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Ebook As Diasporas Dos Judeus E Cristaos.Pdf As Diásporas dos Judeus e Cristãos- -Novos de Origem Ibérica entre o Mar Mediterrâneo e o Oceano Atlântico. Estudos ORGANIZAÇÃO : José Alberto R. Silva Tavim Hugo Martins Ana Pereira Ferreira Ângela Sofia Benoliel Coutinho Miguel Andrade Lisboa Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa 2020 Título As Diásporas dos Judeus e Cristãos-Novos de Origem Ibérica entre o Mar Mediterrâneo e o Oceano Atlântico. Estudos Organização José Alberto R. Silva Tavim, Hugo Martins, Ana Pereira Ferreira, Ângela Sofia Benoliel Coutinho e Miguel Andrade Revisão André Morgado Comissão científica Ana Isabel Lopez-Salazar Codes (U. Complutense de Madrid), Anat Falbel (U. Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Ângela Domingues (U. Lisboa), Beatriz Kushnir (Directora, Arq. Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro), Blanca de Lima (U. Francisco de Miranda, Coro; Acad. Nac. de la Historia-Capítulo Falcón, Venezuela), Claude B. Stuczynski (Bar-Ilan U.), Cynthia Michelle Seton-Rogers (U. of Texas-Dallas), Daniel Strum (U. São Paulo), Daniela Levy (U. São Paulo), Edite Alberto (Dep. Património Cultural/C. M. Lisboa; CHAM, FCSH-UNL), Elvira Azevedo Mea (U. Porto), Eugénia Rodrigues (U. Lisboa), Hernán Matzkevich (U. Purdue), Joelle Rachel Rouchou (Fund. Casa de Rui Barbosa, Rio de Janeiro), Jorun Poettering (Harvard U.), Maria Augusta Lima Cruz (ICS-U. do Minho; CHAM, FCSH, UNL), Maria Manuel Torrão (U. Lisboa), Moisés Orfali (Bar-Ilan U.), Nancy Rozenchan (U. de São Paulo), Palmira Fontes da Costa (U. Nova de Lisboa), Timothy D. Walker (U. Massachusetts Dartmouth) e Zelinda Cohen (Inst. do Património Cultural, Cabo Verde) Capa Belmonte, com Sinagoga Bet Eliahu. Fotografia de José Alberto R. Silva Tavim. Imagens no interior Detalhe da gravura publicada no Libro dela verdad de la fe sin el qual no deue estar ningum cristiano…, de frei João Soares (1543). Reproduzido com autorização da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (p. 79). Editor Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa Primeira edição 2020 Grafismo Bruno Fernandes Impressão: Sersilito – Empresa Gráfica, Lda. ISBN: 978-989-8068-26-2 Depósito Legal: 470902/20 Tiragem: 150 exemplares Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa | Centre for History of the University of Lisbon Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa | School of Arts and Humanities of the University of Lisbon Cidade Universitária - Alameda da Universidade,1600 - 214 LISBOA / PORTUGAL Tel.: (+351) 21 792 00 00 (Extensão: 11610) | Fax: (+351) 21 796 00 63 URL: http://www.centrodehistoria-flul.com Este trabalho é financiado por fundos nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I. P., no âmbito dos projetos UIDB/04311/2020 e UIDP/04311/2020. This work is funded by national funds through FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology under projects UIDB/04311/2020 and UIDP/04311/2020. