Fighting Hunger Worldwide Analysis Part 1: Integrated Context A WFP approach to operationalise resilience April 2014 April A WFP approach to operationalise resilience

Part 1: Integrated Context Analysis

Background

WFP provides assistance to the building the resilience of these most food insecure and vulnerable communities by strengthening their households and communities to build livelihoods and capacities to manage their resilience to shocks and ensure risks and shocks. long-term food security and nutrition. Often, these people live in fragile However, this requires a partnered landscapes and areas prone to frequent effort, based on robust planning disasters and recurring shocks. approaches that lay the foundations for structured and coordinated Working with governments and programming and operationalizing partners, WFP focuses efforts on of activities. WFP/Raffaella Policastro/Italy WFP/Raffaella WFP’s ‘three-pronged approach’ for partnered resilience building efforts

The Integrated Context Analysis The ICA is one of these new tools, (ICA) is part of a broader three-step building on converging evidence to process, the ‘three-pronged approach’, inform strategic responses and planning that strengthens the design, planning at national levels. The ICA can be used and implementation of longer-term to identify more specific programme resilience building programmes, responses and identifies areas where developed in partnership and aligned further in-depth studies are needed. They to national and local priorities. guide the identification of priority areas It places people and partners in which to conduct Seasonal Livelihood at the centre of planning, using Programming consultations to identify converging analyses, consultations, area-specific complementary and multi- and consensus-building at three sectorial programmes with governments different levels. This three-pronged and partners, which in turn set the approach contains new and innovative foundations for targeted joint efforts programming tools and frameworks to with communities and partners to plan strengthen the identification, planning, and implement programmes through and delivery of programmes. Community-Based Participatory Planning (CBPP).

1. NATIONAL LEVEL: INTEGRATED CONTEXT ANALYSIS (ICA) “The bigger picture”: An integrated context analysis that combines historical trends of food security, nutrition, and shocks with other information such as land degradation, roads, markets, etc., to identify priority areas of intervention and appropriate programme strategies.

3. LOCAL A WFP’s 2. SUB-NATIONAL LEVEL: Three-pronged LEVEL: SEASONAL COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD BASED PARTICIPATORY approach to PROGRAMMING (SLP) PLANNING (CBPP) resilience building “Getting better at “From the bottom up”: coordination A community level and partnerships”: participatory exercise to identify A consultative process needs and tailor programme to design an integrated responses to local requirements multi-year, multi-sectorial by ensuring prioritisation and operational plan using ownership by communities. seasonal and gender lenses.

Integrated Context Analysis 1 What is Integrated Context Analysis (ICA)?

The ICA is a process used to identify in turn help identify overall and discuss the most appropriate programmatic strategies and guide programmatic strategies in specific where to focus deeper thematic geographical areas - including analysis to inform the selection of resilience building, disaster risk programme activities, drawing on reduction, and social protection - the comparative advantages and between WFP, government, and technical expertise of governments, partners. The ICA is based on partners, communities, and affected historical trend analyses across a populations. number of technical and sectorial disciplines, the findings of which are overlaid to identify areas of What is the purpose of the convergence. In particular, trend ICA? analyses provide an understanding of what has happened in the past as The ICA provides a basis for strategic an indicator of what may occur in the programmatic discussions by multiple future, and where short, medium, stakeholders: and longer-term programming efforts may be required. 1. For Decision makers

ICA combines findings from trend ICA provides an overview of trends of analyses and complementary food insecurity, undernutrition, and information on: exposure to shocks, and shows where • Food security and nutrition; these converge. This information helps • Exposure and risk to shocks; decision makers - such as government, • Aggravating factors, i.e. WFP, and partners – to develop overall environmental factors that can national programming strategies. increase the severity or impacts For example, where recurring food of shocks; insecurity and shocks converge, multi- • Livelihood types; and year, inter-sectorial programmes • Additional information, such to build resilience are required; in as security and political contexts, areas of recurring food insecurity yet markets and prices, infrastructure, no exposure to shocks are found, population density, etc. longer-term livelihood programmes and predictable safety nets could be By analysing and overlaying the considered; high shock-risk areas would findings of these different data sets require early warning and enhanced into maps, combinations of recurring preparedness measures irrespective food insecurity and undernutrition, of levels of food insecurity. shocks, and aggravating factors, can be identified – both geographically and by livelihood groups. These

