement policies for specific transformational processes thanks to the Cassatella C. (2012), Townscapes. In Bagliani F., Cassatella C. scape” was used to include “a wider notion, not the protection, management and planning of photographic tool. Both approaches are useful (eds), Paesaggio e Bellezza / Enjoy the Landscape, Torino: limited to natural beauty to be conserved, but landscape, the Council of Europe, with the 2008 and recall problems of management and transfor- Celid. intended as the shape and aspect of the land”, guidelines, specified the contents of the Euro- mation of the urban landscape, starting from the Pol F., Montejano A. R. (2012), The Masterplan for the Urban “as a continuous interaction between nature and pean Landscape Convention and suggested that Landscape of Madrid. Perceptual sequences and public main elements that characterize it and its percep- space. In Bagliani F., Cassatella C. (eds), Paesaggio e bellez- man, as the shape of the environment and, there- the States parties involved adopt one or more tion: the structure and the image of the city, with za / Enjoy the Landscape, Torino: Celid. fore, as a natural environment modified by man” “instruments for landscape policies”, among its aesthetic and meaningful relevance, and the PAYS.MED.URBAN Project, Med Programme 2007-2013. : in essence “a cultural-identity consideration” of which are listed the so-called “landscape obser- public space. For both observatories it is still rath- www.paysmed.net/pays-urban/. “landscape” emerged. vatories”. The definition of landscape was modified again According to the guidelines, the landscape ob- with the advent of the European Landscape Con- servatories’ main objective is to favour continued Italian Landscape Observatories Between Ru- Introduction vention, which is implemented in the whole terri- observation of the territory, as well as the estab- les and Practice tory of the participating States, including natural, lishment of a forum for the exchange of landscape Article 9, paragraph 2 of the Italian Constitution rural, urban and peri-urban areas, consisting of information. These should allow the observation Luca Di Giovanni protects the country’s landscape and historical land and also internal and marine waters, land- of landscape on the basis of appropriate studies, University of Florence and artistic heritage. Article 117, paragraphs 2 scapes which may be considered outstanding, using a wide array of indicators; they should fa- Social Science Campus, Department of Law Via delle Pandet- and 3 of the Constitution, is geared towards the ordinary or even degraded. cilitate the collection and exchange of informa- te, Florence, Italy protection of the environment, the ecosystem In essence, “the landscapes subject to attention, tion on protection, management and planning luca.digiovanni22 gmail.com and cultural heritage on the one hand, and to care and intervention from European civil au- policies, including relevant practical experience;

64 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 65 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives they should also be independent organisations We can add the Marche Observatory to these; it The National Observatory for the quality of the Article 3 are, essentially, promotion, research and or part of a larger system of observation, which was not established under the aforementioned Landscape was established with a decree (15th analysis regarding suitable proposals for the def- can be created as national, regional or local or- article but it is responsible for activities relating March 2006) from the Ministry of Cultural Heritage inition of policies of protection and increasing ganisations. to landscape and territory observation; also the and Activity, which defined the make up, structure the value of the Italian landscape. In particular, Ultimately the Landscape Observatories, as draft- virtual Observatory in Emilia-Romagna which and original functions of the Observatory. the Observatory has the task of proposing evalu- ed in the 2008 guidelines, are configured to be has produced 35 descriptions of the regional This decree has been modified many times in an ation methodologies for the landscape values of the most important instruments in monitoring landscape, and the virtual Observatory in Ba- attempt to arrive at a complete version in the the Italian territory and consequently criteria for the transformation of the territory and of informa- silicata which represents a key part of the PAYS. ministerial decree of 25th September 2008, the enhancing the landscape; proposing the adoption exchange regarding the landscape: centres of MED.URBAN project; the Observatories in Lom- purpose of which was to give the National Ob- tion of parameters and objectives regarding research and collaboration among scientists, pro- bardy and Tuscany, in the planning stage and servatories more effective tasks in protecting, landscape quality and suggesting the direction fessionals and technicians, as well as an opportu- initial planning stage respectively; finally, nu- planning and increasing the value of the land- of landscape restoration, renovation and requali- nity for public institutions and individuals to meet merous private Observatories, created thanks to scape, as well as studies and analyses aimed at fication policies of degraded heritage and areas; and share information. It is precisely the theme of the drive from local populations, mainly set up the architectural quality of projects relating to examining and evaluating information regarding participation and involving the local population in as associations or consortiums, aimed at promot- works and interventions which affect landscape the dynamics of landscape modification; propos- the definition and realisation of the policies of pro- ing and enhancing the territory (for example the heritage. ing a network of ministerial, regional and local tection, management and planning of European observatories in Piedmont). In this decree, article 2 provides that the National organisations, delegated to supply the Observa- landscapes which make the observatory the most It is well-known that public institutions are moving Observatory has a President and Vice-President, tory with information regarding the landscape useful and efficient instrument for strengthening in the right direction regarding landscape, having respectively the Minister for Cultural Heritage and its characteristics at a regional, interregional the identity of these populations, who recognise set up other regional Observatories, even if the re- and Activity and the Director General for the and national level, and the condition of the land- themselves in their surroundings. sults attained so far are rather modest and a long Quality and Protection of Landscape, Architec- scape heritage; identifying cases of particular At a European level the high value given to the way from those achieved by the famous Land- ture and Contemporary Art, one regional direc- relevance regarding protection, management Landscape Observatories has indeed been per- scape Observatory in Catalonia, advisory body of tor from the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and and increasing the value of the Italian landscape ceived as such, and, as a consequence, genuinely the regional government in Catalonia which rep- Environmental Conservation, two other direc- to be nominated for the “European Landscape active and operational observatories have been resents a positive model for action which should tors from the Directorate-General for the Quality Award”; finally, to write a report on the condi- created (for example, the Observatory of Catalo- be accurately reproduced in other locations. and Protection of Landscape, Architecture and tions of landscape policy every two years. nia); however in Italy little has been done on this This paper aims to give a panorama of the Ital- Contemporary Art, three representatives from In essence therefore, the National Observatory front. ian situation regarding public Landscape Obser- territorial and local bodies, three representatives must undertake to be the connection between Even though Article 133 of the Code of Cultural vatories, analysing regulatory documents used from environmental protection agencies, one the Regional Observatories, coordinating its own and Landscape Heritage mentions the National to establish them and the operational results representative appointed by the National Coun- activities with those of the other organisations Landscape Observatory as well as the Observa- attained, without overlooking an accurate com- cil of Architects, and finally four particularly ac- and with those of other similar European bodies in tories established in each Region, as instruments parison with the above-mentioned Catalan Ob- complished landscape and landscape planning order to obtain a more effective conservation and suitable for setting up studies, analyses and pro- servatory. experts; other individuals, representatives from enhancement of the Italian landscape. In practice posals regarding the landscape, often in practice institutions and associations, university profes- however the National Observatory has not carried such instruments have not been used. sors and other respected researchers can be out these functions, as, according to Article 2 of Regarding the National Observatory, established National Observatory for the quality of the Lan- called to take part in the Observatory activities the decree from the Ministry for Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, it is evident dscape when necessary. and Activity, dated 13th October 2010, the cur- how this instrument of landscape protection has According to Article 2 the members of the Ob- rent members have exceeded the length of their been inactive and has not produced any useful Article 133 of the Code of Cultural and Landscape servatory remain in their post for four years and term in office, as stated in Article 1, paragraph 1 of results; regarding the Regional observatories on Heritage provides that the Ministry and the re- are appointed by decree from the Ministry for the Prime Ministerial decree dated 9th November the other hand, there has been some progress, gions shall define together the policies for con- Cultural Heritage and Activity; their participation 2009, which set out the terms for members until since, in 2009 there were only three operational servation and enhancement of the landscape, as at Observatory meetings does not entitle them 2011. At the moment therefore, in the absence Regional Observatories (Abruzzo, Calabria and a cultural value, also taking into account studies, to a salary or attendance fee, they cannot claim of any regulation which allows the nomination Sardinia), established in accordance with Article analyses and proposals by the national Observa- expenses or allowances of any kind. of new members of the National Observatory, we 133, three more are now in operation (Veneto, tory for the quality of the landscape and the re- The responsibilities that the members of the must consider that the body continues to exist, Umbria and Puglia). gional Observatories. Observatory are asked to carry out according to but without real members, the consequence of

