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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19529-4 — The Cambridge Grammar of Medieval and Early Modern Greek 4 Volume Hardback Set David Holton , Geoffrey Horrocks , Marjolijne Janssen , Tina Lendari , Io Manolessou , Notis Toufexis Table of Contents More Information

Contents

Volume 1 General Introduction xv Acknowledgements xxxv Bibliography xxxvii Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes clxvii List of Abbreviations clxix Part I: Phonology 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Vowels 6 3 Consonants 112 4 Stress 222

Volume 2 Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes xix List of Abbreviations xxi Part II: Nominal Morphology 239 1 Introduction 241 2 Nouns 253 3 Adjectives 688 4 Adverbs 830 5 Articles, Pronouns and Determiners 845 6 Numerals 1231

Volume 3 Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes xviii List of Abbreviations xx Part III: Verb Morphology 1265 1 Introduction 1267 2 Stem Formation 1273 3 Augment 1394 4 Conjugation 1434 5 Morphosyntax 1767

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19529-4 — The Cambridge Grammar of Medieval and Early Modern Greek 4 Volume Hardback Set David Holton , Geoffrey Horrocks , Marjolijne Janssen , Tina Lendari , Io Manolessou , Notis Toufexis Table of Contents More Information

viii Contents

Volume 4 Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes xii List of Abbreviations xiv Part IV: Syntax 1859 Introduction 1861 1 Main Clauses 1863 2 Complement Clauses 1884 3 Adverbial Clauses 1896 4 Verbs and Verb Phrases 1927 5 Nouns and Noun Phrases 1944 6 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 1993 7 Coordination and Apposition 2008 8 Constituent order 2022

Indexes 2041

Contents (Volume 1)

General Introduction page xv Acknowledgements xxxv Bibliography xxxvii 1. Literary Works xxxvii 2. Non-literary Texts lxx 3. Secondary Works cxv Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes clxvii List of Abbreviations clxix

Part I: Phonology 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Theoretical Preliminaries 3 1.2 Presentation 4 2 Vowels 6 2.1 overall Description of the Vowel System 6 2.1.1 Simple Vowels 6 2.1.2 Diphthongs 7 2.2 Allophonic and Regional Variation 7 2.3 Quality of the Vowels 8 2.4 Phoneme Inventory 9 2.4.1 /a/ <α> 9 2.4.2 /e/ <ε, αι> 9 2.4.3 /o/ 10 2.4.4 /u/ <ου> 10 2.4.5 /i/ <ι, η, υ, ει, οι, υι> 10 2.4.6 /y/ <οι, υ> 11 2.4.6.1 Merger of /y/ and /i/ 11 2.4.6.2 Regression of /y/ to /u/ 14 2.4.7 /j/ 15 2.4.7.1 Phonemic Status 15 2.4.7.2 Realization and Attestations 16 2.4.7.3 Post-consonantal /j/ Deletion 17 2.4.7.4 Deletion of /j/ after /r/ 20 2.4.8 Diphthongs 22 2.4.8.1 Historical overview 22

x Contents (Volume 1)

2.4.8.2 Phonetic Description and Graphematic Realization 23 2.4.8.3 Phenomena Affecting Diphthongs 23 2.5 Dialectal Differentiation in Vowels 24 2.5.1 Retention of “Doric” /a/ 24 2.5.2 Retention of “Ionic” /e/ 26 2.5.3 Pontic Half-Central Vowels /æ/ and /œ/ 28 2.5.4 “Raising Vocalism” 29 2.5.4.1 Deinition 29 2.5.4.2 Dating and Literature overview 29 2.5.4.3 The Data 31 2.6 Vowel Addition 37 2.6.1 Prothesis 37 2.6.1.1 Non-lexicalized Phonetic Prothesis 38 2.6.1.2 Lexicalized Phonetic Prothesis 40 2.6.1.3 Non-phonetic Prothesis 41 2.6.2 Anaptyxis 42 2.6.3 Addition of Word-inal Vowel 44 2.6.3.1 Nouns and Adjectives 46 2.6.3.2 Pronouns 48 2.6.3.3 Verbs 53 2.6.3.4 Uninlected Words 59 2.7 Vowel Deletion 60 2.7.1 Aphaeresis 61 2.7.2 Syncope 63 2.7.3 Deletion of Final Vowel (Apocope) 65 2.8 Vowel Changes 66 2.8.1 Change to /e/ in the Adjacency of Liquids and Nasals 66 2.8.2 Labialization 71 2.8.3 Raising of /o/ to /u/ 73 2.8.4 Backing of /i/ to /u/ 76 2.8.5 Assimilation and Dissimilation 78 2.9 Vowels in Contact 79 2.9.1 Introduction: Types of Hiatus and Hiatus Resolution 79 2.9.2 Vowel Deletion: The Vowel Hierarchy 81 2.9.2.1 Lexical Vowel Deletion 83 2.9.2.2 Post-lexical Hiatus 88 2.9.3 Vowel Change at Word Boundaries 95 2.9.4 Synizesis 98 2.9.4.1 Introduction and Deinition 98 2.9.4.2 Historical overview: Evidence 100 2.9.4.3 Alternative Evolutions 106 2.9.5 Crasis 110