2 2. For Programmers 3. For Analysts

Once overall priority areas and ICA conducts trends analyses using intervention strategies are identified historical information derived from by decision makers, ICA provides government, WFP, and partner programmers with a deeper assessments, monitoring and understanding of the context, such as information systems, early warning landscapes, livelihoods, and locations outlooks and where required, models of communities at risk. This contributes risks and aggravating factors. Based on to the identification of partnerships, principles of triangulation, areas where discussions around a more evidence is contradictory is highlighted complementary approach to programme for deeper exploration by analysts. design tailored to local-level contexts, Similarly, results from new assessments and further guides the selection of can be triangulated against ICAs to programme areas and activities to identify areas where condition may avoid broad duplications and gaps. For have improved, remained the same, or programmers, ICA builds the rationales deteriorated. Findings from ICAs can for targeted, inter-sectorial, and multi- contribute to identifying when, where, year programmes with partners, and and what type of information may be contributes to identifying appropriate needed according to different contexts intervention types in specific areas – for within a country to inform future example, by determining focus areas assessment and monitoring design. By and linkages between seasonal support, using historical data to conduct trend recovery efforts, and resilience building; analyses, information from current and better defining where protective assessments and monitoring used for and/or productive safety nets could be short to medium-term programme placed. ICA also assists in identifying design also becomes a contribution where further specific thematic analyses to inform longer-term programming may be required. through ICA updates.

Integrated Context Analysis 3 Who carries out the ICA? How does it work?

The ICA is a joint effort that brings Integrated context analysis consists together different disciplines and of mapping and overlaying the information within WFP: following trend analyses and thematic information. • Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping (VAM) conduct analyses 1. Trends of food security and on trends of food security, nutrition, nutrition and market information using VAM and other partner data, such as Unlike emergency responses, multi- the Famine Early Warning Systems year plans and programmes must Network (FEWS NET) and the be based on an understanding of Integrated Food Security Phase historical food security and nutrition Classification (IPC), and partner patterns. Historical trend analyses assessments and monitoring help distinguish between areas with systems in order to triangulate recurring and deep-rooted food the information and understand insecurity and undernutrition, and variations in the information. those that may be more transitory or seasonal in nature. • Emergency Preparedness and Response (OMEP) conduct For example, map 1 presents the trend analyses of shocks, uses findings of a food security trend remote sensing and Geographical analysis in . Combining Information Systems (GIS) to model risks based on climatic patterns, MAP 1. Food security trends and people environmental features and levels in need of assistance of land degradation, population densities, and infrastructure.

• Programme Units guide the overlays of these data sets and analyses through a programmatic lens, and select areas of strategic and programmatic focus in consultation with stakeholders.

Combined number of times people were in need of food assistance with reclassified FEWS NET Quarterly Outlook food security classifications (Kenya, 2007-2012).

4 results from two data sets (FEWS 2. Exposure to shocks NET and Kenya Short and Long Rains Assessments), this map brings Once the food security and nutritional together the overall food security base layer has been made, it is overlaid trends of the area and shows how with a trend analysis of the most often people would have experienced common shock(s), or risks to those which level of food insecurity in the shock(s), that are experienced in the last five years. Areas in purple show country. Although it is impossible to where food insecurity is recurring, predict with any certainty when a while areas in orange and yellow shock will happen, historical trend show where it is less frequent. analyses of actual shock occurrences (and in particular for natural shocks) The food and nutrition security provide insights into the likelihood of analysis is the starting point of the these events occurring in the future. ICA and becomes the base layer By combining the food security and for the rest of the ICA. When food nutrition base layer with trends of security information is not available, shocks, geographical areas or recurring other data sets – for example poverty food insecurity, undernutrition, and – can be used as a proxy for food shocks are identified where longer-term security. programmes to build resilience against crises can be targeted. Similarly, areas will be identified with recurring food insecurity yet low exposure to shocks (or its inverse combination).

Map 2. Exposure to shocks and food security trends

Priority and focus areas with areas at risk of landslides, droughts and floods (based on data from 2008-2012).