66 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 67 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives which is that the organisation is neither duly op- The functions of the Catalan Observatory are still scape. Beginning with those established first, adhere to RECEP-ENELC and to follow their own erational nor functioning. anchored in the following objectives: to establish some examples of these regional Observatories Landscape Charter, as well as to make the func- criteria for the adoption of measures for protec- are: Abruzzo, Calabria and Sardinia. tions of the Observatory more explicit. This in- tion, management and planning of the landscape; The Abruzzo Observatory was established by re- cludes organising field studies related to the Regional landscape Observatories to establish criteria to set objectives for landscape gional law in May 2006, a modification of region- natural, cultural and human values of landscape; quality and the necessary measures for reach- al law of February 2003, as the regional centre it must catalogue the landscape through imag- Article 133 of the Code of Cultural and Landscape ing said objectives; to establish efficient ways to for documentation, with the task of promoting es; it must achieve landscape quality objectives; Heritage, when mentioning regional Observa- monitor the evolution of the landscape and to projects for landscape, architecture and urban it must define the units of landscape in order to tories, seems to assume that they have already measure its improvement and/or restoration; to culture and actions in the territory. draft landscape plans and, finally, it has the task been created in each region: that is not the case. promote society’s awareness about the value of The Observatory provides information through of starting the process of participation by the in- Few Italian regions have landscape Observatories the landscape; to stimulate fruitful academic and constant monitoring and cataloguing of data volvement of the local population in decisions established according to the above-mentioned scientific collaboration on the landscape and to on the dynamics of the modification of the land- regarding the direction of landscape projects. Article 133 and which are actually operational; prepare studies, reports, seminars, courses and scape, providing archives by area: to promote In essence, the Calabria Observatory assumes and, in any case, the Observatories which have conferences on this topic; to follow European ini- studies, projects, research and analysis of vulner- the functions closely connected to the Calabria been established have not yet reached the same tiatives and to create a centre for documentation ability factors directed at landscape awareness, Landscape Charter, making the regulations of operational capacity of the well-known Catalan which is open to all those interested. protection and safeguarding of its historical and the European Landscape Convention concrete Observatory. The activities carried out so far by the Catalan cultural value. and, therefore, more specific functions compared This Observatory stands out as it is the main in- Observatory range from producing landscape The organisational structure includes a coordina- to those of the Abruzzo Observatory. strument for increasing awareness of the Cata- catalogues to collaborating with the Council of tor who is the Director General for Parks, Environ- Finally, the third Observatory, the Sardinian one, lan landscape; it is the connection between the European to create a European system for land- ment, Territory and Energy, a committee whose was established by regional resolution 50/22 Catalan Government, local authorities, universi- scape information; from increasing the informa- members are public managers, representatives on 5/12/2006, in accordance with regional law ties and Catalan society in general, the focus for tion contained in the centre for documentation from the four provinces in Abruzzo and represen- 8/2004, with the aim of creating a specialised studies, research and monitoring of the evolu- to the publication of numerous scientific papers; tatives from the four provincial Orders of Archi- organisation to carry out study and research in tion of the Catalan landscape. It was established from the creation of a photographic archive to tects, and also a technical secretary. territorial planning related to the transformation, on 30th November 2004 and was organised as a collaboration with other public institutions for Up to the present the activities carried out by the protection and enhancement of the characteris- public consortium: with a constitution, regularly the setting up of projects to protect individual Abruzzo Observatory have been rather scarce tics typical of the Sardinian landscape. published in the official Catalan journal, and Spanish landscapes (for example, the Cross-bor- since, apart from the organisation of a few land- The Sardinian Observatory presents itself as mentioned in the Catalan Act for the Protection, der landscape plan of Vall Cerdana). scape conferences and the photography compe- an instrument for the periodical updating and Management and Planning of the Landscape; But the most important activity is perhaps that of tition “Paesaggi del Tempo” (Landscapes of Time), implementing of the regional landscape plan, it is directed and administered by an executive producing a report on the state of the landscape the initiatives concern the creation of an archive through its activity of constant monitoring and committee. in Catalonia every four years, which is presented for minor cultural heritage and a landscape atlas, comparison of urban planning, both in general From 2005 until a few years ago it mainly dealt to Parliament by the Catalan government, and which includes the hills and mountains of Pes- and in practice. with identifying and cataloguing the Catalan that of preparing educational material for Sec- cara, San Giovanni Teatino, Teramo, L’Aquila and Three newly established Observatories have landscape; it has recently adopted a new ap- ondary Schools, aimed at making young people the internal valleys. been added to these three original organisations proach, known as CATPAISATGE 2020, arranged aware of the benefits of landscape protection: The Calabria Regional Observatory, established (in accordance with Article 133 of the Code of in 10 different research areas which are roughly the Observatory is notable also for the participa- under regional law 14/2006, modification of re- Cultural and Landscape Heritage) in Veneto, Um- based on the following aims: to create an inter- tion of local people in the creation of landscape gional law 19/2002, has similar responsibilities bria and Puglia. national landscape, beginning with the individu- catalogues. to the one in Abruzzo, having been assigned the The Veneto Regional Observatory was estab- ality of specific places; to create areas where the In conclusion, it is evident that the activities car- task of promoting specific actions for asserting a lished by Article 9 of regional law 10/2011, which quality of life for those who live there is high; to ried out by the Catalan Observatory have been policy for protecting and enhancing the Calabri- integrates regional law article 45f from regional promote the landscape in order to increase the done so efficiently and as a result it has become an landscape in accordance with national regula- law 11/2004. This regulation provides that the attractiveness of the areas and the commercial the benchmark for other similar organisations in tions and those of the European Landscape Con- Veneto Observatory is established according to activities found there; to transform ordinary plac- Europe. vention and the Calabrian Landscape Charter. Article 133 of the Code and is part of the struc- es into landscapes full of meaning and cultural The few Italian regional Observatories are slowly The only differences from the Abruzzo model ture of the regional committee: consequently it identity for the local population. increasing their activities regarding the land- concern the decision expressed by Calabria to does not amount to a separate organisation from

68 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 69 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives the public body. In particular, the Regional Com- The Umbria Regional Observatory was estab- cial Territorial Plan) and the Piano Paesaggistico In conclusion, besides the six above-mentioned mittee Resolution 824/2012 organised its make lished by Presidential Decree from the Regional Regionale (Regional Landscape Plan); finally, a Regional Observatories, all of which were estab- up and operation, establishing that: a) the Obser- Committee 90/2011, according to Article 22 of re- three-yearly report is being drafted on the state lished according to Article 133 of the Code, there vatory is registered with the Directorate of Urban gional law 13/2009 and Article 133 of the Code. of the effects of landscape and territorial plan- are others which have not been set up following Planning and Landscape, it is managed by the Operating in the field of regional direction planning. As far as the Puglia Observatory is con- these regulations or which, at least, do not carry landscape services manager and it has a tech- ning, innovation and competitiveness in Umbria, cerned, it is sufficient to highlight that the organ- out all the functions laid down by the European nical-scientific secretary; b) the Observatory is the Observatory is responsible for research, col- isation was established by regional law 20/2009, Landscape Convention and the guidelines from made up of a scientific committee and the Direc- lection and publication of the landscape infor- Article 3, paragraph 1, according to Article 133 of 2008: in particular, we are referring to the observa- tor of the Regional Cultural Heritage Department mation obtained and to operate in collaboration the Code of Cultural and Landscape Heritage. tories in Marche, Emilia-Romagna and Basilicata. takes part in the meetings along with other pub- with other public landscape bodies. It must also, Its functions, according to Article 4 of the above- The first, perhaps the most important of the three, lic managers, universities, bodies, foundations in close collaboration with the Environmental and mentioned regional law, are both information- was not established according to Article 133 (but and associations, subject to signing an agree- Territorial Information System, formulate propos- based and practical, aimed at the conservation, refers to Article 1 of regional law 35/1999) and, ment (Memorandum of Understanding - to date, als to guide policy-making on protection and en- use and awareness raising of the Puglia land- compared to an observatory intended as a body, the University of Padova and the IUAV of Venice hancing the landscape through awareness, study scape, following appropriate quality objectives seems to be a mere landscape and territory have signed) and with a function of cultural and and analysis of landscape-territory transforma- and at the requalification and reconstruction of observation activity, carried out in the Marche scientific support; c) the functions of the Obser- tions and of developmental tendencies. compromised or degraded landscapes, as well as Region: this activity has produced a landscape vatory are summarised in the ten points of the These actions are mainly aimed at increasing raising awareness and mobilising the people of photography campaign and two atlases on soil “Manifesto di Verona”. both landscape sensitivity and culture and at Puglia on this issue. erosion in the region. Among its functions, which can be subdivided creating a homogenous technical platform of In particular, the Observatory has the task of: The second and third observatories share the into proposals and monitoring, we can also men- understanding and evaluation, attempting to conducting studies, analysis and research on fact that they are both virtual organisations: the tion study, information collection and formula- increase the value of the quality of the Umbria landscape; making proposals for the definition Emilia-Romagna Observatory, established by re- tion of proposals to determine landscape quality landscape at the same time. of policies of conservation and awareness raising gional law n. 23/2009, has produced 35 descrip- objectives: the Observatory should also collabo- The main functions of the Umbria Observa- regarding the landscape; favouring and facilitat- tions of regional landscapes, seen from various rate with other public bodies in order to con- tory, set out in Regional Committee Resolution ing information exchange between public bod- privileged points of view in the region, and for serve and increase the value of the landscape. 1142/2011, can be summarised as follows: a) ies, universities, the professional sector and the having published a scientific journal “Paesaggi The priorities for 2012-2014 can be summarised awareness of the Umbria landscape; b) informa- National Observatory; promoting awareness- in divenire” (Changing Landscapes); the observa- as follows: establish an information collection tion, training, awareness and documentation; c) raising with the people in Puglia; carrying out tory in Basilicata however, has been a key instru- archive; begin monitoring the transformation support for the upgrading of regional govern- constant monitoring of the territory; attending ment in the PAYS.MED.URBAN project, having of the regional landscape; set guidelines for the ment instruments; d) monitoring and three-year- to the updates of the Puglia Heritage Charter; chosen 12 observation points representative production of a technical regional reference ly reports. and writing a yearly report on the state of land- of urban, peri-urban and agricultural situations book; express an opinion on regional works from In reality, the Observatory has carried out the fol- scape policy. under transformation, which are recorded in the a landscape point of view; coordinate experimen- lowing operational activities so far: publication As with the other Regional Observatories, the territory, and of other areas in the landscape of tal Landscape Observatories. The activities of the of an itinerary of the old Via Flaminia in Umbria, one in Puglia is not a legal body in itself, but rath- Basilicata. Veneto Observatory are subject to annual checks archaeological papers, house censuses, historical er it is a regional office which operates in close and periodically published on the website and dwellings, abbeys and Benedictine sites; organi- collaboration with the centre of documentation, the “Quaderni dell’Osservatorio regionale per il sation of the photography competition “L’Umbria management and awareness-raising of Puglia Conclusions paesaggio”: finally, the establishment of the ex- e I suoi paesaggi” (Umbria and its Landscapes) Cultural Heritage: it makes use of the support of perimental local Observatories is worthy of note and the working group for the awareness and a committee of experts, made up of profession- It has been ascertained that the activities of the (Dolomiti, Graticolato Romano, Pianura Veronese, information on landscape protection, drafting of als with wide experience in this field. Regional Landscape Observatories in Italy can- ecc.) and the regional network of Landscape Ob- the landscape contract for the definition of sus- Unlike the other Observatories however, it is not be equated to those carried out in the Cata- servatories, established by Regional Committee tainable landscape development strategies and closely linked to the aims of the Piano Paesag- lonia Observatory: neither for the legal status nor Resolution 826/2012 and 118/2013, which allows management of the “Il nostro Tevere” project (Our gistico Territoriale della Regione (Territorial Land- for the actual functions carried out by this Ob- the Regional Observatory to extend its activity all Tiber); support for compliance with the Piano scape Plan), carrying out constant monitoring servatory in the Catalana territory. In particular, over the territory and to operate in close contact Reglatore Generale (Building Plan) and the Piano in order to update and modify said plan where it is worth mentioning the instruments used to with the various situations in Veneto. Territoriale di Coordinamento Provincale (Provin- necessary. catalogue the landscape, created by the Catalan

70 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 71 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

