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MALARI: STUDI GERAKAN MAHASISWA MASA ORDE BARU Ipong Jazimah*

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MALARI: STUDI GERAKAN MAHASISWA MASA ORDE BARU Ipong Jazimah* View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by E-Journal Universitas PGRI Madiun (Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia) MALARI: STUDI GERAKAN MAHASISWA ………| 9 MALARI: STUDI GERAKAN MAHASISWA MASA ORDE BARU Ipong Jazimah* Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap: 1) latar belakang terjadinya Peristiwa Malaria 1974; 2) Kronologi peristiwa Malaria 1974; dan 3) Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari peristiwa Malaria 1974 menyangkut kebijakan pemerintah terhadap kegiatan mahasiswa di kampus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah yang tahapannya meliputi heuristik, kritik sumber (verifikasi), interpretasi dan penyajian (historiografi). Sumber yang akan dipakai dapat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer yang digunakan adalah koran sejaman, sementara sumber sekunder adalah buku-buku yang ditulis oleh sejarawan berikutnya. Peristiwa Malari bisa dikatakan sebagai titik awal perlawanan terhadap Soeharto secara besar-besaran, ditandai dengan adanya aksi pembakaran, perusakan, dan kerusuhan yang menyebabkan beberapa korban meninggal dan luka-luka. Sebelum Malari memang telah ada aksi mahasiswa menggugat, aksi Golongan Putih dan sebagainya. Tetapi tidak mampu mengikutsertakan massa dalam jumlah yang cukup signifikan. Namun peristiwa Malari bagi generasi muda yang lahir pada tahun 1973 tidak cukup dikenal dengan baik. Bagi mereka, peristiwa Malari adalah “Peristiwa ribut-ribut di Monas”. Ada juga yang melihat peristiwa Malari sebagai konspirasi para jenderal yang tidak memiliki sandaran politik dalam struktur kala itu, dengan memakai mahasiswa untuk dijadikan alat politik terhadap para petinggi Orde Baru saat itu. Apa pun yang dikatakan oleh generasi muda, namun bagi para pelaku Malari, peristiwa Malapetaka 15 Januari itu adalah momentum awal memanfaatkan kontradiksi di kalangan militer untuk mempertajam kekuatan-kekuataan pro status quo dengan kekuatan yang pro perubahan bagi kepentingan rakyat banyak. Kata kunci: Malari, Gerakan Mahasiswa, Orde baru Latar Belakang kuatnya kekuasaan militer. Hal itu terjadi karena pemerintah anti terhadap Lembaran sejarah Indonesia kebebasan berpendapat. menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan sering Demokrasi yang mati bertahan menjadi jalan keluar bagi setiap cukup lama pada masa era pemerintahan permasalahan yang muncul. Konflik Suharto. Merujuk pada pendapat Edward kekerasan yang terjadi di Indonesia dipicu Shils bahwa pada awal-awal pembangunan oleh berbagai alas an, diantaranya masalah Indonesia, kedudukan presiden dan militer perbedaan suku, ekonomi dan politik. adalah saling ketergantungan. Presiden Kekerasan juga kerap terjadi pada rakyat membutuhkan militer untuk oleh pemerintah yang didukung oleh * Ipong Jazimah adalah dosen Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto 10 | JURNAL AGASTYA VOL 03 NO 01 JANUARI 2013 mempertahankan kekuasaan, sementara kelompok yang bergerak atas perjuangan militer membutuhkan presiden untuk moral. eksistensi mereka di pemerintahan. Sikap Pasca peristiwa 30 