Integrated Context Analysis 5 This will guide where longer-term 3. Aggravating factors efforts to reduce poverty, implement disaster risk reduction (DRR), and The impact of shocks can be strengthen preparedness to protect ‘at magnified by the status of the natural risk’ populations – irrespective of food environment in which they occur. insecurity status – can be considered. When land is heavily degraded – that is, land that is no longer protected In Guatemala, the main natural because vegetation cover is lost, soils shocks identified were floods and are laid bare, and is greatly eroded droughts. In the shock mapping – it becomes unable to withstand the example below, map 2, highly food natural elements it is exposed to, such insecure people are more likely to suffer as rain, wind, and high temperatures. from recurrent impacts of shocks as Shocks in fragile landscapes are likely they have less time to recover. The to have greater negative impacts, and map below shows areas in Guatemala understanding the types of shocks constantly exposed to droughts and and the levels of land degradation in floods in the past four years. Areas in which they occur assists in prioritizing dark red, orange and yellow are the where disaster risk reduction (DRR) most exposed to droughts and floods, that stabilizes landscapes and while their lighter gradients are less begins to build resilience, and where exposed. preparedness should be concentrated. For example, in deforested hillsides The effect of shocks can have greater and the communities situated below impacts depending on their type, the these slopes that are at greater risk levels of land degradation, and the from landslides and flooding, even with topographical features in which they normal rainfall. occur. Certain shocks happen during

key livelihood periods - such as the Map 3. Convergence of poverty trends, agricultural growing season or when recurrence of shocks, and land degradation pastoralists are migrating - or can have impacts on infrastructure and access, such as road connectivity to markets. By overlaying the integrated layer of food security, nutrition and shock trends with other information such as aggravating factors and the livelihood types in a certain area, ICA helps refine response strategies and informs the types of programmes and how best to deliver them in specific areas.

6 Map 3 identifies geographical areas 4. Livelihood contexts of convergence of trends of poverty (used as a proxy for food security), To better understand who is being exposure to shocks (tropical storms, affected, livelihood information is floods and landslides) and high levels then added to the trend analyses. of deforestation in the Philippines. Livelihood types vary according to Combining these elements, three agro-ecological zones, have different priority areas have been identified – seasonal patterns, levels, and types in red, orange and yellow. of vulnerability, and will be affected by and respond to shocks in different To guide planning, selection and ways. prioritization of areas in which to target specific programmes or strategies, Land cover information is also ICAs also include tables showing the added to the analyses, showing the latest population figures, average physical land types, such as forest, food insecurity level expressed as grassland, etc.. Understanding the percentage, and the total number of links between different livelihoods food insecure people – see Table below. (such as pastoralist with agro- Based on these numbers and their pastoralists, farmers with urban and geographical locations partners should, peri-urban populations, or IDPs and in discussion with government, reach refugees with host communities) and coordinated agreements as to which the interaction between these peoples areas and how many beneficiaries and their natural environment and they will assist in support of and response to shocks, informs the range complementary to on-going of potential programmes and how government efforts. they could be implemented.

Region Province Focus Population 2012 % Population areas (May 2010) Poverty (below 2012 levels poverty level) Cordillera Administrative Region Apayao 5 112,636 59.8 67,356

V Bicol Albay 5 1,233,432 36.1 445,269

VII Central Visayas Bohol 5 1,255,128 32.5 407,917 Lanao del X Northern Mindanao 5 607,917 42.5 258,365 Norte Misamis X Northern Mindanao 5 567,642 36.6 207,757 Occidental XI Davao Region Davao Oriental 5 517,618 48.0 248,457

XII SOCCSKSARGEN Sarangani 5 498,904 46.5 231,990

XIII Caraga Agusan del Sur 5 656,418 38.6 253,377

Total 3,404,881

Integrated Context Analysis 7 For example, different challenges 5. Additional information exist between members in pastoralists households in Kenya. In Additional information can be combined map 4, the centre of Kenya is shown and overlaid into the ICA to inform to have highly-degraded grasslands. and begin tailoring programme design This forces men to move further and complementary responses, and away in search of pastures and water guide deeper thematic exploration for with their animals, while the elderly more in-depth analysis. Any additional and women, who are typically left information layer that is relevant to the behind to care for children and young context can be integrated into the ICA. animals, face extreme hardships For example: collecting water and fodder. Assets that address land degradation in this Security and political contexts context can alleviate the hardships for those who migrate and for the These analyses could include conflict women who stay behind. With long- (internal, intra-state, between term investments in soil and water groups), and whether people are conservation, these communities can in their places of origin, internally better resist and recover from natural displaced or refugees. It can show the hazards like droughts. geographic relationship of people to host communities and the status of the natural environment. Furthermore, it MAP 4. Reclassified land cover zones helps to identify possible constraints in implementing specific programmes.