Observatory with the aim of guaranteeing the Gian Franco Cartei, (edited by), La Convenzione del Paesag- Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustaina- The evaluation is conducted by comparative- greatest participation possible from the local gio e governo del territorio, il Mulino, 2007, pg. 18. ble Local Development: analysis, using the rough sets approach (Pawlak, people in order to resolve landscape problems. Attilia Peano and Claudia Cassatella, Gli osservatori del pae- A Comparative Study of World Heritage Site 1982) and a specific set of indicators (see Greffe, saggio: primi risultati di un’indagine in Europa e in Italia, in This public participation takes place during the Urbanistica Informazioni n.225/2009. Management Plans Through the Magnifying 2008; Cassatella and Peano, 2011): learning from entire process of producing landscape cata- Lens of Cultural Landscape comparison represents the objective and at the Joan Noguè, L’osservatorio del Paesaggio della Catalogna ed logues using four specific instruments: in-depth i Cataloghi del paesaggio. La partecipazione della cittadi- same time the result of ex-post evaluations, al- interviews, web-surveys, information sessions nanza nella pianificazione del paesaggio, digital presenta- Arch. Selena Bagnara Milan lowing the acquisition of knowledge or “learning and debate sessions which, when taken to- tion, 2007. MSc/PhD course at the University of Nova Gorica - University point”, which can be transferred to other contexts. gether, allow landscape decisions to be made Inter-University Territory Department, Polytechnic Universi- IUAV of Venice At the end of the comparative process it will be not only on the basis of “expert” opinion, which ty of Turin, Gli osservatori del paesaggio, in Landscape in- [email protected] possible to understand in analytical terms what dicators, Indicatori per il monitoraggio e la gestione della is more often than not far removed from the ac- qualità del paesaggio, Research Report March 2009. the best management strategies are and the sig- tual needs of local communities, but also based Keywords: World Heritage Site management plan, cultural nificant factors of their success, with reference Girolamo Sciullo, La disciplina del paesaggio in Italia dopo la on the extremely useful input of the population. Convenzione europea, 14-7-2008, in www.iuav.it/Facolta/ landscape, comparative analysis, indicators, best practices. to the different social, economic, cultural and/or The process of creating new Italian Observato- facolt--di/ OSSERVATOR/. environmental contexts in which the plans have ries and of strengthening the pre-existing ones Patrizia Marzaro, “L’autorizzazione paesaggistica. Riflessioni sul- been implemented; hence, allowing us to gain is still slow and not well-established, despite the la gestione del vincolo a margine della l.r. Emilia-Romagna Abstract “new experience” that can become useful in fu- fact that in Italy the term landscape is considered 23/2009”, in Istituzioni del federalismo, 2010, pag. 60. ture site planning (see Fusco Girard, 2002). meaningful as a definition of culture, identity, so- Law n. 788 from 11th June 1922; law n. 1497 from 29th June This study aims to identify the best management 1939. cial life and economic status. practices for both guaranteeing the conservation th It is certain that when the two new Regional Ob- European Landscape Convention, Florence, 20 October of World Heritage Sites and the corresponding Aims and methodology 2000, ratified in Italy by law n.14/2006. servatories are opened in Lombardy and Tuscany, local socio-economic development. It proposes Recommendation CM/Rec (2008)3, adopted by the Com- in the planning stage and initial planning stage mittee of Ministers on 6th February 2008. some significant management plans implement- As we write, there are no specific obligations or respectively, the situation will change signifi- ed in both European and Non-European countries guidelines issued by the World Heritage Centre cantly and, Italy will probably manage to move and representative of the third category of cul- and the Committee regarding the structuring even closer to the predetermined objectives of tural landscapes, that is, the “clearly defined land- of a World Heritage Site management plan nor Websites the European Landscape Convention. scapes designed and created intentionally by man. a defined general theory for its preparation and www.catpaisatge.net. www.regione.abruzzo.it/osservatorioPaesaggio/. This embraces garden and parkland landscapes further development (e.g., Feilden and Jokilehto, constructed for aesthetic reasons which are often 1993; WHC-07/16.GA/12). Within its Operational References www.regione.calabria.it www.sardegnaterritorio.it (but not always) associated with religious or other Guidelines (UNESCO WHC, 2008, pars. 96-119) Fabio Merusi, Commentario della Costituzione:art. 9, edited www.regione.veneto.it by Giuseppe Branca, Principi fondamentali artt. 1-12, Za- monumental buildings and ensembles” (UNESCO UNESCO does not provide standards as regards www. territorio.regione.umbria.it WHC, 2008, Operational Guidelines, par. 39). the content and format of a management plan nichelli 1975, from pg. 434. www.ambiente.marche.it Paolo Carpentieri, La nozione giuridica di Paesaggio, in Rivis- http://territorio.regione.emilia-romagna.it In the first part of the research, data collection is but rather some suggested elements to be includ- ta trimestrale di diritto pubblico n. 2, 2004, from pg. 363. http://paysmed.regione.basilicata.it used to investigate heritage areas at the national ed, called modules: (1) Legislative, regulatory and Alberto Predieri, entry “Paesaggio”, volume 31, Enciclopedia www.regione.lombardia.it level, including an overview of the various sig- contractual measures for protection; (2) Bound- del diritto, 1981. www.paesaggiotoscana.it nificances of “culture” and “cultural heritage”, the aries for effective protection; (3) Buffer zones; (4) enacted heritage and environmental legislation Management system; (6) Sustainable use. and the organizational and financial tools for ad- It is understood that it would not make sense to dressing the landscape agenda. The reason for establish one predetermine layout, considering giving particular emphasis to the role of shared the peculiarity of each site; still there is the need values and the legal provisions of the countries to have some guiding principles to incorporate of origin is due to the conviction that there is a into a management plan in order to make it com- strong relationship between the legal and tech- parable with other ones, especially with those re- nical planning framework of a nation and the ap- lated to the same heritage type and/or category. proach of site authorities to landscape manage- The methodological approach underlying this Castellani, Comacchio’s ruins. (detail), Peoples Landscape Third Edition. ment. work is intended to be historical, contextual and

72 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 73 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives comparative. At the base of a contextual-type the way the user may understand data represen- place; (2) Establishment of a model for assessing ornamental garden(s) and/or park(s). Therefore, approach is the awareness of the uniqueness tations and build derived conclusions (Pawlak, and monitoring World Heritage management the focus of the comparison is on sites that corre- and specificity of each organizational model: this 1991; Van den Bergh et al., 1997). plans, highlighting the socio-economic impacts spond to criterion iv for inscription on the World justifies the choice of analysing only a limited Following what the Dutch economist Arjo Klamer generated on their territories and communities; Heritage List. The sites to be studied were select- number of World Heritage Sites, giving ample suggests in its publications on cultural heritage (3) Definition of a set of indicators useful for the ed from eight different countries, most of them space to the dynamics of each of them. (Klamer, 2004), this paper will differentiate val- purposes of this research. European, representing a range of situations with The basic idea is to combine the approach for ues in cultural, social and economic ones. Con- different administrative and legal environments; case studies with ex-post evaluations, which im- sequently, the comparative analysis will be con- also signifying a varied panorama of tensions plies structuring a meta-analysis, characterized ducted with respect to three matching themes or Overview of the Case Studies between local, national and international issues by a systematic structure of information, a set objectives used to verify the: (1) Conservation and and values. Additionally, the choice was driven of clear operational criteria, and the use of both enhancement of World Heritage Sites, with partic- The selection of the World Heritage Sites was by practical reasons, such as having to deal with quantitative and qualitative methods. Having an ular emphasis on “cultural landscape” issues such made with regard to two main characteristics – case studies whose territorial scale of reference is imperfect knowledge of the case studies - char- as the quality of cultural heritage and identity of that of being characterized as electoral residenc- “local” and the availability of data and study ma- acterized by quantitative, qualitative, fuzzy, inac- the territory; (2) Social impacts, public participa- es (or group of residences) and that of having terials concerning the specific site. curate or incomplete data -, a useful method for tion and education; (3) Local sustainable develop- transforming the set of information derived from ment. For each specific objective, the author will Country World Heritage Site Year of Inscription & Criteria past experiences in structured knowledge is the identify three sets of relevant guiding criteria used Austria Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn 1996 (i) (iv) rough sets approach developed by Pawlak. to verify the targeted topics. Subsequently, specif- France Palace and Park of Versailles 2007 (i) (ii) (vi) The rough sets system can be used as an assess- ic indicators will be selected for the measurement Germany Würzburg Residence 1981 (i) (iv) ment and monitoring tool to identify critical and the periodic verification of the management Italy Villa d’Este (Tivoli) 2001 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (iv) factors of success and summarize the most sig- system with reference to the local level. Spain Aranjuez Cultural landscape 2001 (ii) (iv) Sweden Royal Domain of Drottningholm 1991 (iv) nificant elements of the management systems, Expected outputs of this comparative-analysis United Kingdom Blenheim Palace 1987 (ii) (iv) also in relation to their impacts on the associated are: (1) Production of knowledge on specific United States Monticello and the University of Virginia in 1987 (i) (iv) (vi) territories and communities in terms of local sus- UNESCO management plans and the associ- of America Charlottesville tainable development. Moreover, the results thus ated cultural environments, with emphasis on obtained are expressed in a form similar to natu- the relationship between the legal and technical Table 2 - List of the chosen Case Studies ral language – a possibility not usually offered frameworks, the particular organizational models by traditional data analysis techniques - easing (see Zan, 2005) and management systems put in The chosen World Heritage Sites will be, therefore, tion of the site; (3) Outline and implementation illustrated with regard to the following aspects: status of the management plan, its legal status (1) Analysis of the specific heritage area: national and binding character, and description of future Dimension Objectives Guiding criteria definition of culture and cultural heritage, legal actions for its review and monitoring; (3) Indica- Cultural identity Combining cultural and Environmental sustainability and planning system (national and local), main tors for assessing and monitoring the manage- CULTURAL / environmental values ENVIRONMENTAL Coordination between Management Plan and spatial planning actors (local, national and international) involved ment plans in relation to both cultural aspects instruments in site planning and management; (2) Descrip- and socio-economic impacts at local level. Integrated programming of activities for protection and valorisation Unity and coherence of all activities related to the management of the WHS SOCIAL Integrated management Participation of the local community in the decision-making processes related to the WHS Interdependence of the regulation systems Promoting and supporting activities and enterprises related to the WHS (to avoid the seasonal phenomenon) ECONOMIC Local sustainable development Raising awareness and interest of the local private and public entities to the enhancement of WHS tourism Integration of the WHS with the local tourism system

Table 1 - List of objectives and criteria for a WH Management Plan Figg. 1, 2, 3. Würzburg Residence (photo by S. Bagnara Milan, Nov 2012)

74 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 75 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

