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Morphology of the Dural Venous Complex of Skull Base in Human
Brain and Nerves Research Article ISSN: 2515-012X Morphology of the dural venous complex of skull base in human ontogenesis Maryna Kornieieva* Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology Department, AUC School of Medicine, Lowlands, Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles Abstract The development of the dural venous complex of the skull base formed by the cavernous, intercavernous, and petrous dural sinuses and their connections with the intra- and extracranial veins and venous plexuses, was investigated on 112 premature stillborn human fetuses from 16 to 36 weeks of gestation by methods of vascular corrosion casting. It was established that the main intracranial dural canals approach similar to the mature arrangement at the very beginning of the early fetal period. In fetuses 16 weeks of gestation, the parasellar dural venous complex appeared as a plexiform venous ring draining the venous plexus of the orbits into the petrous sinuses. The average diameter of dural canals progressively enlarged and reached its maximum value 2.2 ± 0.53 mm approaching the 24th week of gestation. This developmental stage is characterized by the intensive formation of the emissary veins connecting the cavernous sinus with the extracranial venous plexuses. Due to the particular fusion of the intraluminal canals, the average diameter of the lumen gradually declined to reach 1.9 ± 0.54 mm in 36-week-old fetuses. By the end of the fetal development, 21.3% of fetuses featured a considerable reduction of the primary venous system with the formation of the one-canal shaped dural venous sinuses, obliteration of several tributaries, and decreased density of the extracranial venous plexuses. -
Middle Cranial Fossa Sphenoidal Region Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Anatomic and Treatment Considerations
ORIGINAL RESEARCH INTERVENTIONAL Middle Cranial Fossa Sphenoidal Region Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Anatomic and Treatment Considerations Z.-S. Shi, J. Ziegler, L. Feng, N.R. Gonzalez, S. Tateshima, R. Jahan, N.A. Martin, F. Vin˜uela, and G.R. Duckwiler ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DAVFs rarely involve the sphenoid wings and middle cranial fossa. We characterize the angiographic findings, treatment, and outcome of DAVFs within the sphenoid wings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical and radiologic data of 11 patients with DAVFs within the sphenoid wing that were treated with an endovascular or with a combined endovascular and surgical approach. RESULTS: Nine patients presented with ocular symptoms and 1 patient had a temporal parenchymal hematoma. Angiograms showed that 5 DAVFs were located on the lesser wing of sphenoid bone, whereas the other 6 were on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Multiple branches of the ICA and ECA supplied the lesions in 7 patients. Four patients had cortical venous reflux and 7 patients had varices. Eight patients were treated with transarterial embolization using liquid embolic agents, while 3 patients were treated with transvenous embo- lization with coils or in combination with Onyx. Surgical disconnection of the cortical veins was performed in 2 patients with incompletely occluded DAVFs. Anatomic cure was achieved in all patients. Eight patients had angiographic and clinical follow-up and none had recurrence of their lesions. CONCLUSIONS: DAVFs may occur within the dura of the sphenoid wings and may often have a presentation similar to cavernous sinus DAVFs, but because of potential associations with the cerebral venous system, may pose a risk for intracranial hemorrhage. -
The Occipitomastoid Suture As a Novel Landmark to Identify The