September militer pada umumnya anti diskusi, anti 1965 gerakan mahasiwa cenderung kritik, dan anti kebebasan pers memakai konsep yang pertama yaitu (Kartodirjo,1983: 178). gerakan moral (moral force) (Suharsih & Besarnya kekuasaan yang diberikan Mahendra, tt:77). Mahasiswa muncul presiden kepada militer menjadi alasan sebagai aktor politik ketika bangsa sedang kenapa kemudian kekerasan selalu krisis, dan setelah krisis selesai, mereka menjadi jalan keluar untuk mengatasi kemudian kembali ke kampus untuk masalah demonstrasi di Indonesia pada belajar. Arief Budiman menyebutnya masa itu. Peristiwa Malari yang merupakan sebagai “Gerakan Koreksi” yaitu gerakan kependekan dari Malapetaka 15 Januari yang tidak harus mengumpulkan massa 1974 adalah titik tolak ketidakpuasaan yang besar dan melengkapi dirinya dengan rakyat terhadap kebijakan pemerintah yang ideologi alternatif. diwakili oleh mahasiswa. Gerakan yang Konsep gerakan moral awalnya dilakukan oleh mahasiswa tersebut berasal dari konsep gerakan seorang tokoh dihadapi dengan kerasnya militer beserta cowboy bernama Shane. Sang cowboy tank-tank bajanya. datang ke suatu kota kecil yang penuh Pergerakan mahasiswa, menurut dengan bandit kejam, lalu dia berhasil Dhaniel Dhakidae terdiri atas dua kelompok menghabisi bandit-bandit itu. Namun saat yaitu kelompok yang bergerak atas aspek dia diminta oleh penduduk kota untuk perjuangan moral yang bergerak atas menjadi sherif, dia menolak bahkan pergi ukuran benar dan salah, dan kelompok dari kota itu. Ilustrasi cerita Shane itulah kedua yang bergerak atas perhitungan yang kemudian menjadi gambaran dari politik praktis tentang yang kuat dan lemah konsep gerakan mahasiswa yang terjun (Dhakidae, 1983:.47). Bila merujuk dalam mengatasi krisis bangsa tanpa pendapat Dhaniel Dhakidae, gerakan adanya pamrih terhadap materi apalagi mahasiswa yang terjadi pada tahun 1974 kekuasaan. pada peristiwa Malari tergolong gerakan Gagasan konsep gerakan cowboy mahasiswa pada kelompok pertama yaitu Shane tersebut berkembang seiring dengan keinginan mahasiswa untuk MALARI: STUDI GERAKAN MAHASISWA ………| 11 independen dan menghindari permainan mencemarkan wanita-wanita politik. Mereka bukan suatu kelompok terhormat. Mahasiswa ini politik yang berusaha mendapatkan menantangnya berduel dan kekuasaan, melainkan suatu kekuatan menang. Setelah ia menang ia moral yang menginginkan negara balik lagi ke bangku-bangku kuliah, mencapai cita-citanya. Hal yang senada sebagai mahasiswa yang baik. Ia diungkapkan oleh Soe Hok Gie untuk tidak ingin mengeksploitir jasa- menggambarkan gerakan mahasiswa jasanya untuk dapat rejeki-rejeki” dalam meruntuhkan kekuasaan Sukarno. (Soe Hok Gie, 1983:48). Perjuangan seorang cowboy berawal ketika dia datang ke sebuah kota Tahun 1970-an menjadi awal bagi dari tempat yang sangat jauh. Di kota itu kebangkitan gerakan mahasiswa dari sedang merajalela perampokan, perkosaan periode sebelumnya yaitu tahun 1968 atau dan ketidakadilan. Cowboy ini menantang 1969 yang cenderung tenang-tenang saja sang bandit berduel dan ia menang. Bandit karena dirasa telah berhasil meruntuhkan mati dan penduduk kota yang ingin kekuasaan Sukarno. Mulai tahun 1970 berterima kasih mencari sang cowboy. terjadi berbagai aksi dan protes yang Tetapi ia telah pergi ke tempat yang sangat dilakukan oleh mahasiswa. Beberapa