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. ÍNDICE 11 INTRODUÇÃO: ENTRE O MEDITERRÂNEO E O ATLÂNTICO 31 I – EM PORTUGAL: NO REINO E DO REINO, NA ÉPOCA MODERNA 33 THE NEW-CHRISTIANS OF TOMAR: A web of social relations between Christianity and Judaism Maria José Ferro Tavares 73 CONVERSOS E FINANÇAS RÉGIAS EM PORTUGAL NO SÉCULO XVI: Tensões, fugas e soluções Maria Leonor García da Cruz 95 A PRESCRIÇÃO DE ALIMENTOS DE ORIGEM ANIMAL E VEGETAL NOS COMENTÁRIOS MÉDICOS DE GARCIA LOPES Emília M. Rocha de Oliveira 119 II – A DIÁSPORA: ESTUDOS DE HISTÓRIA SOCIAL E CULTURAL NA ÉPOCA MODERNA 121 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS IN THE PORTUGUESE NATION OF HAMBURG (1652-1682): Analysis of a particular case Hugo Martins 147 AS POLÉMICAS MÉDICAS E OS MÉDICOS DA NAÇÃO PORTUGUESA DE HAMBURGO NO SÉCULO XVII Florbela Veiga Frade 163 CÁBALA METAFÓRICA Y ACOSMISMO EN ABRAHAM COHEN DE HERRERA Miquel Beltrán Munar & Meritxell Blasco Orellana 191 A ATRACÇÃO DO BRASIL HOLANDÊS: Uma nova diáspora dos judeus do Velho Mundo José Alberto R. Silva Tavim 205 III – NO MUNDO CONTEMPORÂNEO: A DIÁSPORA DO NORTE DE ÁFRICA 207 O ARRESTO DO BRIGUE PORTUGUÊS INTRÉPIDO. Um negócio inter-religioso no mundo sefardita António Jorge Afonso 227 DO MEDITERRÂNEO AO ATLÂNTICO: Comerciantes judeus de Marrocos e Gibraltar no arquipélago de Cabo Verde (1860-1900) Ângela Sofia Benoliel Coutinho 247 A EXUBERANTE AMAZÔNIA: Judeus e caboclos na obra literária de Leão Pacífico Esaguy Filipe Amaral Rocha de Menezes 261 THE SHA’AR HASHAMAYIM SYNAGOGUE IN CAIRO: A temple for Paris along the Nile Jonathan Hirsch 283 IV – PORTUGAL, A NAÇÃO PORTUGUESA E A CONTEMPORANEIDADE 285 THE PORTUGUESE MARRANOS COMMITTEE. A contribution to an unknown history Ana Gabriela da Silva Figueiredo 307 THE DEATH OF GEORGE MADURO IN THE HOLOCAUST AND THE DEMISE OF THE PORTUGUESE NACIÓN IN CURAÇAO Yitzchak Kerem 351 JEWISH REFUGEES AND ANTI-NAZIS AMONG THE PORTUGUESE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR Irene Flunser Pimentel 373 NOTAS BIOGRÁFICAS INTRODUÇÃO: Entre o Mediterrâneo e o Atlântico Portugal teve um papel determinante nas diásporas dos judeus de origem ibérica, devido à sua situação geográfica estratégica, no extremo oeste da Europa – condição essa que explica a sua abertura precoce à Modernidade, aos Descobrimentos e ao Colonialismo, conforme já suficientemente demonstrado por uma plêiade clássica de estudiosos.1 Essa condição extrema já tinha sido equacionada pelos próprios judeus de origem castelhana que se acolheram em Portugal em finais do século XV, nessa condição ou já convertidos como cristãos, provavelmente assumindo todo um discurso teleológico que perpassava os meios judaicos peninsulares acerca de um Portugal predestinado no âmbito da sua diáspora europeia. Aprisionado em Évora com outros conterrâneos transmontanos, nos anos 40 do século XVI, o converso Luís de Carvajal foi acusado de dizer que os judeus migraram para Espanha sete anos após a sua expulsão de França, vivendo ali até ao reinado de D. Fernando (de Aragão). Depois – logicamente após a expulsão de 1492 –, os judeus moveram- -se para Portugal, enquanto outros escolheram os países islâmicos. Para Carvajal, Portugal significava “porto de gá”, porto de salvação e porto de remissão, visto que de um lado viviam os “Egyptores”, ou seja, os “Egípcios” (metaforicamente, 1 Vide, entre outros, Ribeiro 1945; Cortesão 1975; Sérgio 1940; Brito 1997. 