The Occipitomastoid Suture as a Novel Landmark to Identify the Occipital Groove and Proximal Segment of the Occipital Artery Halima Tabani MD; Sirin Gandhi MD; Roberto Rodriguez Rubio MD; Michael T. Lawton MD; Arnau Benet M.D. University of California, San Francisco Introduction Results Conclusions The occipital artery (OA) is commonly used as a In 71.5% of the specimens the OA ran in a groove, The OMS is a key landmark for localizing the donor for posterior circulation bypass procedures. while it carved an impression in the rest of the proximal OA. The OMS can be followed inferiorly Localization of OA during harvesting is important to cases (28.5%). In none of the specimens the OA prevent inadvertent damage to the donor. The was found to run in a bony canal. In 68.6% of the from the asterion to the OA groove, thereby proximal portion of the OA is found in the occipital cases, the OMS was found to be medial to the OA localizing the proximal OA. Inadvertent damage to groove. The occipitomastoid suture (OMS) is located groove or impression while in 31.4%, it ran the proximal OA may be avoided by identifying the between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion centrally through the OA groove or impression OMS and dissecting medial to it, since in majority of the temporal bone. This study aimed to assess (Figure 1). The OMS was never found lateral to the of cases, the proximal OA will be located lateral to the relationship between the OMS and the occipital OA it groove, in order to facilitate localization of the proximal portion of OA while harvesting it for bypass Learning Objectives 1.To understand the relationship between the Figure 1 occipital groove and the occiptomastoid suture 2.To understand the potential use of occipitomastoid suture as a landmark to identify the proximal Methods segment of OA in the occipital groove Thirty-five dry skulls were assessed bilaterally (n=70) to study the bony landmarks that can be used to identify and locate the proximal segment of OA. -
Gross Anatomy Assignment Name: Olorunfemi Peace Toluwalase Matric No: 17/Mhs01/257 Dept: Mbbs Course: Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck
GROSS ANATOMY ASSIGNMENT NAME: OLORUNFEMI PEACE TOLUWALASE MATRIC NO: 17/MHS01/257 DEPT: MBBS COURSE: GROSS ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK QUESTION 1 Write an essay on the carvernous sinus. The cavernous sinuses are one of several drainage pathways for the brain that sits in the middle. In addition to receiving venous drainage from the brain, it also receives tributaries from parts of the face. STRUCTURE ➢ The cavernous sinuses are 1 cm wide cavities that extend a distance of 2 cm from the most posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. ➢ They are bilaterally paired collections of venous plexuses that sit on either side of the sphenoid bone. ➢ Although they are not truly trabeculated cavities like the corpora cavernosa of the penis, the numerous plexuses, however, give the cavities their characteristic sponge-like appearance. ➢ The cavernous sinus is roofed by an inner layer of dura matter that continues with the diaphragma sellae that covers the superior part of the pituitary gland. The roof of the sinus also has several other attachments. ➢ Anteriorly, it attaches to the anterior and middle clinoid processes, posteriorly it attaches to the tentorium (at its attachment to the posterior clinoid process). Part of the periosteum of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone forms the floor of the sinus. ➢ The body of the sphenoid acts as the medial wall of the sinus while the lateral wall is formed from the visceral part of the dura mater. CONTENTS The cavernous sinus contains the internal carotid artery and several cranial nerves. Abducens nerve (CN VI) traverses the sinus lateral to the internal carotid artery. -
Subject Index
431 Subject Index 3D CT AIDS 348 articular disc 16 – normal bone anatomy of the face alcohol 425 articular tubercle (eminence) 16 and skull 2 allergic sinusitis 270 artificial bone chips 194 alveolar process 186 astrocytes 371 alveolar recess of maxillary sinus 4 astrocytoma 371 A ameloblastoma asymmetric tongue 315 – desmoplastic type 47 atlantoaxial dislocation 365 abscess 119, 335, 339, 376 – desmoplastic, mandible 55, 56 atrophy 249 – and cellulitis in parotid region 337 – mandible 57 – with fatty replacement – epidural 390 – solid/multicystic type 47 of medial pterygoid muscle 313 – in cheek 141 – solid/multicystic – with fatty replacement of most – in masticator space – – mandible 48, 49, 50 of the lateral pterygoid muscle 313 with intracranial spread 310 – – maxilla 48 autopsy specimen 147 – in middle cranial fossa 310 – unicystic type 47 avascular necrosis 154 – in parotid gland 336 – unicystic, mandible 51, 53 – parapharyngeal 138, 139, 140 amorphous calcification 363 – parenchymal 390 aneurysmal bone cyst 62 B – subdural 390 angiofollicular hyperplasia 388 – submandibular 137 angle of mandible 321 bacterial – subperiosteal 390 ankyloses 164 – infection 335 – thyroid 377 ankylosing spondylitis 160, 363 – meningitis 303 absence of zygoma 251 ankylosis 164, 165, 263 – rhinosinusitis 267 absent anorexia 369 ballooning 418, 420, 421 – zygoma 250 antegonial notching 251 base of tongue 4, 322, 324 – zygomatic arch 263 anterior band of articular disc 16 basket retrieval 418 absolute alcohol 425 anterior belly of digastric muscle 4 benign -
Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy 4Th Edition
I Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy 4th edition Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. III Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy Based on the International Nomenclature Heinz Feneis Wolfgang Dauber Professor Professor Formerly Institute of Anatomy Institute of Anatomy University of Tübingen University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany Tübingen, Germany Fourth edition, fully revised 800 illustrations by Gerhard Spitzer Thieme Stuttgart · New York 2000 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. IV Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. 1st German edition 1967 2nd Japanese edition 1983 7th German edition 1993 2nd German edition 1970 1st Dutch edition 1984 2nd Dutch edition 1993 1st Italian edition 1970 2nd Swedish edition 1984 2nd Greek edition 1994 3rd German edition 1972 2nd English edition 1985 3rd English edition 1994 1st Polish edition 1973 2nd Polish edition 1986 3rd Spanish edition 1994 4th German edition 1974 1st French edition 1986 3rd Danish edition 1995 1st Spanish edition 1974 2nd Polish edition 1986 1st Russian edition 1996 1st Japanese edition 1974 6th German edition 1988 2nd Czech edition 1996 1st Portuguese edition 1976 2nd Italian edition 1989 3rd Swedish edition 1996 1st English edition 1976 2nd Spanish edition 1989 2nd Turkish edition 1997 1st Danish edition 1977 1st Turkish edition 1990 8th German edition 1998 1st Swedish edition 1979 1st Greek edition 1991 1st Indonesian edition 1998 1st Czech edition 1981 1st Chinese edition 1991 1st Basque edition 1998 5th German edition 1982 1st Icelandic edition 1992 3rd Dutch edtion 1999 2nd Danish edition 1983 3rd Polish edition 1992 4th Spanish edition 2000 This book is an authorized and revised translation of the 8th German edition published and copy- righted 1998 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. -
…Going One Step Further
…going one step further C25 (1017869) Latin A1 Ossa 28 Sinus occipitalis A2 Arteriae encephali 29 Sinus transversus A3 Nervi craniales 30 Sinus sagittalis superior A4 Sinus durae matris 31 Sinus rectus B Encephalon 32 Confluens sinuum C Telencephalon 33 Vv. diploicae D Diencephalon E Mesencephalon NERVI CRANIALES F Pons I N. olfactorius [I] G Medulla oblongata Ia Bulbus olfactorius H Cerebellum Ib Tractus olfactorius II N. opticus [II] BASIS CRANII III N. oculomotorius [III] Visus interno IV N. trochlearis [IV] V N. trigeminus [V] OSSA Vg Ganglion trigeminale (GASSERI) 1 Os frontale Vx N. ophthalmicus [V/1] 2 Lamina cribrosa Vy N. maxillaris [V/2] 3 Fossa cranii anterior Vz N. mandibularis [V/3] 4 Fossa cranii media VI N. abducens [VI] 5 Fossa cranii posterior VII N. facialis [VII]® 6 Corpus vertebrae cum medulla spinalis VIII N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII] IX N. glossopharyngeus [IX] ARTERIAE ENCEPHALI X N. vagus [X] 7 A. ophthalmica XI N. accessorius [XI] XII N. hypoglossus [XII] Circulus arteriosus cerebri (Willisii) 8 A. cerebri anterior TELENCEPHALON 9 A.communicans anterior 1 Lobus frontalis 10 A. carotis interna 2 Lobus parietalis 11 A. communicans posterior 3 Lobus temporalis 12 A. cerebri posterior 4 Lobus occipitalis 5 Sulcus centralis 13 A. cerebelli superior 6 Sulcus lateralis 14 A. meningea media 7 Corpus callosum 15 A. basilaris 7a Rostrum 16 A. labyrinthi 7b Genu 17 A. cerebelli inferior anterior 7c Truncus 18 A. vertebralis 7d Splenium 19 A. spinalis anterior 8 Hippocampus 20 A. cerebelli inferior posterior 9 Gyrus dentatus 10 Cornu temporale ventriculi lateralis SINUS DURAE MATRIS 11 Fornix 21 Sinus sphenoparietalis 12 Insula 22 Sinus cavernosus 13 A. -
CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit
228 CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Dural Venous Sinuses Not in the Subendocranial Occipitofrontalis Space More About the Epicranial Aponeurosis and the Cerebral Veins Subcutaneous Layer of the Scalp Emissary Veins Orbicularis Oculi CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EMISSARY VEINS Zygomaticus Major CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Orbicularis Oris Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mentalis Vertebral Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Buccinator Internal Carotid Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Platysma Circle of Willis The Absence of Veins Accompanying the PAROTID GLAND Intracranial Parts of the Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries FACIAL ARTERY THE INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY TRIGEMINAL NERVE ( C.N. V) AND FACIAL VEIN MECKEL’S CAVE (CAVUM TRIGEMINALE) FACIAL NERVE ORBITAL CAVITY AND EYE EYELIDS Bony Orbit Conjunctival Sac Extraocular Fat and Fascia Eyelashes Anulus Tendineus and Compartmentalization of The Fibrous "Skeleton" of an Eyelid -- Composed the Superior Orbital Fissure of a Tarsus and an Orbital Septum Periorbita THE SKULL Muscles of the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Development of the Neurocranium Abducens Somitomeres Cartilaginous Portion of the Neurocranium--the The Lateral, Superior, Inferior, and Medial Recti Cranial Base of the Eye Membranous Portion of the Neurocranium--Sides Superior Oblique and Top of the Braincase Levator Palpebrae Superioris SUTURAL FUSION, BOTH NORMAL AND OTHERWISE Inferior Oblique Development of the Face Actions and Functions of Extraocular Muscles Growth of Two Special Skull Structures--the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Mastoid Process and the Tympanic Bone Movements of the Eyeball Functions of the Recti and Obliques TEETH Ophthalmic Artery Ophthalmic Veins CRANIAL CAVITY Oculomotor Nerve – C.N. III Posterior Cranial Fossa CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Middle Cranial Fossa Trochlear Nerve – C.N. -
Chapter 22 TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES
Temporal Bone Fractures Chapter 22 TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES † CARLOS R. ESQUIVEL, MD,* AND NICHOLAS J. SCALZITTI, MD INTRODUCTION INITIAL EVALUATION FRACTURE CLASSIFICATION RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES Facial Nerve Injury Hearing Loss Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak and Use of Antibiotic Therapy SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR WARTIME INJURIES Acute Management CASE PRESENTATIONS Case Study 22-1 Case Study 22-2 *Lieutenant Colonel (Retired), Medical Corps, US Air Force; Clinical Director, Department of Defense, Hearing Center of Excellence, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, 59th Medical Wing, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236 †Captain, Medical Corps, US Air Force; Resident Otolaryngologist, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234 267 Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Combat Casualty Care INTRODUCTION The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted age to the deeper structures of the middle and inner in large numbers of head and neck injuries to NATO ear, as well as the brain. Special arrangement of the (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and Afghan ser- outer and middle ear is essential for efficient capture vice members. Improvised explosive devices, mortars, and transduction of sound energy to the inner ear in and suicide bombs are the weapons of choice during order for hearing to take place. This efficiency relies this conflict. The resultant injuries are high-velocity on a functional anatomical relationship of a taut tym- projectile injuries. Relatively little is known about the panic membrane connected to a mobile, intact ossicular precise incidence and prevalence of isolated closed chain. Traumatic forces that disrupt this relationship temporal bone fractures in theater. -
Morfofunctional Structure of the Skull
