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1974 May.Pdf RHODE I 5 L AN o HI 5 T 0 RY Publis hed by Issued Quarterly at Providence, Rhode Island, THE RH OD E ISLAND H ISTORICAL SOC IETY February, May , August. and No vember. Second 52 POWER STREET . PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND class postage pa id at Prov idence, Rhode Island . 02906 and printed by a grant of the STAT E or RHODE ISLAND AND PRO VID ENCE The Rhode Island Historical Society assu mes no PLANTATIONS , Philip W. Noel. Governor. responsibility for opinions of con tributors. Du ncan Hun ter Ma u ran, president Geo rge C. Davis, vice presiden t Lawre nce Lanpher, v ice president Table of Co ntents Bradford F.Swan. secretary Dennis E. Stark, assist ant secretary Townes M. Ha rr is. Ir . freaSllrer T homas R. Adams, assistant treasurer Textile Expe riments Albert T. Klyberg. director in Rhode Island 1788-1789 Cliffo rd P. Monahan, director emeritus by Paul E. Rivard 35 Carl Bridenbaugh. fellow of the Society Seth luther - PUB liCATIONS CU MMlnn Th e Road fro m Chepachet Stuart C. Shennan . chairman by Carl Gl'rslmy 47 Henry L. P. Beckwith, Jr . Mrs. Phil ip Davis Wendell Garrett Norman W. Smith 152nd An nu al Meeting 57 Ch arles Neu Go rdon S. Wood STAFF Joel A. Cohen . editor Nod P. Conlon. m anaging editor Mildred C. Till ey , picture editor VOLUME )), NUMBER 2 MAY 1974 51'tll Luthl'r(pklgl' 4 7) likl' h is contem po rkl ry. k1rtisl Thomas Doughty . tn;wl'll'd riuers and roads bl'yond hi!; natiue state. o,. '~ , 1 0/ TO, R. ir by o,, "Sh,y MUSf UM OFA RT. RI""I, [,I~nJ 5.-hoolo/ n.,,1:'" 34 Mosn B~o1L'" madt his fi"'t morr to~rddroelopm'"t of Rhode hlfmaJ tutile "Ulnufucturl' i" Mall J7SS. almost two yrurs ~forf' Scrm.....l SIllIer's QI'l'lv,,1 in Pawtucbt. 35 Textile Experiments in Rhode Island 1788-1789 by Paul E. Rivard* A machine. receiving at different times, and from was based, and toward re-creation of these machines many hands. rlew com binations and improvements, American merchants first turned their attention in and becoming at last of signal benefit to mankind, the mid-1780s. may be com pared to a riuulet swelled in its course by The first period of textile machine experimentation tributary streams, until it rolls along, a majestic in America com menced in 1786 and culminated in river, enriching in its progress provinces and successful introduction of Richard Arkwright's kingdo ms - Sir Francis Bacon . spinning technology to Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1790. During these years experimentation was urged Technological retardation of the American colo­ forward by concerned governmental agencies and nies which developed in the eighteenth century was increasing numbers of involved merchants in several partially due to British attempts to prevent expor­ states - especially where merchant wharves were tation of technical knowledge but also the result of being filled with low-cost British textile imports. seem ing disinterest which Americans displayed in Experimentation was further stimulated by increased manufacturing. Distracted by war, then by new imm igration of European mechanics with varying independence. often content to play out the tradi­ deg rees of knowledge and skill. The arrival in tional colonial mercantile role, many American Pawtucket of Samuel Slater. most important of these merchants moved only timidly into the realm of in­ immigrants, was the psychological and technical dustrial capitalism . Consequently, little knowledge turning point of these early efforts - Slater's first of English textile technology crossed the At lantic eleven week s in Rhode Island, from January 18 to before the late 1780s - when disadvantages faced by April 5, encompassed both the conclusion of several American merchants in their own ma rketplaces were years of experimentation and a new beginning for the becoming obvious. American textile industry, Great Britain's pre-eminent position in textile Most historical writers have chosen to treat Slater's manufacturing may indeed ha ve been born of neces­ efforts in 1790 as the birth of the American textile sity - a function of England's role in the colonial industry rather than the successful conclusion of a empire - but fundamentally the industry relied upon period of experimentation. Such a view has generally command of technology . While many important supposed that experimentation from 1786 to 1789 inventions de veloped in England during the wa s a dead-end effort - an aborted sequence of eighteenth century, three stand out as particularly machinery which contributed little or nothing to significant - Hargreaves' spinning jenny , Ark­ establishme nt of permanent manufacture. wright's roller spinning frame, and Kay's fly-shuttle Supporting this conclusion has been the belief that loom. Upon these pieces of hardware, more than any successful technology was born through a feat of other, the remar kable growth