Markets and prices

Country, regional and global level market prices can have a major effect in compounding existing vulnerabilities, or eroding the asset base of people previously unaffected by shocks or considered ‘borderline’ in terms of food security. Information from market assessments and price trends can be essential layers in an ICA to identify areas at risk.

Reclassified land cover zones combined with frequency of poor growing seasons and land degradation in Kenya.

8 Services, markets and People at risk of flooding by watershed infrastructure

Shocks can damage infrastructure that in turn deepens the impact of a crisis. For example, floods can destroy bridges or access roads preventing people accessing markets and health services, and/or the delivery of assistance. Identifying what infrastructure can be affected and the impact this may have on vulnerable communities is a key component in deciding response strategies and appropriate programmes within them.

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5°0'0"N 5°0'0"N Liwan

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Ramu Lake RHAMU MANDERA Hidilola Turkana Ley Ye Tor Sefer Sololo Moyyale Kaabong KALOKOL MOYALE LOWER Moyale

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Kipkabus Rumuruti ISIOLO Bomala KAKAMEGA North Eastern Cacuni PORT BELL Ukwala Butere Sigalagala Ainabkoi Kianiai Kaathene Abugal Emening Baroseno Yala Kaimosi Mugerin Mikinduri MERU MULIKA Tower Maragoli Nandi Timau Koiparak Timboroa Noiwe LAIKIPIA AIRBASE Meru Kora Hills Dadaab NZOIA Maseno Konjero se Ekonjero Solai Thomsons Falls Wells Kaptumo Mogotio ENTEBBE 0°0'0" Eldama 0°0'0" Siriba Mutet Equator Ravine Ol Joro Orok Kaongo INTERNATIONAL Naro NANYUKI AIRPORT Thuthuriki Kanyekine Usueni Kisumu Muhoroni Moru AIRPORT Gatunga Dib Ul Magutuni most food insecure populations in the Chogoria Ahero Londiani Rongai Chena Fort Chiokarige Molo Kindu Ternan Central Chuka Ngeru Lake Bay Elburgon Iruri Mariani Nakuru Oleolondo Gitare Nyeri Gathehu Manyata Kathunguri Victoria Kericho Darasha ya Mawe Kahigaini Kiganjo Kiamaina Elmenteita Gilgil Kimunye Ena Garissa Mai Munyange Rititi Ishiara Kiawaithanji Gatuya Rangwe Oyugis Litein Maharo Two EMBU Nduma Barisho Saikago Kianganda Embu Cauitti Giara El South Githunguri KIAMBERE HOMA Kisii Sotik Nyagatugu Kiritiri KISII Kinangop SaganaKamuchege Ngomeni BAY Nyanza Kinyona Gakira Kiambere Paulo Keroka Ngandure Waita NAIVASHA Murarandia One Fort Hall Nguni months before these risks to stabilize Ogembo Karangi Mareira Kamira Kijabe Kiriko Gatitu Nyangoso Magina Thimjope Kilgoris Ol Lalunga Eoret Dola Bande Nairagiengare Ngenya Narasha Migwani Bondo Brackenhurst Shirati MIGORI Kolbio Navava Ewaso Ntulelei Tulia Kihancha NAROK Nairobi BURA EAST Masabubu Giu Bircao Bugire Kabweye Ngiro Kianjogu Muguga EASTLEIGH United Ronda Lyagoro Lolgorien Maji Kariobangi Tala Buscbusc Isebania KITCHWA Lusigeti Endau Ntuka Magoma Ntimaru Moto Dagoreti Republic of Kowak MARA SERENA LODGE Mbagathi Mitaboni Mwala Nyanungu Ngong Nyamwaga landscapes and reduce the risk of Kitandu JOMO KENYATTA INTL Kinesi WILSON AIRPORT KITUI HOLA Tanzania Kiteta Katulani KEEKOROK Kyamatu Laza Naro Ngoreme Mbumbuni Turo Ijara Mararani Number Sura Voo Ten Masalani Chiamboni Nyakasara Ithemboni Makengesu Mangai Kiunga Kilome Kikoko Makueni Wenje KIUNGA Butiama Buhemba Entasekero Mugumu Olmesutye Magadi Kiu Kiduruni KIUNGA Entasekera Majengo Mugeta Ashuwei Negoti MAGADI Ndauni disaster, etc. Ikoma KIWAYU Ilbisil Mulala Siyu Rasini UKEREWE Robanda Simba