References Klamer, A. 2004. Social, Cultural and Economic Values of tool to gather and coordinate the local initiatives. The defensive landscape in the Venetian Area Anderson, E. 1995. Values in Ethics and Economics. Cam- Cultural Goods. In Cultural and Public Action, eds. Rao, V. The research presented here is in the course of and Walton, M. Stanford: Stanford University Press. bridge: Harward University Press. development, so this paper gives only prelimi- The Venetian area presents a number of defensive Cassatella, C., and Peano A. (eds.). 2011. Landscape Indica- Pawlak, Z. 1982. Rough Sets. International Journal of Infor- mation and Computer Science 11, no. 5, 341-356. nary results. historical buildings and areas that are the result of tors. Assessing and Monitoring Landscape Quality. New a long historical process of planning, building and York: Springer. Pawlak, Z. 1991. Rough Sets. Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning the following additions and modifications con- Council of Europe, 2000, European Landscape Convention, Stras- About Data. Dordrecht: Kluwer. bourg: Council of Europe, European Treaty Series 176. UNESCO WHC. 2007. Protection and Management plans, con- Methods ceived and realized during the Serenissima Repub- lic and, after 1797, during Napoleon and Austrian Feilden, B.M., and Jokilehto J. 1993. Management Guidelines servation tools and promotion of World Heritage proper- for World Cultural Heritage Sites. Rome: ICCROM. ties. WHC 07/16.GA/12. The urban area considered in the present re- dominions and finally completed by Italians. Fusco Girard, L. 2002. Una riflessione sull’attuazione UNESCO WHC. 2008. Operational Guidelines. WHC 08/01, Jan. search is part of the Province of Venice, where During the Serenissima Republic the defense of dell’Agenda Habitat: alcune “best practices”. In Aa.Vv. Van den Bergh, J., Button K., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G.C. the defensive historical systems are now located. the city and its lagoon was a debated issue and HabitatAgenda/AgendaHabitat. Verso la sostenibilità ur- 1997. Meta-Analysis in Environmental Economics. Dor- A very general knowledge framework is provided the configuration of fortification is directly con- bana e territoriale. Milano: Franco Angeli, 187-245. drecht: Kluwer. by the list of fortified places in the Lagoon Area nected with the Myth of Venice as the perfect Greffe, X. 2008.Cultural Economics and Development, lecture Zan, L. 2005. Il sistema dei beni culturali fra centralizzazione e Plan – PALAV – and the catalogue elaborated ideal city without walls. The fortified areas were decentramento. In Bonin Baraldi, S. Management, beni cul- at the University of Nova Gorica – IUAV, 8 December by the Veneto Region which provides a general largely confirmed and implemented as military 2008. Venice, Italy. turali e pubblica amministrazione. Milano: Franco Angeli. identification of the sites with a list of 108 sites. areas in the following dominions. In addition, a After general historical studies and analysis, data large number of new fortified places were real- was collected in order to realize a database and ized in the lagoon, mainland and coastal areas The Historic Defensive Landscape of the Vene- mulated to give a stimulus for the process of en- linked maps implemented by GIS technology. following the changes of the territorial limits and tian Area Between Conservation and Innova- hancement until recent years, yet the results have Secondary and primary sources were used, such the different role of the city, no longer a Republic. tion rarely been successful. Besides the conservation as historical cartography and historical cadastre Indeed, the Venice area was considered strategic aims, finding a strategy to reconnect these areas information, quantitative and qualitative data by the defensive plans of France, Austria and Italy Martina Zanatta to the new dynamic of use of the city is an aim of about the military’s presence. during the changes in geopolitical equilibrium in PhD student, University of Nova Gorica urban planning and governance. Moreover, in the The data formed the basis of a diachronic com- the 19th and 20th centuries. As a result the Vene- Via Toniolo, 40, 31100, Treviso case of fortresses, bastioned walls and detached parison between different historical stages of de- tian area had one of the largest and most com- Email: [email protected] forts, their conception is closely connected with velopment and the present situation and are the plex defensive organizations at the start of the the territorial morphology and could be defined basis for the next step of the research: the valua- First World War. Keywords: military heritage, landscape policy, reuse, public as crucial elements of the landscape. tion of the state of conservation of the sites and property disposal, Venice. The large number of fortified places in Venice, landscape context. largely or only partially conserved, is formally In a second step, methodologies of social science The spontaneous local activation and institutions recognized as protected cultural heritage and were used and interviews to relevant actors were for revitalization Introduction cultural resources by the National Law and im- conducted in a double perspective: present situ- plemented by urban governance. Nevertheless, ation and previous decisions. Since the 1980s there has been a spontaneous At present a large amount of historical defensive the limitations established by legislation and Administrative and other institutional docu- local interest in these areas and other aban- heritage sites have been abandoned and are part planning tools do not seem to fulfill the requirements were analyzed in a long term perspective doned sites of the city and during the 1990s a of a disposal process, having lost any functional ments for conservation and enhancement. to set the sociopolitical context of the process of large number of these sites were the object of links with the contemporary context from both The aim of the study is to establish the advan- abandonment and the partial results of the last the spontaneous birth of many local associations geopolitical and military viewpoints. In addition, tages of a systemic dynamic of enhancement, 20 years of tentative interventions; it was indis- calling for their conversion to civic use and some- the economic importance of these areas comes based on the consideration of these heritage pensable to find linkages between planning ap- times their protection. It is possible to affirm that to an end, leaving disequilibrium in the urban sites as relevant areas of the urban landscapes proaches, governance of territory and local de- this dynamic is shared with many other defen- organization. of the lagoon, mainland and coastal territory, in mand. sive heritage sites at national level and, in some In Italy, the decaying condition of this heritage order to overcome the present fragmentation of The diachronic approach was selected as the lucky cases, they meet the institutional interest has been one of the key issues for National and interventions. most useful in the case of a long term process. and start the enhancement process.. Local Administrative Bodies from the 1970s and In this sense the Local Observatories as con- The research is ongoing, and consequently the In some cases the Administrative Body started a 1980s. Many legislative decrees have been for- ceived by the Veneto Region should be a useful paper presented is work in progress. minimum process of intervention by temporary

76 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 77 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives concessions and conventions meetings with conception and the interpretation of the la- Relationships With Landscape and Spatial Policies, Planning and Design social or cultural and environmental voluntary goon system and its morphology; on the other organizations,, in other cases by private investor hand, the characteristics of the heritage vary CATPAISATGE 2020: a New Road Map For the ministration for the implementation of the ELC; long term concessions or more recently they ad- depending on the military function and in rela- Landscape Observatory of Catalonia making Catalan society aware of the importance opted strategies of public-private partnerships tion with to the evolution and innovation in of of landscape and the right to enjoy it; and acting for the intervention and management. the offensive technologies and army produc- Pere Sala i Martí as a centre for research, documentation, thought Moreover, are present two public companies tion, which implies defensive strategy chang- Coordinator, Landscape Observatory of Catalonia and action on landscape. – Arsenale s.p.a. and Marco Polo System g.e.i.e. – es. Moreover, they are placedut in relation with The Observatory’s structure and organisation are aim to the protectionprotect and enhanceement to the morphological characteristics and land Catalonia enjoys a great diversity of landscapes important for fostering the spirit of cooperation of this heritage.. use that have been conserved or left traces and, fortunately, landscape is becoming a funda- and participation mentioned above. Three as- that could be read, even though they are part mental part of territorial planning policies and pects can be outlined in this respect. Firstly, the In addition, the historical defensive heritage sites of a transformed area: e.g. the five great defen- even more of sectorial policies of a social and Landscape Observatory is a public consortium, are identified as systemic cultural resources for sive heritage sites at the harbor accesses to the cultural character. The Catalan Parliament joined with its own legal personality. This gives the Ob- the territory by the planning strategy and tools lagoon, that which are strongly compromised the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in De- servatory an open-ended character, and makes at both the Municipality and the Province levels. by the realization of the MOSE project, so they cember 2000, two months after it was approved. it very flexible in its functions and its activities. It is useful to point out that the Veneto Region is are part of the radical landscape contemporary Five years later, this Catalan Parliament approved Secondly, the composition of the Observatory elaborating the Landscape Regional Landscape changes in the landscape. The second order of the Act 8/2005 for the Protection, Management (www.catpaisatge.net/eng/observatori_organi- Plan – PTRC – which will be the main reference results is related to the long term processes and Planning of the Landscape, and set up the grama.php), allows for a dynamic dialogue be- for the future transformation process. of policy and planning tools and to the public Landscape Observatory of Catalonia. tween members of the Governing and Advisory interest and activities of citizens and associa- Five aspects of the law foster participation and Councils, with voices from different places and Nevertheless, the current actions are mainly tions. It is important to notice that the defen- cooperation, which are crucial for landscape often with opposing interests. Finally, the Obser- limited to interventions in a single area of dis- sive heritage sites are state properties and thus management and planning. Firstly, the law is vatory lies halfway between civil society and the posal, without a systemic approach with the ex- the object of a specific legislation due to their clear and very easy to understand for citizens, administration. This is interesting insofar as it can ception of the Institution “Park of the Northern cultural interest. This status of being “public associations and institutions alike. Secondly, the advise the administration on drawing up land- Lagoon”. places” drives to the local spontaneous de- law is pragmatic and tangible, and its results are scape policies for the territory, while at the same mand for preservation and participation forto very easy to see. Thirdly, the spirit of the law is time communicating concerns felt by society. the reuse of the sites. positive, rather than limiting or penalising, mak- Since 2005, the Landscape Observatory has fo- Preliminary Conclusions ing it acceptable to all parties. Fourth, the Act cused its efforts on identifying and catalogu- Nowadays, the present condition of the analyzed has a transverse character: although it is from ing the landscapes of Catalonia, setting up the The analysis washas been designed to give in- heritage sites imposes intervention of conserva- town planning policies that the Act is developed, instruments envisaged in the Landscape Law, formation aboutin two main orders of results. tion intervention and compatible reuse in order it also opens the door to a progressive adapta- and helping to integrate landscape in spatial The first concerns the consistence, formal and to overcomeing the risks connected to the aban- tion to the full integration of landscape into all and sectorial planning. Now that these lines are constructive characteristics of the sites, their donment, to and the lack of maintenance. At the areas of government action. Finally, the Act guar- consolidated, the Observatory is embarking on a interconnections, their context areas and the same time the reuse intervention generates po- antees public and social participation and co- new approach, for which it has designed a road- transformation of landscape, aiming toaimed tential conflicts for the land uses and the trans- operation. map called CATPAISATGE 2020. Under the slogan at the identification of specific characteristics formation. The decisions-makers need to take The Landscape Observatory of Catalonia (www. “Country, Landscape, Future”, the new strategy that could be understood by the present read- into account that the intervention is related to catpaisatge.net) has been operative since 2005. places the emphasis on issues such as interna- ing of the landscape. The analysis shows that both the specific heritage area and the context It was conceived as an advisory body to the tionalisation, local and entrepreneurial develop- the defensive heritage sites and their localiza- also at a the landscape scalelevel. Government of Catalonia and for awakening ment, highlighting new landscapes, and on the tion can be read as part of the urban history society to matters of landscape. The Observa- importance of values, research, and communi- of Venice reflecting the urban transformations Further development of the research aims to an- tory has become a meeting place between the cation. CATPAISATGE 2020 is structured into ten in the organization and development of new alyze the potential of Local Observatories in the administration (at all levels), universities, profes- lines of research: centrality in the city, new relations with the case of the defensive landscape and to elaborate sional groups and the whole of society regard- mainland and with other cities, etc. Moreover, guidelines for the enhancement of the elements ing everything related to landscape. The main Internationalisation from singularity. Internation- the historical defensive systems reflect the in the landscape. functions are collaborating with the Catalan ad- alisation has always been one of the mainstays of

