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Análise À Fadiga De Um Viaduto Ferróviario Para Tráfego De Comboios De Alta Velocidade

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Análise À Fadiga De Um Viaduto Ferróviario Para Tráfego De Comboios De Alta Velocidade M 2017 ANÁLISE À FADIGA DE UM VIADUTO FERRÓVIARIO PARA TRÁFEGO DE COMBOIOS DE ALTA VELOCIDADE GONÇALO CABRAL FERREIRA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO APRESENTADA À FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL ANÁLISE À FADIGA DE UM VIADUTO FERROVIÁRIO PARA TRÁFEGO DE COMBOIOS DE ALTA VELOCIDADE GONÇALO CABRAL FERREIRA Dissertação submetida para satisfação parcial dos requisitos do grau de MESTRE EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL — ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM ESTRUTURAS Orientador: Professor Doutor Rui Artur Bártolo Calçada Coorientador: Professor Doutor Abílio Manuel Pinho de Jesus JUNHO DE 2017 MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL 2016/2017 DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL Tel. +351-22-508 1901 Fax +351-22-508 1446 [email protected] Editado por FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 PORTO Portugal Tel. +351-22-508 1400 Fax +351-22-508 1440 [email protected] http://www.fe.up.pt Reproduções parciais deste documento serão autorizadas na condição que seja mencionado o Autor e feita referência a Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil - 2016/2017 - Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2017. As opiniões e informações incluídas neste documento representam unicamente o ponto de vista do respetivo Autor, não podendo o Editor aceitar qualquer responsabilidade legal ou outra em relação a erros ou omissões que possam existir. Este documento foi produzido a partir de versão eletrónica fornecida pelo respetivo Autor. Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade Título do Trabalho - Arial 8pt itálico “Troquem-se tijolos por palavras, ponha-se o poeta, subjetivamente, na quádrupla função de arquiteto, engenheiro, construtor e operário, e aí tendes o que é poesia.” Vinicius de Moraes Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade Título do Trabalho - Arial 8pt itálico AGRADECIMENTOS O trabalho refletido nesta dissertação é fruto do esforço coletivo de um grande número de pessoas, às quais não posso deixar de agradecer. Ao Professor Rui Calçada, orientador da dissertação, por toda a disponibilidade, pelo entusiasmo transmitido e pela confiança depositada, ao longo de todo o semestre; Ao Professor Abílio de Jesus, coorientador da dissertação, por apresentar desafios que se tornaram essenciais para o trabalho: Ao Engenheiro Guilherme Alencar, sem o qual este trabalho teria sido impossível, pela permanente disponibilidade ao longo de cada etapa, pelo espírito de iniciativa, pela disponibilização de recursos e por me ter aberto as portas à atividade científica; Aos meus pais e irmã, por todo o apoio; Aos colegas António, Mário, José Pedro, Tiago, João Nuno, José Diogo, João, Pedro, David, Rafael, Manuel e Luís, por todos os momentos destes últimos cinco anos que tornaram o percurso académico uma experiência única; À Catarina, pelo apoio incansável e pela amizade. i Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade ii Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade RESUMO As pontes e viadutos ferroviários de alta velocidade são sensíveis à fadiga, devido à aplicação repetida de cargas móveis. Junto ao pé dos cordões de soldadura, as tensões provocadas pela passagem dos comboios acumulam-se e podem dar início a fendas. A presente dissertação analisa o dano causado por fadiga no viaduto de acesso à ponte ferroviária do rio Sado, considerando comboios europeus de alta velocidade. É utilizado o método da sobreposição modal para caracterizar a resposta da estrutura, extraindo parâmetros modais de um modelo de elementos finitos e combinando com o carregamento dos comboios. A malha de elementos finitos é feita de forma a permitir extrapolação de tensões hot-spot. Os historiais de tensão são utilizados para calcular o dano aplicando a regra de Palmgren-Miner. Avaliando o dano conforme a velocidade de circulação, são detetadas e interpretadas situações de amplificação dinâmica. São também feitas análises de sensibilidade relativamente ao número de modos envolvidos e à variação do amortecimento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: fadiga, tensões hot-spot, método dos elementos finitos, análise dinâmica, ferrovia de alta velocidade iii Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade iv Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade ABSTRACT High speed railway bridges and viaducts are sensitive to fatigue, due to the repeated presence of moving loads. Stresses induced by passing trains rise near weld toes, which may cause the beginning of cracking. This dissertation analyses the damage caused by fatigue on the Sado river railway bridge access viaduct, considering European high-speed trains. The modal superposition method is used to determine the structure’s response, extracting modal parameters by finite method analysis and combining them with train loads. The finite element mesh is made in such a way that allows for hot- spot tress extrapolation. Stress histories are used to calculate damage applying Palmgren-Miner’s rule. By evaluating damage for each speed, dynamic amplification situations are detected and interpreted. Sensitivity analysis due to the number of modes taken into account or damping variation are also made. KEYWORDS: fatigue, hot-spot stress, finite element method, dynamic analysis, high-speed railway v Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade vi Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade ÍNDICE GERAL AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................................................... i RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... v 1. INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. MOTIVAÇÃO E CONTEXTO ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. ORGANIZAÇÃO DO DOCUMENTO ..................................................................................................... 2 2. METODOLOGIAS DE ANÁLISE À FADIGA ......................................... 3 2.1. INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2. DISPOSIÇÕES REGULAMENTARES CORRENTES ............................................................................. 3 2.2.1. NECESSIDADE DE VERIFICAÇÃO ......................................................................................................... 2 2.2.2. CARREGAMENTO .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.2.3. NECESSIDADE DE AVALIAÇÃO DINÂMICA ............................................................................................. 7 2.2.4. DETERMINAÇÃO DAS TENSÕES ATUANTES .......................................................................................... 8 2.2.5. DETERMINAÇÃO DA RESISTÊNCIA ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2.6. COEFICIENTE PARCIAL DE RESISTÊNCIA À FADIGA ............................................................................. 11 2.2.7. MÉTODO DA TENSÃO DE DANO EQUIVALENTE ................................................................................... 11 2.2.8. MÉTODO DO DANO ACUMULADO ...................................................................................................... 12 2.3. METODOLOGIAS AVANÇADAS ....................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1. LIMITAÇÕES DAS METODOLOGIAS CORRENTES .................................................................................. 12 2.3.2. PRINCÍPIOS GERAIS DO MÉTODO HOT-SPOT ..................................................................................... 13 2.3.3. DETERMINAÇÃO DE TENSÕES .......................................................................................................... 14 2.3.4. CURVAS DE RESISTÊNCIA ................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.5. LIMITAÇÕES DO MÉTODO HOT-SPOT ................................................................................................ 20 2.3.6. OUTRAS ABORDAGENS .................................................................................................................... 20 vii Análise à Fadiga de um Viaduto Ferroviário Para Tráfego de Comboios de Alta Velocidade 3. CASO DE ESTUDO: MODELO DINÂMICO DE UM VIADUTO FERROVIÁRIO EM VIA DE ALTA VELOCIDADE .... 21 3.1. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ESTRUTURA ..................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1. LOCALIZAÇÃO E PROPÓSITO ...........................................................................................................
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