12 AS DIÁSPORAS DOS JUDEUS E CRISTÃOS-NOVOS DE ORIGEM IBÉRICA ENTRE O MAR MEDITERRÂNEO E O OCEANO ATLÂNTICO. ESTUDOS os Espanhóis), e do outro havia o fim do mundo: o Cabo de São Vicente, o ponto sudoeste extremo de Portugal. Ou seja, Portugal era visto como o fim das tribulações e sofrimentos dos Filhos de Israel. Finalmente, chegou a pedir uma audiência com o rei de Portugal (D. João III), com o intuito de dizer a todos os bispos que a Lei Cristã era falsa, enquanto a de Moisés era verdadeira. Talvez se desenhe aqui o sonho de muitos conversos da primeira geração em transformar o Portugal cristão num Portugal judaico. Visto que Luís de Carvajal considerava Portugal o fim de todas as tribulações e sofrimentos dos Filhos de Israel depois da sua expulsão de outros países da Europa, tal significa que os judeus tinham alcançado uma nova etapa – talvez uma coincidente com a Época das Descobertas em que eles viviam.2 De facto, um seu companheiro de cela – João Dias, de Odemira – parecia mais avisado e logo reinterpretou a “história clássica de Carvajal”. João Dias considerou que a salvação dos cristãos-novos só podia ser alcançada na Diáspora, e não em Portugal, pois só ali podiam viver livremente como judeus. Esta visão parece aproximar-se daquela transmitida por Samuel Usque na sua famosa Consolação às Tribulações de Israel, impressa em 1553, mas já na Diáspora, em Ferrara,3 em que advoga, ou melhor incita, a um arrependimento (teshuva) colectivo dos conversos4 através da sua saída do Portugal cristão. Pelo contrário, Dias insiste ainda na salvação dos cristãos-novos de uma outra forma: segundo ele, os judeus (aqui remetendo para os cristãos-novos) exilaram-se na Flandres, onde se reuniriam as Tribos Perdidas (as nove tribos e meia), esperando a chegada do Messias. Após a chegada daquele, os judeus governariam o mundo. Embora tal não seja expresso, isso significa que Dias preferia um destino em que os cristãos-novos continuavam a praticar um criptojudaísmo fora do férreo controlo da Inquisição, estabelecida em Portugal em 1536, antes do evento ambicionado da redenção final. Não se trata de uma narrativa inocente, pois Dias conhecia, como outros cristãos-novos, que muitos conversos se tinham estabelecido em Antuérpia, à sombra da feitoria portuguesa, onde podiam viver fora da angústia da perseguição, mas numa região em que deviam assumir ainda uma fácies católica.5 2 Tavim 2018, 122. 3 Seguimos a edição de Usque 1989, CICCCIXV-CXCI. 4 Vide Wilke 2015. 5 Vide Tavim 2015a, 167. INTRODUÇÃO: ENTRE O MEDITERRÂNEO E O ATLÂNTICO | TAVIM 13 Na verdade, o exigente controlo inquisitorial não cessou em Portugal, e a Inquisição tornou-se uma instituição cada mais eficaz no controle da ortodoxia religiosa católica e na punição da heresia, da heterodoxia e de comportamentos sociais e sexuais desviantes.6 Tal teve consequências indeléveis no destino dos cristãos-novos e dos judeus portugueses, separados pela vivência em territórios onde a identidade destes últimos era reconhecida. Estes territórios podiam ser um Portugal e uma Holanda distantes, ou uma Veneza, onde os cristãos-novos podiam avistar (e secretamente visitar) os judeus portugueses e espanhóis do Ghetto.7 A multiplicidade das atitudes face a esta dicotomia é assinalável e vai abranger não só as populações de origem judaica e ibérica na Europa, mas também nas vastas áreas colonizadas pelas potências europeias. Não obstante a incidência inquisitorial, surgem grupos de interesse de cristãos-novos que em Portugal, em Roma e em Espanha negoceiam os perdões- -gerais e outras estratégias para continuarem a viver no contexto do Império Português e sua metrópole.8 Outros pretenderam ostensivamente afastar-se do corpo social identificado a que estavam sujeitos por reconhecida origem.
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