Pearl S. Buck

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Pearl S. Buck View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositório Aberto da Universidade Aberta Mestrado em Estudos Americanos Paulo Fernando Mascarenhas Franco Pearl S. Buck Uma ponte entre os Estados Unidos e a China Orientadora da Dissertação Prof. Doutora Maria do Céu Marques Universidade Aberta 2007 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................................... 2 MAN VERSUS WOMAN .............................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................................................... 4 CAPÍTULO 1. − INFLUÊNCIAS HISTORICO-POLÍTICAS NA SUA VIDA E OBRA........ 9 1.1. A PRESENÇA AMERICANA NA CHINA ........................................................................... 9 1.1.1. Pearl Buck e a vivência das Missões Cristãs na China ............................................ 9 1.1.2. A Intenção Americana de Modernização da China ................................................ 14 1.2. PEARL S. BUCK E A SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL .................................................... 20 1.2.1. Postura contra o Imperialismo e o Colonialismo Ocidentais ..................................... 20 1.2.2. Movimento contra as Chinese Exclusion Acts............................................................. 24 1.2.3. A aliança Sino-Americana durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial na revogação das Chinese Exclusion Acts ......................................................................................................... 29 1.2.4 A campanha para revogar as Chinese Exclusion Acts............................................ 35 CAPÍTULO 2. − INTERVENÇÕES HUMANITÁRIAS NA SOCIEDADE AMERICANA. 53 2.1. WELCOME HOUSE − A LUTA PELA ADOPÇÃO DE CRIANÇAS AMERASIAN................. 53 2.2. ANTECIPAÇÃO DO CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT − CONTRA O RACISMO INSTITUCIONAL NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ...................................................................................................................... 58 2.3. CRUZADA CONTRA A DISCRIMINAÇÃO DOS NEGROS E ASIÁTICOS............................. 61 2.4. CAMPANHA NOS JORNAIS EM PROL DOS NEGROS....................................................... 70 2.6. PEARL S. BUCK − UMA FEMINISTA?........................................................................... 84 CAPÍTULO 3. − VISÕES DA SOCIEDADE CHINESA EM THE GOOD EARTH............. 101 3.1. A INFLUÊNCIA DA TRADIÇÃO DO ROMANCE CHINÊS NA OBRA DE PEARL S. BUCK E REACÇÕES AO PRÉMIO NOBEL ............................................................................................... 101 3.2. AS MÚLTIPLAS MENSAGENS DE THE GOOD EARTH .................................................. 112 3.2.1. A importância da terra.......................................................................................... 113 3.2.2. A opressão das mulheres na cultura chinesa........................................................ 123 3.2.3. O discurso racial em The Good Earth .................................................................. 137 3.2.4. A imagem dos camponeses chineses em The Good Earth..................................... 142 3.3. O FILME THE GOOD EARTH − DISTORÇÃO DA MENSAGEM ORIGINAL DA OBRA ............................................................................................................................... 112 CONCLUSÃO............................................................................................................................. 151 BIBLIOGRAFIA ........................................................................................................................ 156 1 AGRADECIMENTOS De entre todos os que, de alguma forma, se envolveram na realização deste trabalho, gostaríamos de destacar: A minha orientadora, Prof. Doutora Maria do Céu Marques, por todo o apoio consagrado ao longo desta dissertação. Os meus pais, por todo o apoio e por todas as ajudas concedidas. A minha cunhada Maria Eduarda, pela ajuda prestada na revisão dos textos. Os meus filhos Miguel e Diogo, pela paciência que tiveram para comigo em momentos de maior tensão e nervosismo. A minha mulher Olga, pelo carinho, apoio, paciência e compreensão pelas minhas ausências ao longo destes três anos. O meu tributo especial às mulheres especiais da minha vida, a minha mãe e a minha mulher, pelo seu valor, tenacidade e força interior, bem como a Pearl S. Buck, pela sua vida como mulher e como escritora, e a todas as mulheres, através deste poema escrito por mim em 2004: 2 MAN versus WOMAN A man has got to do What a man has got to do. And a woman? A woman has got to do Even more! Celebrate your humankind Or celebrate your womankind? She is where we come from She is who we go to Looking for protection Looking for love Looking for everything Looking for who we are. Finding our source Finding our missing half Looking ahead One with each other Parallel paths Joint efforts Strong bonds Even if invisible But there Always. What must we prove? That we are different But the same Under the deep blue sky. Even. Forever. 