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Tapia Grimaldo, Julissa (2013) Aquatic Plant Diversity in Hardwater Streams Across Global and Local Scales

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Tapia Grimaldo, Julissa (2013) Aquatic Plant Diversity in Hardwater Streams Across Global and Local Scales Tapia Grimaldo, Julissa (2013) Aquatic plant diversity in hardwater streams across global and local scales. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4577 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] “Aquatic plant diversity in hardwater streams across global and local scales” Julissa Tapia Grimaldo This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Glasgow in collaboration with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (Natural Environmental Research Council). May 2013 1 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. And God said, “Behold, I have given you every plant yielding seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food. And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food.” And it was so. (Gen 1:29-30). 2 ABSTRACT “Aquatic plant diversity in hardwater streams across global and local scales” The variety of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome or planet is known as biodiversity. Biodiversity can also be referred as species diversity and species richness. Understanding the drivers of biodiversity requires an understanding of intertwined biotic and abiotic factors, including climate patterns over the earth, primary productivity processes, e.g. photosynthetic pathways which change with climate and latitude; latitude, geology, soil science, ecology and behavioural science. Diversity of living organisms is not evenly distributed; instead it differs significantly across the globe as well as within regions. The aim of my study is to try to understand the diversity patterns of aquatic plants, using both information derived from previous studies and by collecting new data across the globe, allowing me to examine the underlying mechanisms driving biodiversity at regional and local scales. Both geographical location and local environmental factors were found to contribute to variation in macrophyte assemblage and alpha diversity (i.e. number of species in a locality), with important roles being played by local biotic interactions and abiotic environmental factors. Overall aquatic plants, or macrophytes, play a significant role in the ecology of large numbers of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. For the purpose of my study only calcareous steams, located in both temperate and tropical/subtropical regions were included. Such streams are common in catchments throughout the world because approximately one fifth of the earth’s surface is underlain by carbonate-containing rock. Overall my findings in Chapter 3 provide evidence that there is a high variation in macrophyte assemblages of calcareous rivers across the different countries included in my study, broadly agreeing with information from the literature. I found two large groups based on species assemblages across the different countries included, i.e. a subtropical/tropical and a temperate group. As demonstrated in different parts of Chapter 4, it is possible to identify different 3 diversity responses of macrophyte functional groups to environmental conditions, at local scale, in hardwater rivers. Width and flow were found to be significantly affecting the distribution patterns of diversity of free-floating and floating-leaved rooted species, whereas diversity of marginal species was significantly related to alkalinity and width, and floating-leaved rooted diversity was significantly related to alkalinity. Last but not least submerged species were related to shading. Chapter 5 shows that variation in richness and community structure for hardwater river macrophytes can be partly explained by environmental variation relative to spatial processes in the British Isles (temperate scenario) and in Zambia (tropical scenario). Among the environmental variables, climatic ones explained a great part of species richness and composition distribution for the British Isles. Conversely in Zambia spatial processes made the greatest contribution to variation in hardwater river macrophyte species richness and community structure. Moreover Chapter 6 illustrates how macrophyte species richness, measured as alpha-diversity in calcareous rivers, was at best only very weakly attributed to latitudinal gradient. This is most likely due to the effect of other physical, chemical and biotic variables overriding broader-scale influences on species richness, at more local scales. 4 LIST OF CONTENTS Copyright statement…………….…………………………………………………………………………..….2 Abstract.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 List of contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 List of figures………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….7 List of tables………………………………………………………….…..………………………………….……10 Acknowledments…………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 CHAPTER 1 . THE ROLE OF AQUATIC PLANTS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. ............ 15 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF AQUATIC PLANTS IN ECOSYSTEMS ................................... 15 1.2 MACROPHYTE DISTRIBUTION ............................................................ 16 1.3 BIODIVERSITY OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES ON A TAXONOMIC BASIS ........................ 17 1.4 BIODIVERSITY OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES ON A HABITAT BASIS ........................... 18 1.5 PLANT ECOLOGY OF HARDWATER RIVERS ................................................ 23 1.6 OVERALL AIMS .......................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2 . METHODS ..................................................................... 26 2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 26 2.2 SITE SELECTION ......................................................................... 27 2.3 VEGETATION ........................................................................... 54 2.3.1 Sampling method .............................................................. 54 2.3.2 Taxonomy ....................................................................... 55 2.4 WATER PHYSICO-CHEMISTRY ............................................................ 57 2.5 PRE-EXISTING DATA ..................................................................... 58 2.6 SAMPLING EFFORT ...................................................................... 59 2.7 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS ....................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3 . AQUATIC MACROPHYTE ASSEMBLAGES OF HARDWATER RIVERS AT GLOBAL AND NATIONAL SCALES .......................................................... 68 3.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 68 3.2 METHODS .............................................................................. 71 3.2.1 Analysis procedures............................................................ 71 3.3 RESULTS ............................................................................... 74 3.4 DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 4 . THE INFLUENCE OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON HARDWATER RIVER MACROPHYTE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ........................... 113 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 113 4.2 METHODS ............................................................................ 123 4.3 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES ............................................................... 123 5 4.4 RESULTS ............................................................................. 125 4.5 DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 136 CHAPTER 5 . TESTING REGIONAL VERSUS LOCAL FACTORS AS DRIVERS OF CALCAREOUS RIVER DIVERSITY OF MACROPHYTES: CASE STUDY OF THE BRITISH ISLES AND ZAMBIA ......................................................................... 143 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 143 5.2 GENERAL METHODS ............................................................... 148 5.2.1 Data analysis .................................................................. 148 5.3 RESULTS ............................................................................ 149 5.4 DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 164 CHAPTER 6 . A MACROECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY AQUATIC PLANT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN CALCAREOUS RIVERS: A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT ANALYSIS. .................................................................................. 170 6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 170 6.2 METHODS ...........................................................................
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