Naidigidigo Sonja Kibini Makowe Kilimafedha Gwara Makindu Tulu Amu Handajega Mkunumbi SERONERA Engare Moa LAMU / MANDA Naibor Mapenya LAMU Witu Kiongwe Masongaleni Coast Kipini Igaganulwa Oldinka Legeru Kathekani United Longido AMBOSELI Bumera MTITO ANDEI Mhango Sagata Sinya Republic of LOITOKITOK Tinga Ol Moloc KILAGUNI Tinga Indian Ocean Engaruka Oloitokitok Tsavo Tanzania LOITOKITOK Marafa Ngomeni Kisesa Sinoni Engare Gongoni Nanyuki Sanya Marikebuni Juu Barangata Kakoneni Ngorongoro Mkuu Kakesyo Endulen Kibongoto Machame Kedai Malindi Isagenghe Subeti Monduli Lekuruki Marangu Karatu Olmotoni Aruba MALINDI Oldeani Kingori MOSHI Murka Lodge Moshi Himo Ziwani Kimali Moschi Voi Lalago Mangola ARUSHA Maktau OLDEANI Arusha Taveta KILIMANJARO Mwatate Makuyuni Msitu wa Mbogo LAKE Arusha Kwa 30°0'0"E S45a°u0'0d"Ei Arabia Mbuguni Chini Chad Mhunze Aicho Kuchinia MANYARA Ugweno KILIFI Eritrea Yemen Usangi Taru Takaungu 15°0'0"N 15°0'0"N Daudi Lolkisale Kilomeni MACKINNON ROAD Bukundi Mbulu Samburu Magara Kaloleni Burru Loiborsoit Lembeni Sudan Mwadukani Rukanga Mariakani Djibouti Somagedi Endagikot Kainam Terat Madukani Mazeras Mtwapa MTWAPA Hendawashi Dagariyet Kuta Maguga BAMBURI Ethiopia Same MOI INTERNATIONAL Dongobesh Central African Kisiwani Kinango Matuga Republic Mkalama Haidom SAME Sakamaliwa Ndareda Mombasa Mbutu Ufana Gendi Waa Somalia Ntwike Kiomboi Naberera Makanyika Ndavaya Tiwi Nduguti Ukunda Uganda Iguna Basotu Harui Namalulu Mvungwe UKUNDA KIRONDATAL Uwanza Riroda Muheza Ndungu 0°0'0" Kenya Indian 0°0'0" Kinyangiri Endasak Bereku Engassumet Mtii Ruvu Lunguza Rwanda Ocean ICA Roll out Hedaru Gazi D.R.C. Katesh Berabera Kandaga Ramisi Nominal Scale Iguguno Remiti Kisima Mtoa Mtai Mlalo Mbuta Chande Burundi 1:50,000,000 at A2 Susi Endesh Mkomazi Kilometers Urugu Usure Ilongero Mbuyuni Malindi United Republic Jinda Chungai Mlola SHIMONI Vanga of Tanzania Malandala Sipuka Kolo Pahi Kidundai Mgwashi Zambia 0 250 500 1,000 SINGIDA Makungulu Kijamboni 30°0'0"E 45°0'0"E Singida 35°0'0"E Haubi Busi Ndedo Bombo 40°0'0"E Malawi Mgori LUSHOTO Parungu

Airport National boundary National Capital Road Network Date Created: 20 - JUL - 2011 Map Num: LogCluster-KEN-001-A2 K E N Y A Airfield Primary First level admin boundary Coord.System/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 Major Town GLIDE Num: General Logistics Planning Map Airstrip Intermediate Town Secondary Surface Waterbody The boundaries and names and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement Port Small Town Tertiary Seasonal Waterbody or acceptance by the United Nations. Kilometers Demand for ICA is high. An ICA Trail River Email: [email protected] 0 50 100 150 Village Website: www.logcluster.org Global Logistics Cluster Support Cell, Rome/Italy Nominal Scale 1:2,200,000 at A2 Railway Data Sources: GAUL, WFP, GLCSC, ESRI has been completed to support resilience programming in Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, Mozambique, Madagascar, Population densities and locations Afghanistan, Philippines, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Niger. The physical location of where people Updating of specific ICA elements live and population densities inform is ongoing for Madagascar and the potential magnitude of the impact Haiti and new ICAs are scheduled for Zimbabwe, Chad and Mali. that a shock may have and the types Other ICAs or ICA updates will of interventions required. For example: be conducted according to new the densely populated east coast of programme needs. Madagascar experiences regular