N.L. Svintsytska V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine Public Institution «Central Methodological Office for Higher Medical Education of MPH of Ukraine» Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy» N.L. Svintsytska, V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 2 LBC 28.706 UDC 611.714/716 S 24 «Recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as textbook for English- speaking students of higher educational institutions of the MPH of Ukraine» (minutes of the meeting of the Commission for the organization of training and methodical literature for the persons enrolled in higher medical (pharmaceutical) educational establishments of postgraduate education MPH of Ukraine, from 02.06.2016 №2). Letter of the MPH of Ukraine of 11.07.2016 № 08.01-30/17321 Composed by: N.L. Svintsytska, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor V.H. Hryn, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor This textbook is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: O.M. Slobodian, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Bukovinian State Medical University», Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.V. -
CASE REPORT Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment to Resolve
CASE REPORT Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment to Resolve Head and Neck Pain After Tooth Extraction Patricia M. Meyer, DO, MS Sharon M. Gustowski, DO, MPH Pain is a common occurrence after tooth extraction and fter dental extraction, the majority of patients have is usually localized to the extraction site. However, clinical Apain lasting less than 1 week that can be controlled experience shows that patients may also have pain in by analgesics. The length, type, and severity of pain vary the head or neck in the weeks after this procedure. The as a result of multiple factors, such as the difficulty of the authors present a case representative of these findings. extraction procedure, the patient’s health status and atti - In the case, cranial and cervical somatic dysfunction in tude, and the patient’s sex. 1 Other pain syndromes that a patient who had undergone tooth extraction was may occur weeks after the procedure—though rare— resolved through the use of osteopathic manipulative include neuropathic pain, temporomandibular disorder, 2,3 treatment. This case emphasizes the need to include a cluster headache, 4,5 and neck and head pain caused by dental history when evaluating head and neck pain as somatic dysfunction. 6,7 Prolonged and nonresolving pain part of comprehensive osteopathic medical care. The should be investigated for such conditions as rheumatologic case can also serve as a foundation for a detailed discus - diseases, tumors, migraine headache, or myofascial pain sion regarding how to effectively incorporate osteopathic syndrome. manipulative treatment into primary care practice for The etiologic characteristics of head and neck pain patients who present with head or neck pain after tooth after dental procedures are multifactorial, depending on extraction. -
The Effects of Somatic Dysfunction on the Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) with Subsequent Distal Dysfunctions by Sherman Gorbis, DO, FAAO
The Effects of Somatic Dysfunction on the Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) with Subsequent Distal Dysfunctions by Sherman Gorbis, DO, FAAO Abstract This paper will explore how bony and soft tissue dysfunctions, at various Motor codes (head region) locations, can affect The Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI). The resultant possible neuromusculoskeletal abnor- Posterior limb of internal capsule malities will be discussed, including specific descriptions of the dysfunctions, along with various types of osteopathic DBOUSSFigon In pyramids manipulative medicine (OMM) as Nucleus amblguus treatment measures. IX Lateral X corticospinal tract The Spinal Root of CN XI is derived XI Jugular from motor cells in the lateral ventral foramen Accessory nucleus columns of the gray matter of the first five or six segments of the spinal cord (1-Page 944). They are approximately in line with nucleus ambiguus. These Flgure XI-I Branchtal Motot Component of Accessory Nerve (Elevated Brain Sterol cells are called the spinal nuclei of the accessory nerve (2-Page 105). Laterally, the motor roots exit the spinal cord about midway between the dorsal and ventral roots. Each inferior root joins with the one above until a trunk is formed that extends superiorly and laterally through the foramen magnum posterior to the Jugular lor•men vertebral artery, bilaterally (XI in Figure Accessory (spinal XI-1). The Cranial Root of CN XI consists nucleus CI-CS of a few axons whose cell bodies reside in the caudal part of nucleus ambiguus Sternomesiod (cull (3-Page 144). These join to form the Lent or scapulae cranial accessory trunk which enters the Trap-axles jugular foramen with the spinal trunk.