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With the Gospel to Maasailand Kim Groop Studies the Lutheran ÅA Kim Groop

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With the Gospel to Maasailand Kim Groop Studies the Lutheran ÅA Kim Groop In With the Gospel to Maasailand Kim Groop studies the Lutheran ÅA Kim Groop mission among the Arusha and Kim Groop: With the Gospel to Maasailand Maasai peoples in Tanzania. The book provides interesting insight With the into nearly 70 years of mission work. It takes the reader from the initial pioneer efforts of Gospel to the Leipzig Mission in 1904, through two world wars and the end of colonisation, up to 1973 Maasailand when the Arusha and Maasai founded their own Church Lutheran Mission Work among Synod. The author examines the Arusha and Maasai in various aspects of the Lutheran work, which was characterized Northern Tanzania 1904–1973 by significant challenges, a solid determination and – under the circumstances – quite satisfying results. Kim Groop’s book is a valuable contribution not only to the history of the Lutheran Church in Tanzania, but also to European, American and African mission history in general. Åbo Akademi University Press ISBN 951-765-310-7 2006 Kim Groop was born in 1972 in Pedersöre, Finland. He obtained his Master’s degree in Church History at the Faculty of Theology at Åbo Akademi in 2001. Between October 2001 and the publishing of this book he has pursued full-time research. Cover: Tove Ahlbäck Pictures: Medical clinic (Leipzig Mission Archive, Album 4 (43)) Maasai warriors (Leipzig Mission Archive, Album 8 (19/119)) Evangelist with Maasai listeners (Leipzig Mission Archive, Album 3 (1159)) Missionary Blumer and colleagues with car (Leipzig Mission Archive, Album 18 (132)) Map (112 Jahresbericht der Leipziger Mission) Maasai elder (Photo: Kim Groop) Maasai woman (Photo: Kim Groop) Åbo Akademi University Press Biskopsgatan 13, FIN-20500 ÅBO, Finland Tel. int. +358-2-215 3292 Fax int. +358-2-215 4490 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.abo.fi/stiftelsen/forlag/ Distribution: Oy Tibo-Trading Ab P.O.Box 33, FIN-21601 PARGAS, Finland Tel. int. +358-2-454 9200 Fax int. +358-2-454 9220 WITH THE GOSPEL TO MAASAILAND With the Gospel to Maasailand Lutheran Mission Work among the Arusha and Maasai in Northern Tanzania 1904–1973 Kim Groop ÅBO 2006 ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS CIP Cataloguing in Publication Groop, Kim With the gospel to Maasailand : Lutheran mission work among the Arusha and Maasai in northern Tanzania 1904–1973 / Kim Groop. - Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2006. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 951-765-310-7 ISBN 951-765-310-7 ISBN 951-765-311-5 (digital) Åbo Akademi University Printing House Åbo 2006 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 9 INTRODUCTION 11 1. BACKGROUND 21 1.1. Maasai and Arusha – Maasailand and Mount Meru 21 1.2. The Leipzig Mission – Background and Identity 31 1.3. The First Attempt at Mission Work around Mount Meru 39 2. PIONEER MISSION AMONG THE ARUSHA (1904-1922) 50 2.1. The Foundation and the First Ten Years 50 2.1.1. Passive Cooperation with the Colonial Authorities 52 2.1.2. Working Methods and Work Progress 56 2.2. Cultural Differences and Strict Rules – Devotion and Growth 66 2.2.1. Polygyny and Circumcision – Obstacle and Conflict 69 2.2.2. Early Attempts at Contextualisation within the Arusha Work 82 2.2.3. The Ilboru Mission; a Welcome Option for the Poor, the Sick and Opportunists 85 2.3. World War I and its Impact on the Mission Work 92 2.3.1. Continuation, Indigenisation and Optimism at Arusha-Ilboru 96 2.3.2. The Leipzig Field and Arusha-Ilboru after the War 99 3. FROM ARUSHA TO MAASAILAND (1922-1940) 105 3.1. Customs, Conflicts and Contextualisation 109 3.1.1. Weighing the Concept of Circumcision 109 3.1.2. A Power Struggle in the Ilboru Congregation 115 3.2. Maasai Mission; a Joint Effort for the Leipzig Mission and Ilboru Congregation 130 3.2.1. The First Steps towards Permanent Mission Work in Maasailand 131 3.2.2. The First Decade of the Lutheran Maasai Mission 147 3.2.3. Roles, Methods and Patterns of Expansion 165 3.3. Cultural and Political Challenges 178 3.3.1. Disagreements, Depression and Difficulties 179 3.3.2. Nazi Politics Hampering the Mission Work 189 4. A JOINT TASK FOR CHURCH AND MISSION IN MAASAILAND (1940-1963) 196 4.1. The Years of Maasai Work without Permanent Missionary Presence 202 4.2. A Time of Expansion 213 4.2.1. Evangelistic Work 216 4.2.2. Educational Work 233 4.2.3. Medical Work 245 4.2.4. Challenges in the Maasai Work 253 4.3. Church Development on the Maasai Field 263 4.3.1. Competition with the Catholics 264 4.3.2. Disagreements and Development in the Maasai Work 269 5. TOWARDS A SEPARATE ARUSHA-MAASAI SYNOD (1963-1973) 288 5.1. Patriotism, Tribalism