Integrated Context Analysis 9 ICA SOUTH SUDAN: AN EXAMPLE

Food security trends

Food security and nutrition trends Food security information is collected are based on the last three years of three times a year, and data is available WFP’s Food Security Monitoring System for the last 3 years - i.e. there are (FSMS) and IPC data. This provides 9 data sets. To understand what the enough information to distinguish recurrence of food insecurity in each between areas with recurring and county was, this data was reviewed deep rooted food insecurity and and reclassified into three categories undernutrition, and those that could be to show the number of times that the a result of a recent shock. FSMS identified more than 30% of people being food insecure, as follows:

Food Security reclassification table

No of times (out of 9) 0 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 9 Reclassification Low Medium High

Frequency of food insecurity

Recurrence of moderate-severe Food Insecurity bu County (prevalence >30%), from 2010 to 2013.

10 Exposure to shocks

In South Sudan, seasonal shocks are county was assigned the value 0 for mostly droughts and floods. The map low-level risk, 1 for medium-level risk below shows the levels of exposure to and 2 for high level risk. shocks, combining the trends of both droughts and floods. Then the values for each risk have been summed and the result - varying After having estimated the average from a minimum of 0 (low flood risk, values of flood and drought risks, low drought risk) to a maximum of overall risk estimation was assigned 4 (high flood risk, high drought risk) to each County. This variable was - has been reclassified following the determined through a scoring rules reported in the table below: methodology: for each risk, each

Risk reclassification table DROUGHT RISK Low Medium High RISK SCORE Low 0 1 2 Low level Medium 1 2 3 Medium level

FLOOD FLOOD RISK High 2 3 4 High level

TRENDS OF SHOCKS: FLOODS AND DROUGHTS

Combined risk of floods and droughts

Integrated Context Analysis 11 Final Composite map (food security, exposure to shocks)

The final composite map overlays Map overlays can be customized to several sets of maps together, inform different scenarios and can to identify emerging patterns of pinpoint where recovery, emergency vulnerability. It indicates where people preparedness or other programme have been most affected by recurrent interventions may be more food insecurity in the last three years, appropriate. and what are the main shocks.

FOOD INSECURITY, SHOCKS AND LAND DEGRADATION

Category descriptions

DESCRIPTION BROAD STRATEGIES

High recurrence of food insecurity prevalence Longer-term programming to improve food CATEGORY 1 above 30% security, reduce risk, and build resilience to High/Medium exposure & risk to natural shocks natural shocks and other stressors Medium recurrence of food insecurity prevalence Seasonal / recovery programming to restore CATEGORY 2 above 30% and improve food security, reduce risk, and build High/Medium exposure & risk to natural shocks resilience to natural shocks and other stressors High/Medium recurrence of food insecurity Longer-term programmes to improve food CATEGORY 3 prevalence above 30% security and reduce risk to natural shocks and Low exposure & risk to natural shocks other stressors Low recurrence of food insecurity prevalence Programming that strengthens preparedness, CATEGORY 4 above 30% reduce risk, and builds resilience to natural shocks High/Medium exposure & risk to natural shocks and other stressors Low recurrence of food insecurity prevalence Programming that strengthens preparedness and CATEGORY 5 above 30% reduce risk to natural shocks and other stressors Low exposure & risk to natural shocks

12 ICA training conducted with national disaster management agency in Myanmar. ITHACA/Andrea Ajmar/Myanmar ITHACA/Andrea Integrated Context Analysis 13 Photo credits Front cover: WFP/Raffaella Policastro/Italy; back cover: WFP/Raffaella Policastro/Italy

Resilience and Prevention Unit Policy, Programme and Innovation Division [email protected] wfp.org/food-assets

World Food Programme 14 Via C. G. Viola, 68-70 – Rome, Italy April 2014