jauh. Ia tidak menginginkan pangkat- alasan yang memicu terjadinya protes pangkat atau sanjungan-sanjungan dan adalah masalah pendidikan seperti cowboy itu akan datang lagi kalau ada bertambahnya jumlah mahasiswa tetapi bandit-bandit yang menyerang kota. anggaran terhadap pendidikan relatif Ilustrasi cerita cowboy di atas kurang. Kedua, meningkatnya inflasi dan digunakan oleh Soe Hok Gie untuk bertambahnya kesulitan hidup sehari-hari. menggambarkan gerakan mahasiswa Ketiga, merajalelanya korupsi sehingga tahun 1966, seperti cuplikan tulisannya pembangunan hanya dinikmati oleh berikut ini: sekelompok kecil masyarakat. “Ketika mereka (mahasiswa) turun Mahasiswa mulai melancarkan ke “kota” karena terdapat “bandit- aksi-aksi yang bersifat spontan, setempat, bandit PKI Soekarno-Subandrio” dan hanya diikuti beberapa bekas tokoh yang sedang menteror penduduk, mahasiswa dan pelajar yang sebelumnya merampok kekayaan rakyat dan turut berperan dalam peristiwa 1966. Selain 12 | JURNAL AGASTYA VOL 03 NO 01 JANUARI 2013 itu protes-protes mahasiswa juga lebih pembangunan Taman Mini Indonesia Indah bersifat mengingatkan “mitra lama” tentang (TMII). Pemimpin aksi protes ditangkap penyimpangan yang terjadi seperti isu tanpa melalui proses hukum, dan sejumlah pemborosan, korupsi, demokrasi, dan surat kabar yang dianggap ikut membakar sandiwara politik (Naipospos, 1996:25). situasi ditutup dalam beberapa hari. Namun Karangan yang ditulis Soe Hok Gie hal tersebut tidak menyurutkan perlawanan setidaknya dapat menggambarkan bahwa yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa. masa tahun 1970-an mahasiswa yang Akhir tahun 1973 intensitas awalnya terlibat aktif dalam gerakan gerakan mahasiswa semakin meningkat, setelah mendapat kekuasaan mulai goyah apalagi Dewan Mahasiswa mempunyai hati. Mereka tidak lagi seidealis ketika kekuatan tambahan dari organisasi ekternal menjadi mahasiswa. Soe Hok Gie kampus. Peristiwa besar meledak saat mengirimkan alat make up kepada teman- Perdana Menteri Jepang Kakuei Tanaka temannya sesame mahasiswa pergerakan datang ke Indonesia. Peristiwa itulah yang yang duduk di kursi kekuasaan sebagai kemudian dikenal dengan Malapetaka 15 simbol bahwa mereka sudah tidak lagi Januari atau Malaria. Peristiwa Malari murni untuk berjuang namun lebih sangat menarik untuk diteliti. Selain bentuk disibukkan dengan mencari muka kepada gerakan yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa, atasan. Isi karangannya juga akibat yang ditimbulkan pun juga luar biasa menggambarkan hal tersebut. Tulis Soe besar bagii perkembangan perpolitikan di Hok gie “hanya ada dua pilihan, menjadi Indonesia. Peristiwa Malari juga merupakan idealis atau apatis” (Soe Hok Gie dalam potret bagaimana demokrasi berusaha Rudy Badil, dkk, 2009:462). dibungkam dengan senjata dan militer. Reaksi pemerintah terhadap Tahun-tahun itu pemerintah mulai gerakan mahasiswa pada sekitar awal bertindak tidak bersahabat. Pemerintah tahun 1970-an bersifat toleran. Kritik menuduh mahasiswa ditunggangi oleh mahasiswa diperhatikan meskipun kepentingan politik tertentu. Istilah prakteknya tidak banyak menunjukkan ditunggangi kemudian menjadi istilah resmi perubahan. Pada awal tahun 1973 suhu pemerintah bagi gerakan mahasiswa politik semakin memanas,
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