and Indigenous Evangelism 291 5.2. The Spirit Possession – a Catalyst for the Lutheran Work 297 5.3. The Struggle for More Local Control 305 CONCLUSION 316 Abbreviations 324 Glossary 325 Bibliography 326 Index 347 LIST OF MAPS, TABLES AND PICTURES Maps 1.1. Leipzig Mission stations in German East Africa before 1914 49 2.1. Mount Meru and the Lutheran missions 1904-1914 65 3.1. Lutheran work and the road network in the Maasai District 1930-1939 162 4.1. Lutheran work in the Maasai District 1940-1946 207 4.2. Lutheran work in Maasailand 1949-1953 227 5.1. The Arusha Region, the Lutheran Synod in Arusha Region and the main congregations in the early 1970s 311 Tables 2.1. Missionaries, wives and other personnel within the Arusha mission 1904-1914 59 2.2. Lutheran work around Arusha 1904-1913 89 2.3. Mission work on the Leipzig field during and after World War I 94 2.4. Lutheran work around Arusha 1913-1922 97 3.1. Lutheran work around Arusha 1922-1930 122 3.2. Fund raising in the Arusha-Ilboru congregation 1925-1930 (in Tanganyikan shillings) 125 3.3. Lutheran work in Maasailand 1930-1939 160 3.4. Medical treatments at the Naberera clinic in 1936 (as reported by Deacon Hans Buchta) 168 4.1. Non-Tanganyikan church bodies and joint committees supporting the Lutheran Maasai work during the years 1940-1956 198 4.2. Lutheran work in Maasailand 1939-1946 206 4.3. Medical treatments in south Maasailand 1949-1951 248 4.4. National Lutheran Council Maasai mission budget 1949-1954 (in Tanganyikan shillings) 254 4.5. Lutheran and government work in Maasailand according to the Five-Year Plan, 1958 283 4.6. Church growth in the LCNT/ND, Maasai/Mbulu District 1960 and 1963 287 5.1. Non-Tanzanian church bodies and joint committees supporting the Lutheran Maasai work during the years 1952-1973 289 5.2. NLC and TAC budgets for the Lutheran work in the Maasai/Mbulu Church District 1965-1973 (in Tanzanian shillings, school and health work excluded) 312 Pictures 1.1. The boma or military station in Arusha 46 2.1. Sunday service at one of the Arusha outposts 62 3.1. Abel Sirikwa and Leonhard Blumer on a journey in Maasailand 145 Note: All copy- and distribution rights for the pictures belong to the Ev.- Luth. Missionswerk Leipzig e.V. Without the written permission of the Mission these may not be reproduced or, when using electronic systems, processed or duplicated. When used by permission, the source and owner must be clearly indicated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank a number of people who have helped me during my four and a half years of research. First and foremost, my warmest appreciation goes to my supervisor, Professor Ingvar Dahlbacka, for all his practical advice and almost limitless encouragement and backing. I am also greatly indebted to Dr. Henrik Smedjebacka, who has given me great support and invaluable advice throughout the process. I have greatly appreciated his insights as a former Tanzanian missionary and church leader. Reverends Gabriel Kimirei and Stanley Benson have given me precious assistance and knowledgeable guidance. Rev. Elder Jackson and Rev. Godwin Lekashu have provided me with important material. Rev. Joel Nangole, Rev. Mesiaki Kilevo and Dr. Mika Vähäkangas, as well as Professors Thomas Spear and Richard Waller, have willingly and competently given me answers to a number of mission- and Maasai- related questions. Rev. David and Eunice Simonson invited me to their home in Ilboru although David was ill. Joel Thoreson, at the archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and Maria Gläss, at the archives of the Leipzig Mission, were not only of great help during my visits there, but kept sending me material afterwards. I am thankful for the contributions of all those named, and I alone am responsible for the interpretation of the information with which they have provided me. I also want to thank Professor Adam Jones at the University of Leipzig, who initiated a project aimed at cataloguing material in a number of Africa-related archives in Germany. The guides emanating from this project have been of great help in my search for sources. Moreover, my old flatmate, Carsten Rauh, and his parents, Kurt and Ingrid, have generously hosted me in their home in Ossig on numerous occasions before and after my archive visits, and for this, I am very thankful. Appreciation and thanks are also due to the participants at the doctorate seminars in Church History at Åbo Akademi – Faculty of Theology. The feedback which I have received at these seminars has been valuable and encouraging. During the research process, my wife Catharina and I have lived in five different locations. After a short period in Turku in 2001 we moved to Brussels. From Brussels, we went to Luxembourg and, after a few months, to Helsinki.
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