3 INTRODUÇÃO O estudo que apresentamos, Pearl S. Buck: Uma ponte entre os Estados Unidos e a China, integra-se num trabalho de investigação na área de Estudos Americanos, cuja finalidade é analisar alguns dos principais factores que influenciaram a vida e a obra da autora, com especial relevância para o seu romance mais conhecido, The Good Earth. Procuraremos com este trabalho compreender algumas das causas que levaram Pearl S. Buck (PSB) a escrever sobre o Oriente, sobretudo a China, como tema para grande parte da sua obra; o porquê do seu interesse nos direitos das mulheres e das minorias étnicas; o porquê do seu interesse na criação de uma agência de adopção para crianças Amerasian, em particular, e mestiças, em geral; e de que modo estes assuntos influenciaram a sua obra e o seu percurso de vida. Deste modo, optámos por dividir este estudo em três tópicos principais. O primeiro corresponde ao primeiro capítulo − Influências historico-políticas na sua vida e obra; o segundo corresponde ao segundo capítulo − Intervenções humanitárias na sociedade americana; o terceiro corresponde ao terceiro capítulo − Visões da sociedade chinesa em The Good Earth. No primeiro capítulo analisaremos a forma como a sua infância e metade da sua vida adulta passadas na China tiveram uma influência basilar na construção da sua personalidade, que viriam a marcar a sua obra e o seu percurso de vida. Iremos analisar a sua história de vida e a educação evangélica que recebeu do pai, pastor presbiteriano convicto na conversão e salvação das almas dos chineses pagãos. Procuraremos também enquadrar o seu percurso de vida com as alterações na sociedade chinesa no início do século XX e com os tumultos e as revoluções na 4 China, que a condicionaram, obrigando-a e à família a fugir várias vezes para escaparem de uma morte certa. Desde cedo se habituou a conviver com utopias e ideais nobres, sobretudo por influência do pai, cuja fé e impulso evangelizadores não conheciam limites, na tentativa insana de converter ao cristianismo o povo chinês primitivo e pagão. Habituou-se também desde tenra idade a ver nos outros as semelhanças em vez das diferenças, o que lhe deu uma experiência de vida que lhe facultou uma compreensão profunda das relações entre raças. Embora afirme ter vivido uma infância feliz, houve momentos que ensombraram esse “estado de graça”, sentindo na alma a violência do ódio e da discriminação racial, quando eclodiu a revolta dos Boxers em 1900. Pelo simples facto de ter pele branca, cabelos louros e olhos azuis, tornou-se num alvo óbvio de toda a raiva sentida pela presença opressora e prepotente dos ocidentais na China. Quando rebentou a revolta dos Boxers, teve que fugir e toda a família procurou refúgio durante um ano em Shanghai, com excepção do pai, Absalom, que manteve uma atitude de obstinada teimosia, continuando a sua acção evangelizadora no norte da China. Essa e outras atitudes contribuíram para que mais tarde PSB se demarcasse do movimento missionário americano, levando-a a insurgir-se contra aquilo que designou de “imperialismo espiritual” e que, segundo a sua opinião, violava a liberdade religiosa e cultural de um povo milenar. O regresso de toda a família aos Estados Unidos em 1901 ficou marcado pelo assassinato do presidente William McKinley, que contribuiu para reforçar ainda mais a noção de que a violência não era um fenómeno exclusivo da China, uma vez que os próprios Estados Unidos da América não estavam protegidos desse flagelo. Em 1902 regressaram à China à missão em Zhenjiang e em 1909, com 17 anos, foi enviada para Shanghai, para a Miss Jewell’s School, outrora a mais prestigiada escola inglesa na Ásia. A presença de PSB na grande metrópole viria a proporcionar-lhe uma experiência de vida que a terá marcado para sempre. 5 Oferecendo-se como voluntária para a Door of Hope, uma organização que recolhia prostitutas e raparigas escravas chinesas, PSB conheceu e contactou de perto com uma realidade chocante, a da exploração fria e calculista das mulheres pelos homens. Iremos ainda mostrar de que forma os Estados Unidos procuraram influenciar a China, a partir das missões de evangelização e da modernização da agricultura na China; e de que forma PSB esteve presente nesses movimentos, com os pais missionários e o primeiro marido, respectivamente. Em 1910 a família Sydenstricker regressou aos Estados Unidos e PSB matriculou-se
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