Contents (Volume 1) xi

3 Consonants 112 3.1 Description of the Consonant System 112 3.2 Phoneme Inventory 113 3.2.1 Stops 113 3.2.1.1 Voiceless Stops 113 3.2.1.2 Voiced Stops 114 3.2.2 Fricatives 115 3.2.2.1 Voiceless Fricatives 115 3.2.2.2 Voiced Fricatives 115 3.2.3 Nasals 116 3.2.4 Liquids 118 3.2.5 Sibilants 118 3.2.6 Affricates 120 3.2.6.1 Status and History 120 3.2.6.2 Phenomena Affecting Affricates 123 3.3 Phonotactics 124 3.3.1 Position of Consonants Within the Word 124 3.3.2 Permissible Consonant Clusters 125 3.3.2.1 Biconsonantal Clusters 126 3.3.2.2 Triconsonantal Clusters 126 3.3.2.3 Groups of More Than Three Consonants 130 3.4 Geminate Consonants 130 3.4.1 Deinition 130 3.4.2 origin of Geminates 131 3.4.2.1 Introduction 131 3.4.2.2 original/Etymological AG Geminates 132 3.4.2.3 Borrowing 133 3.4.2.4 Assimilation 134 3.4.2.5 “Spontaneous Gemination” 135 3.4.3 Consonants Affected 137 3.5 Consonant Addition 142 3.5.1 Prothesis and Aphaeresis 142 3.5.2 Anaptyxis 143 3.5.2.1 Anaptyxis of /ɣ/ Between Vowels 143 3.5.2.2 Anaptyxis of /ɣ/ in the Verbal Sufix -εύω 147 3.5.2.3 Anaptyxis of /ɣ/ Before /n/ 148 3.5.2.4 Anaptyxis of Nasals 149 3.5.2.5 Anaptyxis of /r/ 150 3.6 Consonant Deletion 150 3.6.1 Fricative Deletion 150 3.6.1.1 Intervocalic Deletion 151 3.6.1.2 Deletion Before Synizesis 154 3.6.1.3 Deletion Before Nasals 155

xii Contents (Volume 1)

3.6.2 Deletion of Nasals 156 3.6.2.1 Deletion Before Stops 156 3.6.2.2 Deletion Before Fricatives 159 3.7 Final Consonants 161 3.7.1 Final /s/ 161 3.7.1.1 Deletion of Final /s/ 161 3.7.1.2 Addition of Final /s/ 163 3.7.2 Final /n/ 164 3.7.2.1 Addition of Final /n/ 165 3.7.2.1.1 Historical overview 165 3.7.2.1.2 Morphological Addition 166 3.7.2.1.3 Phonetic Addition 170 3.7.2.2 Deletion of Final /n/ 174 3.7.2.2.1 Morphological Distribution 177 3.7.2.2.2 Geographical Distribution 181 3.8 Consonant Changes 185 3.8.1 Manner Dissimilation 185 3.8.1.1 Deinition 185 3.8.1.2 Historical overview 186 3.8.1.3 Detailed Description of the Phenomenon 188 3.8.1.4 Hypercorrection of Manner Dissimilation 192 3.8.1.5 Morphophonological Manner Dissimilation 193 3.8.2 Palatalization 193 3.8.2.1 Velar Palatalization 193 3.8.2.2 Strong Velar Palatalization 194 3.8.2.3 Dental Palatalization 198 3.8.2.3.1 [n] > [ɲ] and [l] > [ʎ] before /j, i/ 198 3.8.2.3.2 /s/ > /ʃ/ before /j/ 201 3.8.3 Voicing and Devoicing 202 3.8.3.1 Deinition and Historical overview 202 3.8.3.2 Post-nasal Voicing 203 3.8.3.3 Intervocalic Voicing 205 3.8.3.4 Devoicing 207 3.8.4 Fricativization and occlusion 208 3.8.4.1 Sporadic Fricativization 208 3.8.4.2 Fricativization due to Palatalization 209 3.8.4.3 Fricativization due to Language Contact 210 3.8.4.4 Fricativization due to Voicing Assimilation 210 3.8.4.5 orthographic Fricativization after Rough Breathing 211 3.8.4.6 occlusion 211 3.8.4.7 Change to Nasals 212

Contents (Volume 1) xiii

3.8.5 Fricative Interchange 212 3.8.5.1 Voiceless Fricative Interchange 212 3.8.5.2 Voiced Fricative Interchange 213 3.8.6 Liquid Interchange 214 3.8.6.1 Introduction and Historical overview 214 3.8.6.2 Delateralization 215 3.8.6.3 Liquid Dissimilation 216 3.9 Word-level Phenomena 216 3.9.1 Metathesis 216 3.9.2 Assimilation 218 3.9.3 Dissimilation 218 3.9.3.1 Consonant Dissimilation 218 3.9.3.2 Dissimilatory Consonant Deletion 219 3.9.3.3 Dissimilatory Syllable Deletion 220 4 Stress 222 4.1 Deinition and Historical overview 222 4.2 Properties of the MedG and EMG Stress Accent 224 4.2.1 overview 224 4.2.2 Proclisis and Enclisis 225 4.2.3 Exceptions to the Law of Limitation 228 4.2.4 Stress Shift and Variation: Morphological Functions 232 4.2.4.1 Stress in Nominal Morphology 232 4.2.4.2 Stress in Verbal Morphology 234 4.2.4.3 Stress in Derivation and Composition 235