Poséidon Souverain

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Poséidon Souverain AAA CADÉMIE LLL OOUVAIN U V A I NNN UUU NIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LLL OUVAIN FFF ACULTÉ DE PHILOSOPHIE ET LETTRES DDDÉPARTEMENT D ’ÉTUDES GRECQUES , LATINES ET ORIENTALES Poséidon souverain Contribution à l’histoire religieuse de la Grèce mycénienne et archaïque Thèse présentée par sous la direction des professeurs Charles DOYEN Lambert ISEBAERT et Aspirant du F.R.S. – FNRS Patrick MARCHETTI en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en langues et lettres — Tirage destiné à la défense privée — Louvain-la-Neuve, décembre 2008 À Caroline Avertissement au lecteur Cette dissertation doctorale fut réalisée au cours de deux man- dats successifs d’Aspirant du Fonds de la recherche scientifique – FNRS à l’Université catholique de Louvain, dont nous avons béné- ficié entre le 1 er octobre 2005 et le 30 septembre 2009. Dans cet intervalle, conformément au règlement doctoral en vigueur dans notre Université et aux dispositions prises par l’École doctorale en langues et lettres, nous avons préparé un Diplôme d’études approfondies en philosophie et lettres (langues et littéra- tures orientales), obtenu le 7 septembre 2007. Le mémoire présen- té à cette occasion, sous le titre Ἀθην ᾶ Πολι άς, Ποσειδ ῶν Πατ ήρ. Étude des mythes fondateurs de la cité d’Athènes , constitue une première ébauche du dernier chapitre de la présente thèse. Nos mandats d’Aspirant du F. R. S. – FNRS furent également l’occasion de préparer, en collaboration étroite avec Véronique Van Driessche et Patrick Marchetti, une recherche générale sur la métrologie grecque, depuis l’époque mycénienne jusqu’à la fin de l’époque hellénistique. Cette recherche donnera lieu à deux ouvra- ges, à paraître prochainement. Enfin, la présente dissertation, quelque peu augmentée, sera incessamment soumise en réponse à la première question du Con- cours annuel (2010) de la Classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques de l’Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. 5 Remerciements Parmi les menues obligations liées à l’achèvement d’une thèse de doctorat, la moins désagréable consiste sans doute à exprimer notre gratitude envers les Institutions et les personnes qui contri- buèrent — financièrement, scientifiquement et humainement — à la réussite de cette entreprise. En premier lieu, nous savons gré au Fonds de la recherche scientifique – FNRS, et plus particulièrement aux Secrétaires générales successives de cette Institution, Mesdames Marie-José Simoen et Véronique Halloin, de nous avoir généreusement accor- dé deux mandats d’Aspirant, et d’avoir financé plusieurs voyages d’étude à l’étranger. Nous tenons également à remercier l’Association des amis et anciens de l’Université de Louvain, l’Institut historique belge de Rome et l’École française d’Athènes de nous avoir offert des subsides plus ponctuels, afin d’effectuer des recherches à Rome et Athènes ; les hôtelleries et bibliothèques de l’Academia Belgica, à Rome, de l’École française, à Athènes, rendirent ces séjours à la fois très agréables et très studieux. Que les Présidents et Directeurs de ces Institutions soient assurés de notre sincère reconnaissance. Non contents de nous accueillir et de nous héberger en Grèce, Monsieur Dominique Mulliez et Madame Véronique Chankowski, Directeur et Directrice des Études de l’École française, nous don- nèrent accès à trois séminaires de troisième cycle, en nous assurant ainsi une formation doctorale de très grande qualité : nous voulons les en remercier spécialement. Tout au long de notre mandat, l’Université catholique de Lou- vain et sa Faculté de philosophie et lettres nous procurèrent des conditions de travail optimales. En outre, les membres de notre Département, le Doyen de la Faculté et le Recteur de l’Université montrèrent leur intérêt pour nos recherches et nous exprimèrent de vifs encouragements : leur sollicitude nous fut précieuse. Depuis que Monsieur Luc Marchal nous communiqua, au Collège Notre-Dame de Tournai, son goût des belles lettres, de nombreux professeurs, aux Facultés Notre-Dame de la Paix, puis en notre Alma Mater, nous firent connaître et aimer davantage les langues et littératures grecques et orientales, ainsi que la linguis- tique : citons en particulier Madame et Messieurs Anne-Marie Doyen, Daniel Donnet, Yves Duhoux, Lambert Isebaert, René Lebrun, Patrick Marchetti et Herman Seldeslachts. Si cette thèse de doctorat a le moindre mérite, elle le doit sans aucun doute à leur science et à leur enseignement. 