78 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 79 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives the work carried out by the Landscape Observato- honoured counterparts. Using good design and The challenges faced are many and great: en- of financing them; finding imaginative ways of ry. It must be borne in mind, however, that this will projects, we should be able to convert ordinary, couraging a climate of dialogue between gov- surmounting the scarcity of economic resources only succeed by focusing on the singular nature of anodyne landscapes into places of reference ernments, in order to overcome the fragmen- destined for cooperation or solving the convo- a country that contains some of the greatest land- with which the local population can identify and tation of the public administration structure; luted question of governance which is familiar to scape diversity in Europe. It cannot be overlooked establish a dialogue. strengthening the dialogue between civil society us all (who does what and at what level regard- that landscapes that maintain, reinforce, and de- and the different administrations; fostering coop- ing landscape?). The Landscape Observatory of velop their identity and personality are more likely Landscape, values and community. Awareness of eration between the public and private spheres, Catalonia aspires to continue playing a major to prosper in the end than either urban or rural the diversity of landscapes, visual enjoyment of while exploring alternative channels for land- role in achieving these important goals. These landscapes that have lost these qualities. our surroundings, and respect and sensitivity to scape management and planning, and means are collective challenges with no finishing line. the natural or heritage dimensions are all values Living and producing in quality surroundings. The that reinforce the social fabric and dignify the quality of the landscape contributes to the inter- community. national profile of the country and facilitates the The Landscape Observatory of the Canary tories for understanding human behaviour and competitiveness of its territories, for example, by Landscape, employment and entrepreneurship. Islands. “Projecting the Landscape” its relationship with the environment. attracting skilled labour and innovative econo- The landscape generates economic opportuni- mies. On the other hand, quality local production ties and becomes an agent for creating employ- Juan Manuel Palerm Salazar The last forty years have been a constant chal- is closely linked to quality landscapes. ment in sectors linked to the territory, and to ag- Prof. Dr. Architect lenge for the Canary Islands in terms of the man- riculture, education, and the environment. This Professor of Architectural Design at the School of Architectu- agement of its territory, determined by almost Landscape, creativity and strategic sectors. The is also true of emerging creative fields in their re - University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain).- Profes- 50% of protected soil, a very complex terrain quality and singularity of the landscape have a relationship with the landscape, such as cinema, sor and researcher at the University IUAV of Venice and Tren- which severely hinders the execution of infra- positive impact on sectors such as cinema, ad- advertising, fashion, and gastronomy, among to. Director of the Second and Third Biennial of Architecture, structure, and a struggle between the tourism vertising, fashion, gastronomy, design and so on, others. Art and Landscape of the Canary Islands, and Director of the model and agricultural land and resources, along but at the same time, they are part of the more Canary Islands Landscape Observatory. Founder and Senior with a population and urban settlements and successful development strategies for tourism Climate change, energy and landscape. Landscape is Partner with Leopoldo Tabares de Nava of “Palerm & Tabares metropolitan growth. Any decision related to and agriculture. Quality tourism is known to shun a first-class indicator for understanding the effects de Nava, Arquitectos” the territory becomes dramatic, involving a very spoiled or mediocre landscapes. of climate change, imagining future scenarios, and large number of factors. designing adaptation strategies, while at the same The Landscape Observatory of the Canary Is- Landscape and the local world. There is a grow- time combating this change, above all by means of lands has its origins in the second biennial of The Canary Islands may be an example against ing consensus that landscapes - especially land- widespread use of renewable energies. the Canary Islands (2008), an initiative of the globalization. Local experience generates ways scapes with strong personalities - contribute to autonomous Canary Government alongside the of managing a greatly limited space. It is not in- local development not only from the economic Research and innovation as growing values. Land- creation of an Office for the Observatory, thus tended to be an anti-globalisation model; the perspective but also in terms of self-esteem, scape research is a growing value that provides implementing the European Landscape Conven- idea is to present local responses to specific situ- identity, and quality of life. a comprehensive response to some of the new tion, which was ratified by the Government of ations that can be extrapolated to other places global challenges. It also reinforces the potential Spain on 26 November 2007, and entered into with similar problems. The geographical variety The creation of new benchmark landscapes. Catalo- for entrepreneurship and the creation of employ- force on 1 March 2008. of the Canary Islands and the possibility of anno- nia has many benchmark landscapes, landscapes ment in various sectors. tating the fields of study provide the archipelago imbued with strong symbolic significance, which The establishment of this Observatory is an im- with a privileged platform for testing new mod- gained their iconic status decades or even centu- Education and communication. Landscape educa- portant step of the Canary Islands in its commit- els and situations. The use of local materials and ries ago. They have reached us today in reason- tion is not sufficient: we must also know how to ment to the Convention, and it puts the Islands at technical solutions are answers which can serve ably good condition and it is now incumbent communicate the value of landscape education. the centre of the debate on landscape, taking an an infinite number of territories. upon us to preserve both their cultural and iden- Communication is a crucial aspect of contempo- active part in it. In contrast to the Mainland, the Parallel to the objectives of the Landscape Ob- tity value. However, in a context of increasing rary societies and therefore we must make good Islands are presented as commensurable territo- servatory in the Canary Islands and the island trivialisation of many ordinary landscapes, we use of the enormous communicative value of the ries. The possibility of having a controlled envi- laboratories, is implementation of the European must make an effort to create new benchmark landscape, a true bearer of messages easily rec- ronment, or at least of quantifying the elements Landscape Convention. Artists, architects, bota- landscapes, without overlooking their time- ognised by the population. as they come together, make them ideal labora- nists, sociologists and lawyers across a broad

80 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 81 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives multidisciplinary spectrum it located in the land- eses. At the same time, it is also the result of an to define the research objectives and actions for From an operative standpoint, the Observatory scape biennial of the Canary Islands, a territory institutional need for landscape observatories, as landscape, its internal functions and the strategies could be made up of laboratories dedicated to and appropriate forum to reflect and consider derived in the European Landscape Convention for becoming a common nexus between various different themes and issues so that the work both issues and proposals that address the com- and European law. In this field, our somewhat institutions, universities, professional sectors and would be experimental and dynamic. It could plexity of the landscape as a multifaceted reality ambitious objective is to make the Government society for all aspects of landscape. The main de- be made up of working groups adept at con- from which interpret our contemporary reality. of the Canaries, in conjunction with other institu- sired results of this action are: fronting the specific themes that arise though tions and universities, a pioneer in the definition the development of knowledge of the territory. For this reason, the aim of the Observatory in of the role of LANDSCAPE observatories in the - The creation of a map of questions and relevant Furthermore, activities such as seminars and in- weighing up landscape encounters a first dif- creation of a “new territorial policy” in Europe. critical points in accordance with the partici- ternational workshops could take place, includ- ficulty in the definition of the area itself: in the pants, which would cover the broad spectrum ing research projects of the Observatory linked delimitation of a project geography that merges of research themes that have emerged from to institutions with specific competence for the with the landscape. The research observatory Actions the debate and which favour the establish- territory: Councils. thus stands in contrast to the “consolidated” ment of a process of synthesis in this area; disciplinary fields, merging with the more spe- The activities of the Observatory could be struc- The third action is intended to position the Ob- cific theme of a ‘landscape project’ in all its forms. tured along three principle actions relating to - The creation, on the basis of the initial map- servatory in the debate on the creation of Land- With this in mind, the Landscape Observatory the field of landscape, understood as common ping, of an institutional link. scape Observatories, following the requirement of the Canary Islands aims to become a point of areas of work, which could “function as a system” of the European Landscape Convention and the - The creation of the map becomes an occasion meeting, representation and projection of what and which could combine the various research provisions of national legislation. In short, we can for the production of scientific material (with is created in the landscape and, above all, the efforts. call this action “Institution Observatory”. the objective, in particular, of providing oppor- landscape project. The first relates to the internal construction of the tunities for young researchers), transforming Observatory itself. This action highlights the need From the advanced experience of some Euro- the various research components of said ma- Various interpretations of landscape and their to update and record both the national and inter- pean regions such as Cataluña and from some terial into research outputs (articles, essays in consequent methods of innovation have set the national discussion on landscape. It is proposed, regions of Italy and other European areas, we selected journals and for the digital publishing parameters, at least since the mid-eighties, of the therefore, to monitor the scientific and experi- can outline and highlight some issues that industry, working papers and written contribu- entire discourse surrounding city and territory. mental fields in which research, actions and plans might be especially important for our contri- tions for conferences); Proof of this is the broad literature on landscape relating to landscape are framed, as well as inter- bution. What is at stake is the very role that the whose reflections require a redefinition of the re- ventions in specific territories. Recognition of the - The definition, on the basis of the recognition Observatory can play in the process of change lationship between project forms, actions and so- editorial output inherent in the theme: journals, of the bibliographic and documentary materi- in the landscape, its relationship with planning, cial phenomena. A reconsideration not only pres- portals an webpages, but also festivals and confer- al, of a proposal for updating library collections definition and monitoring of landscape quality ents the problem of relocating and establishing ences, competitions etc. Recognition based on the with a view to creating ‘landscape sections’. objectives, its capacity to involve local actors radical concepts and methods rooted in different proposed and on-going research on the theme of in this process. The creation of Observatories traditions of study, but also expresses the need for landscape, both in the area of European projects The second action arises from the need to con- in the Canaries must however enjoy maximum a more radical change of the very mind-set with as well as research, conferences and seminar ma- verge research and realities in the territory of the clarity in legal and administrative aspects, with which to approach the phenomena related to terial or doctoral projects; and lastly, didactic and Canaries. In short, we can call this section “Obser- the need to act as a link between the processes physical space and, in particular, territorial space. experimental material (for example, workshops vatory of the Territories”: Laboratories. The objec- of understanding and monitoring of territorial and training schools). In this regard, UNISCAPE tives are: to investigate paradigmatic territories in transformations. offers a first channel for exploring themes and order to test acquired knowledge and to experi- Objective research content, broadening the radius of action ment with new actions and participative practic- A first step towards developing the debate on to other universities. The desired adhesion of the es; to identify areas of application in the project these issues is an international conference on The Landscape Observatory is intended as a cen- Observatory to the network LE:NOTRE – Thematic and in the operative sense of the European Land- Landscape Observatories in Europe. Designed as tre of reflection and action in the landscape, as a Network Project in Landscape Architecture –, as scape Convention; and the measurement of the a meeting point for international experiences, it space capable of integrating new paradigms and well as adhesion within UNISCAPE in the website Observatory’s capacities to become the starting is estimated that the conference would lay the new methods, as well as identifying new “terri- www.atlas-eu.org, would enable this recognition point for the implementation of procedures for foundations for a broader and more systematic tories” and new sectors for proposing research, to extend itself beyond European limits. In sum, cultural, social and economic renewal, as well as “observation of observatories”, which is necessary with the aim of formulating innovative hypoth- the action of this internal Observatory could help the enhancement of landscape values. in order to define and monitor future action.