of English manufacture memory by Slater. Ma ny eighteenth- an d nine- "Mr . Rivard is director of Pawtucket's Slater Mill Historic Site and Museum and editor 01 its monthly Til" Fly"r. 36 TEXTILE EXPUIMENTS teenth-cent ury documents emphasize this view . I Sm all Jenn ey 7.10 Moses Brown's famous letter to John Dexter on 8 Bobb in W heels 3 .12 October 15, 1791 noted that "I w rote to him [Slater] 12 Looms w ith Slays & Tack Ung 60 .. & he came accordingly ; but o n view ing the mills he 3 Stock ing Frames 80 . declined doing anything .....ith them , and proposed Singing Plate Brus hes etc. 15 . making a new one "1 Brow n's letter 10 Slater - pd towards th e Callender 40 .. , ..... ritten .....hen Slater as still in Ne w York in 1789 - Finishing Table, Corrvay, Tubs & had noted that "An experiment has been made , Indigo Hou se ,. ',, ,, , , . , 3 which has failed , no person being acquainted ..... ith Ca tta il Press W ool Picker Sorting the business . .." J Table Weigllfs 15 .. By the time of Slater's death in 1836 the critical role Scales and th e Sl lOP implimirus he had played in de velopment of the textile indu stry 1 Horse Cart . A ct 6 .....as already generally recognized and Slater's first biographer, Geo rge S. Whi te, had littl e difficu lty 550 .9 secu ring testimon ials cas ting him in the roles of both co nceiver and midw ife of the birth of industry. This inventory begs an important question - w hat Typical of the co mments solicited ..... as that of .....as the origin of these machines and w hat their William Anthon y ..... ho wrote of Slater's arrival that impact upon emergence of the textil e industry in "then all this imperfect machinery w as throw n aside Rhode Island ? In seeking answer s the machinery and machinery more perfect built under his must be assessed by reference to a larger theatre of direction. "! experimentation - specifically effort s to re-create But despite the .....eight of this evidence - plus British technology in America from 1786 10 1789. generations of secondary-source history - it remains Even more specifically Rhode Island experiments clear that Slater's first w eeks in Pa w tucket not only should be related to experiments undertaken in marked the start of a new chapter of industrial Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787. The d irect history but conclusion of an earlier chapter, co nnection between Rhode Island effort s and those of Machinery experiments started in Rhode Island Massachusett s is of particular sign ificance beca use it before 1790 were not a closed sequence abruptly was through th is route that a machinery seq uence term inated by Slater's arrival - instead these experi ­ w as established - co mmencing with an inoperable ment s cons tituted a valid technical progression that model built in 1786 and co ncluding w ith Samuel led directly to Slater's first spinning machine. Slater's w ork in 1790. An inventory of machinery located in Pawtucket At least three notable developments in - probably made early in 1790' - illustrates the Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787 held direct extent to ..... hich textile machine experimentation had impact upon the work of Rhode Islan d merchants been undertaken pri or to Slater's arrival : and mechanics. The first and potentially the most important was con struction of Arkwright-type Spinnirlg MiIIl1t Paw tucket ' ., U70 ., 0 ., machinery - a spinning frame and a carding engine Card ing Machine & Whipping Frame 45 ,., .. - by two Scottish immigrants, Th omas and -/ Spinning Jenney s . .. ,@ 21 ... 84 .. .. Alexander Barr, in 1 786 , ~ Financed w ith the aid of a 1 Warping M ill & Spools .. ,., . 7 . 13 . (200 subsidy fro m the Massachusetts legislature 3 Roping Wheels . 1.5 through the efforts of Colonel Hugh O rr of East I Moses Brown Papers, RIHS library, 2 December 10, 1789, qu oted by George 5, White, Memoir of ~mueJ Shller (Philol dl'lphia. 18Jbl 73. 5 White, 57. Robert W , Lovell , "Beverly Co tto n Man­ ufactory. o r Some New Light on a n Early Cotto n Mill." 3 White, bJ , Bulletin Business HlStorica/ 5oe iel y 20 (IM-t"mbl' r 1952 l 4 Moses Brown Papers. 219-220. 37 TEXTILE EXPER IMENTS Ge orl{e Cabo t was o ne of three brothers, wealthy merchants greaves-ty pe spinning machine, Although use of the wh o suppo rted America 's first cotto n 5pin ni>Jtl ml/l in Bn'uly, jen ny for cotton manufacture was destined to be M assach usetts , 1787. short-lived, it too offered Americans a plausi ble spin ning technology . But the final and greatest influence provided fro m Massachusetts was psyc hological - establishment of America's first colion spinning mill, the Beverly Colton Ma nufacturi ng Company." Launched in Oc tober 1787, the com pany employ ed horse power to drive carding machines and jennies of the type in­ troduced by Somers who with James Leonard wa s overseer of the mill.
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