6 Plus grande encore est notre dette envers nos professeurs Lam- bert Isebaert et Patrick Marchetti qui, voici quatre ans, acceptèrent d’assumer la direction de nos travaux et, depuis lors, ne cessèrent à aucun moment d’encourager nos efforts, de corriger nos erreurs, de nourrir notre réflexion, d’aiguiser notre attention : tous deux furent de véritables promoteurs, au sens le plus noble du terme. Vincent Cuche et Vincent Du Sablon nous donnèrent accès à leurs travaux avec une grande libéralité : le premier, à son mémoire de licence consacré à la figure taurine de Poséidon ; le second, à sa thèse de doctorat traitant des concepts de l’ordre du monde chez Homère et Hésiode. Nous leur en sommes très reconnaissant. Yves Duhoux accepta de relire avec une critique bienveillante la première section de cette thèse ; Anne-Marie Doyen, Pierre Assen- maker et Jean Lempire se plièrent avec bonne volonté à la tâche ingrate de relire tout ou partie de notre manuscrit. Leur patience et leur dévouement nous touchèrent beaucoup. De nombreux autres nous aidèrent, sur les plans scientifique et personnel. Ne pouvant les nommer tous ici, nous souhaitons au moins exprimer notre gratitude à nos famille et belle-famille, qui nous témoignèrent constamment leur amour et leur soutien ; à nos amis, philhellènes à des degrés divers, qui ne ménagèrent pas leur présence ni leur humour ; à Caroline, enfin et surtout, qui sans cesse partagea mon enthousiasme comme mes doutes. TABLE DES MATIÈRES 7 Table des matières INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ............................................................................11 SECTION PREMIÈRE . POSÉIDON MYCÉNIEN ................................................15 CHAPITRE I er . Offrandes, économie et sanctuaires à Pylos....................... 16 Introduction ................................................................................................... 16 La série PY Fr .............................................................................................. 20 — Poséidon et Pakijana .........................................................................................20 — Un “lectisterne” pour Poséidon......................................................................23 — Poséidon aux Wanassa .......................................................................................25 La tablette Tn 316 ........................................................................................ 36 — Signification du terme po-ro-wi-to-jo ............................................................38 — Objet de la tablette Tn 316 ..............................................................................40 — Image d’un panthéon pylien ............................................................................42 La tablette Eq 36 ......................................................................................... 58 La tablette Fn 187 ........................................................................................ 66 Le dossier du scribe 6..................................................................................... 72 — Poséidon et Pere82 .............................................................................................72 — De nouveau les * φορῆνες et la “porte-clef” ?................................................77 — Poséidon derechef.............................................................................................81 Synthèse et conclusion ..................................................................................... 86 CHAPITRE II. Possessions foncières et imposition à Pylos...................... 94 Introduction ................................................................................................... 94 Le dossier du scribe 24 ................................................................................... 97 — Nouveaux versements à Poséidon..................................................................97 A. Quatre contribuables ............................................................................................................98 B. Aperçu qualitatif et quantitatif de l’impôt foncier ....................................................103 C. Documents complémentaires ..........................................................................................106 — Le cadastre d’une terre sacrée ?.....................................................................106 A. Cinq tenanciers .....................................................................................................................108 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 8 B. Rapport entre le cadastre et le rôle ................................................................................118 C. Terre sacrée ou palatiale ? ................................................................................................125 La série PY Es ........................................................................................... 131 — Extrait cadastral...............................................................................................131 — Rôle d’impôt.....................................................................................................135
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