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Landscape in Territorial Governance by the Council of Europe in 2000 in Florence, of the diversity of their shared cultural and natu- related to the sense of identity of the territory. and entered into force as an international treaty ral heritage, and a foundation of their identity. The concept of sustainable development is un- Eduard Rosell Mir in 2004, has been ratified by 39 members of the Establish and implement landscape policies aimed derstood in a fully integrated manner considering Director RECEP-ENELC COE (spring 2013), and has become a new para- at landscape protection, management and plan- the environmental, cultural, social and economic [email protected] digm for landscape policy in Europe. ning through the adoption of specific measures. dimensions applying to the entire territory. As stated in the Preamble of the Convention, the Establish procedures for the participation of the Contents landscape has an important public interest role general public, local and regional authorities, and As stated in the Guidelines for the implementa- 1. RECEP-ENELC in the cultural, ecological, environmental and so- other parties with an interest in the definition and tion of the European Landscape Convention, 2. Landscape Policy in Europe cial fields, and constitutes a resource favorable implementation of the landscape policies. (CM/REC 2008), public involvement in decisions 3. Landscape AS a key element In territorial policies to economic activity and can contribute to job Integrate landscape into regional spatial and town to take action and in the implementation and 4. Implementation of the European landscape con- creation. The landscape is a key element of indi- planning policies and in cultural, environmental, management of landscapes over time, is not vention vidual and social well-being and that its protec- agricultural, social and economic policies, as well regarded as a formal act of government but as 5. Landscape and Territorial governance tion, management and planning entail rights and as in any other policies with possible direct or in- an integral part of management, protection and 6. Instruments for Governance in Landscape responsibilities for everyone. direct impact on landscape. planning procedures concerning landscape, and The new Convention applies to the entire territo- territorial governance. Keywords: RECEP-ENELC, European Landscape Convention, ry and not only selected or specifically protected Governance, Landscape, Territorial Governance. areas. The Convention covers natural, rural, urban 3. Landscape AS a key element in territorial policies and peri-urban areas, and concerns landscapes 4. Implementation of the European landscape con- that might be considered outstanding as well as The recognition of landscape in law is clearly re- vention 1. RECEP-ENELC everyday or even degraded landscapes. lated to the right of citizens to cultural and natu- The Convention adopts a definition of landscape ral heritage and the values in ecological, environ- Each state decides the way in which landscape RECEP-ENELC is a European non-governmental orga- that links together several basic principles: mental and social fields, which constitute a sign may receive specific recognition in the relevant nization composed of regional and local public au- a) The social principle. “Landscape” means an area, of territorial identity. administrative level according its own constitu- thorities, with the objective of promoting the imple- as perceived by people, whose character is the Beyond its aesthetic and natural dimension or its tional organization and taking into account the mentation of the European Landscape Convention at result of the action and interaction of natural heritage values, the landscape is recognized as principles of subsidiarity and the effectiveness of local and regional level. The aim of RECEP-ENELC is to and/or human factors. an essential element of individual and social wel- the policies to be implemented in the following support the interested local and regional authorities, b) The legal principle. The protection, manage- fare, a key factor in the quality of life of people, basic issues: at the scientific, technical, political and administra- ment and planning of landscape entail rights a favorable resource for economic activity and a tive levels, in their activities aimed at implementing and responsibilities for everyone. differentiating factor for the efficiency, competi- A. General provisions to be taken. the principles of the Convention. In this framework, c) The political principle. Competent public au- tiveness and development of a territory. Implementation of the Convention in accor- RECEP-ENELC encourages the dissemination of sci- thorities should implement landscape policy The concept of landscape in the Convention dif- dance with the division of powers and the proper entific and technical knowledge concerning the by means of general principles, strategies and fers from the traditional ways of dealing with constitutional organization and administrative landscape. RECEP-ENELC members have the oppor- guidelines that permit the taking into account landscape, which consider it a part of the physi- arrangements from national, regional and local tunity to co-operate on landscape issues within a of specific measures aimed at the protection, cal space as an asset to be protected, similar to levels, in order to accomplish: common framework, supported by an international management and planning of landscapes. the heritage concept of landscape, or to be as- - The legal recognition of landscape structure, establishing contacts with international d) The principle of European cooperation. The aims of sessed for their natural or cultural values. Instead, - The integration of landscape into policies. organizations, such as UNISCAPE and CIVILSCAPE. the Convention are to promote landscape pro- the Convention brings a comprehensive way of EU institutions, state authorities, non-governmental tection, management and planning, and to orga- dealing with the quality of the territory where B. Criteria and instruments for landscape policies. organizations, universities and other bodies inter- nize European co-operation on landscape issues. people live, with the recognition of cultural and Knowledge of landscapes: identification, descrip- ested in the implementation of the ELC. According to these principles, the Convention economic factors that interact with natural fac- tion, analysis and assessment of the landscape. compels each state to harmonize the implemen- tors leading to sustainable development and so- Definition of landscape quality objectives. tation of this Convention with its own policies cial fulfillment. 2. Landscape Policy in Europe and specifically to carry out actions to: Landscape policies are aimed at integrating natu- Attainment of these objectives by the protec- Recognize landscapes in law as an essential com- ral and physical factors with emotional perceptions tion, management and planning of landscape The European Landscape Convention, adopted ponent of people’s surroundings, an expression of the population, historical and cultural features over a period of time.

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Monitoring of landscape changes, assessment Landscape Convention, landscape policies must the government of a specific territory. As was ture, and public works, plans, programs, and and evaluation of the effects of policies on land- be implemented at all levels of government from stated in Governance for Sustainable Develop- projects. scape. national, regional or local levels, in compliance ment of Catalonia (CADS 2002), governance must - Integration of landscape concerns in strategic C. Public involvement in landscape. with the characteristics of “good” governance: be drawn up in compliance with the following plans for economic development. Participation of the relevant stakeholders in all openness, participation, accountability, effec- conditions that can also be clearly applied for - Integration of landscape in agricultural and ru- phases of the process of drawing up and imple- tiveness and coherence. developing landscape policies and strategies. ral development plans. menting landscape policies. 1. Provide quality information and appropriate - Consideration of landscape values in historic Promotion of education and training on land- Openness. The Institutions should work in a more knowledge. and artistic heritage. scape at all levels. open manner, and should actively communicate 2. Intergovernmental coordination in the local- - Integration of landscape in tourist develop- Awareness raising, understanding and involve- about the decisions to be taken with the use of global. Vertical integration. ment, leisure, recreational and sport activities. ment of the population in landscape issues. language accessible and understandable for the 3. Coordination between sectoral policies. Hori- - Integration of landscape values in productive Promotion of European cooperation on land- general public. zontal integration. activities, trade, technology and innovation scapes. Participation. The quality, relevance and effec- 4. Implementation of a comprehensive and inno- activities. tiveness of policies depend on ensuring wide vative range of instruments and policies. - Integration of landscape in planning and devel- participation throughout the policy chain – from 5. Bureaucratic administrative culture and qual- opment of energy infrastructures. 5. Landscape And Territorial governance conception to implementation. ity of political action. - Integration of landscape in planning and devel- Accountability. All those involved in developing 6. Participatory political culture. opment of telecommunications Infrastructure “Governance” means rules, processes and be- and implementing policy processes need to be 7. Culture of sustainability. - Integration of landscape in public health pro- havior that affect the way in which powers are clearer, and must explain and take responsibility 8. Strength of the natural and social capital. grams and therapies. exercised. The term “territorial governance” may for actions made. Considering these requirements, we can deepen - Landscape in education programs at all levels. be used to denominate the political concern to Effectiveness. Policies must be effective and time- its integration into the existing bundles of territo- coordinate policies, programs and projects in re- ly, delivering what is needed on the basis of clear rial policies that have an impact on landscape, in B. Actions to be taken on transverse fields lation to a specific territorial development. objectives, an evaluation of future impact and, order to be able to draw up a road map to develop - Implementation of landscape policy. Landscape The implementation of a landscape policy must where available, of past experience. a sustainable, comprehensive, qualitative and in- management. Landscape Award. be considered as a key and essential element for Coherence. Policies and action must be coherent tegrated strategy for territorial governance orient- - Integration of landscape policies in sustainable the development of qualitative, comprehensive and easily understood. Coherence requires po- ed towards landscape values to be implemented development plans, programs, projects and and coordinated spatial and sectoral policies for litical leadership and a strong responsibility on in compliance with these sectoral policies. actions. Natural and protected areas. Natura territorial development in a particular territory. the part of the institutions to ensure a consistent A preliminary approach to territorial governance 2000 areas. Landscape policy and territorial governance can approach within a complex system. as defined in that sense should be stressed in - Integration of landscape in territorial develop- be considered as a means to co-ordinate natu- compliance with the following objectives: ment strategies. ral, environmental and heritage values with eco- Each principle is important by itself and they - Integration of landscape concerns in climate nomic and social dynamics through the involve- cannot be achieved through separate actions. A. Integration of landscape in public policies. change policies and strategies. ment and participation of a multiplicity of actors The principle of governance demands that poli- - Specific Landscape Act for protection, manage- - Integration of landscape in rural development, with the capacity of modifying both policies and cies can no longer be effective unless they are ment and planning of landscapes. policies and programs. Common Agricultural intervention objectives (from growth control to prepared, implemented and enforced in a more - Development of landscape instruments: Land- Policy (CAP). development promotion) and action procedures inclusive, coordinated and comprehensive way, scape catalogues, landscape charters, land- - Landscape in Territorial Cohesion policies. (from authoritative imposition of choices to ne- in compliance with the principles of proportion- scape impact assessment projects. - Landscape in the European Territorial Agenda. gotiated consensus building). ality and subsidiarity. - Integration of landscape in spatial planning, - Landscape in EU 2020 Strategy Objectives. Taking into account the White Paper on European urbanism, land use regulations, town planning - Integration of landscape values in strategic as- Governance (COM 2001), the goal for new gov- and housing policies. sessment procedures. ernance is to open up policy-making to make it 6. Instruments for governance in landscape - Integration of landscape in territorial develop- - Landscape in environmental impact assess- more inclusive. Good governance must combine ment. ment procedures. different policy tools such as legislation, social di- The requirements for territorial governance refer - Integration of landscape in sustainability and alogue, structural funding, and action programs. to the policies, actors, procedures and interac- environmental policies. C. Specific instruments for landscape policy devel- According to the principles of the European tions between organizations and individuals in - Integration of landscape concerns in infrastruc- opment

86 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 87 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives

- Creation of Landscape Observatories. issues within a common framework, supported The Identities of the Luxembourgish Land- only individual buildings and not ‘sites’, as well as - European cooperation on landscape. The Coun- by an international structure, establishing con- scape: the Echternach Site and a Challenge for for subsequent articles, there is no reference to cil of Europe. tacts and networking with public authorities and an Integrated Perspective of its Protection and the attribute “cultural”. - National and local cooperation, networks and international organizations, such as UNISCAPE Valorisation In fact, the same “protection areas” are consid- landscape oriented initiatives. and CIVILSCAPE. ered as a “frame” for the monument or building - Land stewardship initiatives. Bianca Gioia Marino that has to be preserved, restored or valorised. - Creation of funds for landscape protection and Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II We can read in Article 34: “Peuvent être créés et management. References Tel. +39 0812533943_cel. +39 3495105182 délimités par arrêté grand-ducal, à prendre sur - Promotion of research, communication and Amanda Piezzo avis du Conseil d’Etat, des secteurs dits «secteurs dissemination of knowledge in landscape is- Council of Europe. European Landscape Convention. Stras- Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II sauvegardés», lorsque ceux-ci présentent un sues. bourg, 2000. Tel. +39 3386578999 caractère archéologique, historique, artistique, - Promotion of education on landscape at all lev- Council of Europe. Recommendation of the Committee of esthétique, scientifique, technique ou industriel els. Ministers to member States on the guidelines for the Keywords: Luxembourg, cultural landscape, conservation, de nature à justifier la conservation, la restaura- implementation of the European Landscape Convention. - Promotion of landscape and citizenship values. valorisation, identity. tion et la mise en valeur de tout ou partie d’un Strasbourg, 2008. - Increase in measures for raising public aware- ensemble d’immeubles”. Council of Europe. Conference of Ministers responsible ness of landscape initiatives. for Spatial/Regional Planning. CEMAT/COE. 16CEMAT- Current organisation of landscape safeguarding On the other hand, the Act of 19th January 2004 - Increase in consultation and public participa- CHF94(2012)3E. Strasbourg, 2012. regulates the preservation of natural resources tion procedures in landscape issues Commission of the European Communities. European Gover- In Luxembourg, one of the richest European and aims to “sauvegarde du caractère, de la di- nance. A White paper. COM (2001). Brussels, 2001. countries, the competence for cultural heritage versité et de l’intégrité de l’environnement na- Departament de Politica Territorial i Obres Públiques. Llei management, valorisation and safeguarding lies turel, la protection et la restauration des pay- Conclusions 8/2005, i Reglament de protecció, gestió i ordenació del with the Ministry of Culture, in particular through sages et des espaces naturels, la protection de paisatge. Barcelona, 2006. Commission des Sites et Monuments Nationaux la flore et de la faune et de leurs biotopes, le The European Landscape Convention has became Departament de Politica Territorial i Obres Públiques. Paisat- (CSMN)1, founded in 1930 after the promulga- maintien et l’amélioration des équilibres et de la ge.Cat. Línies estratègiques d’actuació en paisatge. Barce- a new paradigm for landscape policy in Europe, lona, 2006. tion in 1927 of the first act concerning monument diversité biologiques, la protection des ressourc- based on the legal recognition of landscape and Generalitat de Catalunya. La política de paisatge a Catalunya. preservation and protection. There is also the es naturelles contre toutes les dégradations et the integration of landscape into policies, mainly Departament de Politica Territorial i Obres Públiques. Bar- Commission de Surveillance des Bâtiments religieux, l’amélioration des structures de l’environnement in spatial planning, urbanism, town and urban celona, 2010. founded in 1945 after the Second World War and naturel” (Art.1). To do that some areas have been planning, and in all sectoral policies that may Generalitat de Catalunya. Consell Assessor per al Desenvolu- the Service des sites et des monuments nationaux.2 appointed as well as “zones protégées d’intérêt have an impact on landscape. pament Sostenible. CADS. La governança per al desenvo- Substantially, protection is structured in two ways communautaire comprenant les zones spéciales Landscape is recognized as an essential element lupament sostenible a Catalunya. Barcelona, 2002. that have the aim, on the one hand, of preserving de conservation et les zones de protection spé- of individual and social welfare, a key factor in the Generalitat de Catalunya La sensibilització en paisatge. Un “immeubles, nus ou bâtis, dont la conservation ciale, des zones protégées d’intérêt national repte per al segle XXI. Awareness raising on landscape. A quality of life of people, a favorable resource for challenge for the 21st. Century. Pays Med Urban. Barce- présente au point de vue archéologique, histo- comprenant les réserves naturelles et les pay- economic activity and a differentiating factor lona, 2011. rique, artistique, esthétique, scientifique, technique sages protégés ainsi que des zones protégées for the efficiency, competitiveness and develop- Junta de Andalucia. Estrategia de Paisaje de Andalucia. Sevil- ou industriel, un intérêt public, sont classés comme d’importance communale” (Art.2). Nevertheless, ment of a territory. la, 2012 monuments nationaux en totalité ou en partie par the specifications we find in the following Article Each state should implement the Convention at Observatori del Paisatge de Catalunya. Ordenació i gestió del les soins du Gouvernement, selon les distinctions 3 regarding “zones spéciales de conservation” and all administrative levels, from national, regional Paisatge a Europa. Plecs de Paisatge. Olot, 2009. établies par les articles ci-après. Sont compris par- “zones de protection special” clearly show that and local, giving support and encouraging the Paisaje de Canarias. Retos y perspectivas de la gestión del mi les immeubles susceptibles d’être classés, aux the landscape the Act aims to regulate is only participation of individuals and civil society orga- Paisaje de Canarias. Reflexiones en relación con el 10 termes de la présente loi, les monuments méga- the natural landscape with its connotations of aniversario de la firma del Convenio Europeo del Paisaje. nizations in landscape initiatives. 2011. lithiques et les terrains qui renferment des stations habitat, fauna and flora. The ‘site’ is defined as 3 Territorial Governance should integrate landscape RECEP-ENELC. Statutes. Strasbourg. 2006. ou gisements préhistoriques” ; and on the other “une aire géographiquement définie, dont la sur- 4 into territorial policies in an inclusive, coordinat- RECEP-ENELC. Regulations regarding the implementation of hand, the protection of natural resources. face est clairement délimitée”. So, the preserved ed and comprehensive way. Recep-Enelc’s Statute. Strasbourg, 2008. Apart from the fragmentation of legislative texts, landscape is a site “qui nécessite une protection RECEP-ENELC offers to regional and local authori- Xunta de Galicia. Estrategia del Paisaje Gallego. Conselleria de it must be noted that in the “definitions” included particulière en raison de la richesse de ses res- ties the opportunity to co-operate on landscape Medio Ambiente. Territorio e Infraestructuras. in Article 1 of the law of the 1983, concerning sources naturelles, de la diversité, la spécificité

88 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 Proceedings of the Fifth Careggi Seminar - Florence June 27-28, 2013 / Firenze 27-28 giugno 2013 89 Quaderni di Careggi - Issue 05 / No. 5 - 5/2013 Observatories in Europe from the ELC Recommendations to Local Initiatives et la beauté de son aspect paysager ou de sa The river separates Luxembourg from Germany Landscape concept which comes out from the loi sont refusées lorsque les projets du requérant sont de fonction récréative et de détente” (Art. 3, c). The that remain joined by a masonry bridge placed Memorandum of Vienna (2005) and the UNESCO nature à porter préjudice à la beauté et au caractère du paysage ou s’ils constituent un danger pour la conservation du definition of conservation in this article is signifi- on the borders of the Echternach Abbey. It de- Recommendations on the HUL of 2011. sol, du sous-sol, des eaux, de l’atmosphère, de la flore, de cant: “conservation” is “un ensemble de mesures fines also the shape of the urban structure that Our auspice premise is that the legislative au- la faune ou du milieu naturel en général ou lorsqu’ils sont requises pour maintenir ou rétablir les habitats settled and developed in its cove. It, finally, to- thorities, especially the Luxembourgish ones, contraires à l’objectif général de la présente loi tel qu’il est naturels et les populations d’espèces de faune et gether the facing hills, has represented an ele- could acquire and develop a vision based on défini à l’article 1”. The 5th attachment to the Act provides de flore sauvages dans un état de conservation ment of defense against the barbaric incursions. the connecting between the natural aspects the national list under Directive 92/43/CEE concerning natural habitat conservation; number 13 on the list is Herborn favorable” (Art. 3, f). We can note that landscape Actually, the surrounding elevations still give and the cultural ones aspects of the landscape /Echternach – Haard. is mainly perceived for its natural characteris- us the sense of the limits of Echternach urban as a cooperation “of the action and interaction 6 The “conservation zones” have been instituted in confor- tics and its protection is linked to the restrictive growth. Moreover, the remparts, started in the XI of natural and/or human factors” (European mity with the Ddirective 92/43/CEE;, see also Regulation rules for buildings within it.5 In sum, the current century, are still clear. Landscape Convention on Landscape) through of 2009 (Memorial n°220, 17th November 2009) and the organization of landscape safeguarding is essen- Today, the national route, the route de Luxem- which we can recognize the basics of the iden- “special protection zones” in conformity with the dDirective 79/409/CEE, see also Regulation of 2012 (Memorial n°258, tially based on a subdivision of the territory into bourg (N11-E29), cuts in two parts the urban tity as one tessera tile of the mosaique culturelin 12th December 2012). “protected areas”, that is, “conservation zones” center and it is joined to the bridge crossing the the cultural mosaic that marks our European 7 The law project n° 4715, “concernant la protection et la con- 6 and “special protection zones” and is related to German boundary. This causes a sense of extra- continent. servation du patrimoine archéologique, historique, architectur- the specific preservation of the natural heritage neousness and invalidates the urban relation- al et paysager”, is actually incurrently under joint-consider- (habitat, fauna and flora). A State Council pro- ships that constitute the keeping and develop- Notes ation combined examination by the Governement with the cedure, that began in 2000 and terminated fin- ment of the identity of a place. 1 This Ministry is also involved in the following actions: Poli- law project n° 5377 “portant approbation de la Convention tique culturelle nationale et internationale, Patrimoine culturel concernant les mesures à prendre pour interdire et empêcher ished in 2007, has expressed its opinion about a In Echternach, as well as in many European coun- l’importation, l’exportation et le transfert de propriété illicites law project for the protection and conservation tries, we note that a lot of cuts in the urban pat- National, the Politique architectural and there is both a Com- mission nationale pour la Coopération avec l’UNESCO and the des biens culturels, adoptée par la Conférence générale de of the ‘cultural heritage’. On this point In this con- tern had been made in the past and they have Institut européen des Itinéraires culturels. l’UNESCO à sa seizième session, àParis, le 14 novembre 1970”. Actually Currently the law project n° 6477 on natural re- text we find the a reference to the concept of ‘cul- distorted not only the perception of the urban 2 See U. Carughi, Maledetti vincoli. La tutela dell’architettura tural heritage’. ActuallyAt present, some projects connotations but also of the landscape. sources conservation (modifiant la loi modifiée du 19 janvier contemporanea, Torino 2012, p.314. The old quartiers and 2004 concernant la protection de la nature et des ressources 8 by the Service des sites et monuments nationaux In 1969 P. Gazzola e J.-B.Perrin , charged of with the fortification of Luxembourg city are included in the UNESCO naturelles; l’ordonnance royale grand-ducale modifiée du 1er are in progress and they concern punctual timely protection plan for the Luxembourgish small town World Heritage List. See also Cfr. A. Aveta, Conservazione e juin 1840 concernant l’organisation de la partie forestière; la loi valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale. Indirizzi e norme per il interventions ion castles, fortifications and dis- by UNESCO, worked out their study in “La sauveg- modifiée du 31 mai 1999 portant institution d’un fonds pour restauro architettonico, Napoli 2005, p. 233. www.unesco.org. la protection de l’environnement; et la loi modifiée du 22 mai mantled industrial buildings. However, there is a arde et la mise en valeur de l’abbaye, de la ville et 3 See the law of the 18 July 1983 (Memorial n° 62, on 10 Au- 9 2008 relative à l’évaluation des incidences de certains plans et recent law project (2013)7 related to the protec- du site d’Echternach” . In this document some dan- gust 1983). It regulates the protection of sites and Nnational programmes sur l’environnement) is under examination of by tion of nature and natural resources. gers have beenwere underlined, but there are were monuments safeguard and it had no modifications but just the State Council. See www.legilux.lu. also proposals and solutions. We can note in this littleminor integrations. The last transformationchange 8 P.Gazzola, J.-B. Perrin, La sauvegarde et la mise en valeur de work an important and relevant methodological concernsis about a draft law that we can note down in its l’abbaye, de la ville et du site d’Echternach, décembre 1968 – iter from the 2000 until the definitive advice of the State Luxembourgish landscape characteristic and Ech approach and definition of the problem. février 1969, UNESCO, n. de série 1270/BMS.RD/CLT, Paris, Council in the 2007. Juin 1969, p. 27. ternach site In fact, they individuate the separate elements as the 4 ArAneAAugustAconcerningAregardingAon the of waterA- Abbey, the historic center and the natural context, onassessmenton theand The route linking the Luxembourgish capital and but considering “l’Abbaye et la vieille ville d’Echter- 5 In particular, Article 10 provides: “Lorsqu’une construc- References the Echternach site allows us to perceive a very nach constituent incontestablement l’ensemble tion existante située dans la zone verte compromet le car- actère d’un site, le Ministre peut ordonner que son aspect Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural particular and significant interest: we cross the luxembourgeois le plus remarquable” e che “leur and Natural Heritage (Paris, 16 November 1972). small region of the Müllerthal, the so-called Pe- situation et leur qualité en font l’une des parties im- extérieur soit modifié de façon qu’il s’harmonise avec le milieu environnant. Le Ministre peut aussi, si l’utilisation de European Landscape Convention, 2000. tite Suisse Luxembourgeoise and the Basse-Sûre, portantes du patrimoine artistique européen”. la construction constitue un danger pour la conservation M. Di Monte (a cura di), Paesaggio, “Rivista di Estetica”, n. 29 where wide areas of territory with alternating However, the most interesting thing that we du sol, du soussol, des eaux, de l’atmosphère ou du milieu (2/2005), anno XLV flourishing hills characterize the landscape. have to consider is their specific perspective: it naturel en général, prescrire les mesures appropriées pour UNESCO Recommendations on the Historic Urban Land- Echternach, bordering on Germany, was found- is based both on the recognition of the historical y remédier. Les constructions existantes dans la zone verte scape, 2011. ne peuvent être modifiées extérieurement, agrandies ou ed before Luxembourg city, stood as refuge and European value, and on the global and integrated Gazzola, J.-B. Perrin, La sauvegarde et la mise en valeur de reconstruites qu’avec l’autorisation du Ministre”. Similarly, l’abbaye, de la ville et du site. d’Echternach, décembre meditation site. The Sûre river is the element that conception of the «ville-abbaye-paysage». This is in relation to the authorization of intervention, Article 56 1968 – février 1969, UNESCO, n. de série 1270/BMS.RD/ marks the landscape and also the urban pattern. inhas a strong affinity with to the Historic Urban provides: “Les autorisations requises en vertu de la présente CLT, Paris, June 1969.

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Annex A Programme THE 5TH CAREGGI SEMINAR Thursday 27 June 2013, Villa Ruspoli, Piazza Indipendenza 9 Landscape Observatories in Europe From the ELC Recommendations 9:30 Welcome and introduction Carlo Magnani, President of UNISCAPE, to the Local Initiatives (2000-2013) Anna Marson (Minister for Spatial Planning andTerritory,Tuscany Region), Organised by UNISCAPE in collaboration with the University of Torino and the Roberto Gambino (Politecnico di Torino), On behalf of Scientific Committee Polytechnic of Torino with the support of the TUSCANY REGION partners: 10:00 Awareness raising, education and participation RECEP-ENELC, CIVILSCAPE and CIST (Inter-university Center of Territorial Sciences) Moderator: Marco Devecchi Florence, 27-28th of June 2013 - Villa Ruspoli, Piazza Indipendenza 9 Louise Andersson, Caroline Dahl, Anders Larsson, Ingrid Sarlšv Herlin, The landscape observatory of Scania, a new means for landscape dialogue in Southern Sweden Having regard to Recommendation CM/Rec (2008)3 on the Guidelines for the implementation of Benedetta Castiglioni, Knowledge, awareness and sharing as keywords for a local landscape ob- the European Landscape Convention, “landscape observatories, centers and institutes” are one of servatory: the experience of Canale di Brenta (Northeast Italy) the main instruments for the implementation of landscape policies (II.3.3). They allow collection, Simonetta Zanon, The project “Luoghi di valore” (Outstanding places) exchange of information and study protocols between states and local communities. In some cas- Marco Devecchi, Launch of the fourth edition of UNISCAPE’s International photo competition es national and regional bodies have established institutional centers for landscape observation, People’s Landscapes 2013 which show a varied panorama of missions and relationships within the activities of spatial and landscape planning. In Italy, for example, Regional Observatories, created by a national law, collect h. 11:45 Landscape Observatories Networks geographical data, accompany the landscape planning process, and rarely, carry out participation Moderator: Andrea Galli experiments. In Spain too, the Regional Observatories are actively involved in the elaboration of Valerio Di Battista, Landscape Observatories of the Piedmont Network landscape planning instruments. At the same time, a substantial number of “spontaneous” initia- Adalgisa Rubino, Towards an Observatory of the Regional Landscape: an Hypothesis of the Tuscan tives from civil society to local organizations, which carry out awareness raising, participation, and Network sometimes, elaborate projects and concrete actions on the territory. Dirk Gotzmann, Recent European Year of the Citizens and the ELC This seminar promotes an international overview of the activities of landscape observatories, as h. 14:00 Documentation, assessment and monitoring well as reflecting on their mission and effectiveness with regard to the ELC objectives, and the rela- Moderator: Claudia Cassatella tionships between the different subjects. With the participation of institutional bodies, public offi- Maggie Roe, How can policy change be monitored? Developing a Monitoring Framework for pol- cials, researchers and representatives of civil society, the seminar will discuss the following themes. icy change in relation to implementation of the ELC in the UK Awareness, education and participation Documentation, assessment and monitoring Relation- Andrés Caballero, Landscape Observatory and Archive of Andalusia (OAPA) ships with landscape and spatial policies, planning, and design Landscape Observatories Networks Mariella Zoppi, Landscape Observatory in times of crisis Research in progress Problems and actions to be taken: a “Landscape Observatories Agenda” Massimo Morisi, Anna Marson, Observing landscape with a comparative perspective, Tuscany The seminar includes a workshop focused on the Italian case (Italian Regional Landscape Observa- Region tories Workshop, in the Italian language); where Landscape Observatories are established in each region and at the national level by law. h. 16:00 Workshop degli osservatori del paesaggio regionali e nazionali italiani (regional landscape observatories in italy workshop (the language of the Workshop is Italian/ in lingua Scientific Committee italiana) Roberto Gambino (Politecnico di Torino and UNISCAPE Executive Board Representative) Moderator: Marco Devecchi Claudia Cassatella (Politecnico di Torino) Osvaldo Ferrero (Regione Piemonte), Il panorama nazionale degli osservatori del paesaggio isti- Marco Devecchi (Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, tuiti in attuazione del Codice UNISCAPE Representative) Roberto Banchini, The National Observatory for the Quality of Landscape, Direttore del Servizio “Tu- Federica Larcher (Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari) tela e qualità del paesaggio”, MIBAC Massimo Morisi (Authority in charge of communication for the landscape plan Rappresentanti di: Regione Umbria, Regione Puglia, Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Regione of the Tuscany Region) Lombardia Daniela Poli (CIST Centro Interuniversitario di Scienze del Territorio / Inter-university Center Daniela Poli, Il piano paesaggistico della Toscana: un’occasione per innalzare la conoscenza e la of Territorial Sciences) coscienza di luogo Chiude la Regione Toscana, L’esperienza regionale Mariella Zoppi (Università di Firenze, UNISCAPE Executive Board Representative)

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Annex B Friday 28 June 2013, Villa Ruspoli, Piazza Indipendenza 9 h. 9:30 Research in progress Moderator: Federica Larcher Giulia Carlone, Landscape Observatories: perspectives for the Urban Landscape? Roberto Amatobene, Eugenia Errante, Raffaele Germano, Carmine Nigro, Bianca Maria Seardo, Landscape Observatories and participation in landscape planning processes. An experimental method to include community evaluation. Letteria Calvo, For the protection, restoration and enhancement of Mediterranean Landscapes: the role of the Landscapes Observatories. Luca Di Giovanni, Italian Landscape Observatories between rules and practises Ilaria Dioli, Landscape observatories and observers: cognitive approaches in evolution h. 11:15 Relationships with landscape and spatial policies, planning and design Moderator: Roberto Gambino Pere Sala, Landscape Observatory of Catalonia, Director of The Landscape Observatory of Catalonia Juan Manuel Palerm, Landscape Observatory of the Canary Islands, Director of the Landscape Observatory of the Canary Islands, UNISCAPE Vice President Eduard Rosell, The landscape in territorial governance, Director RECEP-ENELC, European Network of Local and Regional Authorities for the Implementation of the ELC h. 12:45 Problems and actions to be taken: a “Landscape Observatories Agenda” Moderator: Bas Pedroli Representative Tuscany Region (to be appointed) Eduard Rosell, RECEP-ENELC Director Inge Gotzmann, CIVILSCAPE President Pere Sala, Coordinator Landscape Observatory of Catalonia Roberto Gambino, Politecnico di Torino and UNISCAPE Executive Board Representative Marco Devecchi, Università di Torino, UNISCAPE Representative Juan Manuel Palerm, Director of the Landscape Observatory of the Canary Islands Languages of the seminar: English. Registration: Participation is free. Kindly send an e-mail to UNISCAPE [email protected] Organised by UNISCAPE http://www.uniscape.eu/ with the support of the Tuscany Region

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R. Pondelik, Reminesciences, winner section Neglected Landscapes, Fourth Edition People’s Landscapes.

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